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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 

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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



A. SELECTIOlSr 



FEOM THE ^yOEKS 



OF 



PUBLICS VERGILIDS MARO. 



2 



BY 

PROF. A. A. BENTON, S. T. D., 

University of the South. 



y 

FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS. 




PHILADELPHIA : 
E. H. BUTLER & CO 






Copyright, 1888, by E. H. BUTLER & CO. 



PREFACE 



It may appear to some to be a daring innovation to edit 
an edition of selections from the great Koman poet ; but the 
decision to do this was made after a due consideration of the 
mode in which Vergil is usually studied in our preparatory 
schools. Few students close their Yergils with any knowledge 
of the story of the Aeneid beyond the last line they are di- 
rected to read. That there can be any delight in knowing 
more of, and reading farther in, Vergil's matchless verse is 
hardly hinted to them. Our colleges vary in the amount 
required for entrance, but usually it is either the Eclogues 
and Georgics or six books of the Aeneid, — in either case, less 
than five thousand lines. To this about a year is devoted in 
the schools. 

A careful selection, comprising about one-half of the acknow- 
ledged works of Vergil, has been made for this edition, that the 
student may get a complete outline of the epic poem and a 
sufficient amount of pastoral poetry also. Five Eclogues 
are retained, the poetic portions of the Georgics are given, 
and a summary of the passages omitted is put in its proper 
place. The same plan has been followed in the Aeneid. What- 
ever shows Vergil's splendid powers at their best and whatever 
is material to the story have been kept, while those parts, as 
nearly as possible, which Vergil himself said " were put in for 
the trumpets," have been epitomized in English and put in 
their proper position. A series of side-notes — hints of the 

1 



2 PREFACE. 

subject of eacli passage — has been placed on the margin, for the 
double purpose of avoiding much needless commentary at the 
foot of the page and of giving to the ^^upil a suggestion of the 
meaning of the lines before him. If he can get but a hint of 
their subject, he can use his limited vocabulary to advantage, 
and the passage will yield him some enjoyment; but if he has 
to waste time in groping for the subject, he will be in no mood 
to enter into the beauties of the poem. Experience has shown 
the Editor that the pupil will only use the notes as temporary 
helps and will very seldom study them, and that the teacher 
is himself really the best comment if he will do his duty. The 
notes, therefore, have been made very brief, and, it is hoped, 
quite to the point. 

The Editor's grateful thanks are due to his friend the Rev. 
C. S. Sargent for many valuable suggestions and practical 
criticisms while reading the proofs with him. 

University of the South, 
Sewanee, Tenn. 



LIFE OF VERGIL 



"We have but the scantiest material left us out of which to construct 
a sketch of the purest and most lovable of all the Roman poets. Ver- 
gil's works became classical almost immediately after their publica- 
tion. They were recited with applause at the theatre ; they were given 
as models to pupils in the schools ; they were commented upon, praised, 
abused, and defended. The result is that we have a fair text, and a 
mass of curious and valuable comment containing a good deal of sharp 
criticism. These have preserved some now untraceable allusions to 
events which cannot be readily fitted into the framework of facts about 
his career that are indisputably fixed. We have a slight biographical 
sketch, very brief and disappointing, once attributed to the gramma- 
rian Donatus (a. d. 300), but now assigned to Suetonius (a. d. 100). 
There are also several fragmentary lives that add nothing practically 
to our stock of facts. 

PuBLius Vergilius Maro was born October 15, b. c. 70, in the pagus 
Andes, about twenty-five miles from Mantua. His father was of hum- 
ble rank, but by his energy and business tact acquired a competency, 
apparently with some rapidity. He was a servant to a travelling mer- 
chant, whose daughter, Magia Polla, he married. He bought a small 
farm on the Mincio, where Vergil was born. The legends that have 
gathered around the poet's infancy are worthless tales. His mother's 
name, Magia, may have suggested the superstition of the Middle Ages 
that he was a magician. On his fathers farm, amid flocks and bees and 
flowers, the boy grew up. At twelve he was sent to Cremona, which 
then had a local reputation for excellent schools. There he remained 
till he was fifteen, when he assumed the toga virilis.^ After this he 
went to Milan, and thence to Rome, where he entered the school of 
the orator Epidius, who was the preceptor of Marc Antony and of 
Octavianus. It is very likely that Vergil made their acquaintance at 
that time. His constitution was weak, and he could not undergo the 
training required. He soon passed to the classes of the Epicurean 
philosopher Siro, the friend of Cicero. Vergil had already displayed 
some fondness for verse-making, and in a collection of short poems 
that go under his name there is a lively outburst of joy over being 
freed from the rant of the oratorical hall. 

His studies with Epidius trained his ear and developed the fine taste 
shown in his poems. But his greatest delight was in his philosophical 
studies.f He is said to have studied medicine and mathematics, and 
he certainly mastered the principles of heathen ritual.J In Siro's 
school he met Alphenus Varus, Asinius Pollio, Cilnius Maecenas, and 

* The toga vLrilis was assumed with some ceremony before the magistrate, for it 
gave the lad certain privileges and enrolled him among the citizens. Among 
other of these privileges, the boy could make a valid will. 

t Georg. II., 47;"), ^q. 

X Macrobius, Sat. iii., where his skill in liturgies is discussed. 



4 LIFE OF VERGIL. 

Cornelius Gallus. He wrote some epigrams in imitation of Catullus,* 
and planned a poem on the early Alban kings. It doubtless contained 
the germ of the later Aeneid. At twenty-four (b. c. 46) he returned 
from the fierce turmoils of the capital to the quiet of his father's farm. 
Here he devoted himself to the study of the Greek idyllic poets. In 
four years he produced some poems, of which a part were retained in 
the Eclogues. They were handed about for the perusal and approval of 
his personal friends, among whom later was his old schoolfellow A sinius 
Pollio, the legatus of the Transpadane department. At this juncture 
(b. c. 42) Octavius fulj&lled his promise, made at the battle of Philippi, 
of a farm to each soldier of his legions. The lands of Cremona, which 
had sided with Brutus, were confiscated for this purpose. As they were 
insufficient, portions of the Mantuan farm-lands were also seized,f 
among which was the elder Maro's property. The family sought ref- 
uge in a cottage belonging to Siro,J and Vergil endeavored to recover 
his farm through the authority of Alphenus Varus, but was driven 
ofi", and barely escaped with his life. Finally, he was enabled by his 
friends Pollio, Varus, and Gallus to appeal personally to Octavius, who 
restored the lands. The next three years Vergil spent in adding to, re- 
vising, and polishing the Eclogues, of which he published the ten we 
now have. They were probably composed in this order : The Second 
and Third preceded the Fifth, and probably the Seventh followed it; in 
the spring of b. c. 41 the First, and in the fall the Ninth, was written ; 
the Sixth, and^then the Fourth, in b. c. 40: and in the next year the 
Eighth, and last of all the Tenth. He appears to have destroyed his 
other Eclogues. As transcriptions of Italian rural life the Eclogues are 
not to be compared with the Sicilian pictures in Theocritus nor with the 
sketches of the Moretum or the Copa ; but they are graceful poems on 
rural subjects most delicately conceived. In poetic diction and in 
smoothness of versification they are not only an infinite advance over 
the roughnesses of his predecessors, but remain unsurpassed in Latin 
poetry. A close study will reveal in them Vergil's numerous experi- 
ments in rhythmic effects. 

The Eclogues brought fame and a renewal of old friendships to the 
shy and modest poet. Maecenas persuaded him to undertake a poem 
upon farming, in the hope that it would aid in reviving the old Italian 
love for agriculture. He took seven years for this task, doing his work 
principally in Southern Italy, to which he had removed on account of 
his health. Much of his time was spent near Naples. Portions of 
the Georgics can be dated, but it is probable that Vergil constantly 
revised them up to the date of their final publication. After Augus- 
tus returned from the Actian War (b. c. 29), Vergil read the poem 
before the emperor and Maecenas, who relieved the poet at intervals 
in the recitation, which tradition says occupied four days. The close 
of the Fourth Book was filled with grateful praises of Gallus. But 
when Gallus fell into disfavor and committed suicide, Augustus 
directed Vergil to substitute another ending, and he replaced the 

* Some of these are in the Catalecta anciently assigned to him. The larger part 
of this collection, however, is spurious. So are also the poems Culex and Ciris 
attributed to him at this date. 

t Eel. IX. 27-30. X Catalecta X. 



LIFE OF VERGIL. 5 

cancelled portion with his fine legend of Aristaeus (b. c. 26). He now 
planned a poem upon the achievements of his imperial patron, but 
soon substituted for it the subject of the Aeneid. For this he gath- 
ered, arranged, and used with the greatest freedom the legends of the 
settlement of Italy, modifying and changing them to suit his purposes. 
The first study for it was written out in prose, and then he versified the 
several books, not in their proper order, but as suited his mood. His 
method was to write down a large number of verses, and then to ex- 
punge, reduce, revise, and polish. 

Internal evidence shows that the First Book was finished by Janu- 
ary, B. c. 27. Vergil must have spent the previous year in collecting 
material. The Eighth preceded the Third; tha Second followed it; 
then came the Fourth. The Ninth was partly written, and then the 
Fifth was taken up. But in this series the Sixth must be interpolated, 
for it was recited before Augustus, with the Fourth, about b. c. 22, not 
long after the death of the young Marcellus. There is no internal note 
by which to place the other books, but it is supposed that Vergil had 
just completed the Seventh at the date of his death, b. c. 19."^ He 
said jestingly of some of the less finished passages, using the simile 
of an orchestra, that " they were put in for the trumpets," and at 
another time that " they were temporary supports while the pillars 
were in preparation." His purpose, when the poem was finished as 
we now have it, was to spend three years in Greece in study, and to 
finish it with the care he hoped to bestow. But already rumors of its 
grandeur had gone abroad. Propertius in a short poem had augured 
happily of its future fame. Augustus had urged again and again to 
be permitted to hear such portions as the poet had finished. To this 
Vergil replied, " that if he had any part fit for the imperial ear, Augus- 
tus should receive it, but that the work was in such a chaotic state that 
he himself felt that he must have been mad to undertake it, especially 
since he now saw what preliminary studies were needed." f Large sec- 
tions of the poem were finished with the greatest care, as, for instance, 
the First, Second, Fourth, and Sixth Books, and parts of others, as the 
episodes of the deaths of Pallas and Lausus in the Tenth. Many 
minor passages can also be instanced ; but there is a very marked 
number of inconsistencies, and even contradictions, between the inci- 
dents in different parts of the work. Some of them may be oversights, 
such as attributing to Jupiter in the Seventh Book the prophecy of the 
Harpy Celaeno in the Fourth Book. Others of them show a doubt in 
Vergil's mind, as he composed the detached parts, which version or 
detail to adopt. These incongruities he did not live to remove. Prob- 
ably the knowledge that they were in the texture of the unrevised poem 
led him when dying to order that the Aeneid should be destroyed. His 
trained mind and refined taste led him to reject a great deal that we 
should now, for other than poetical reasons, wish had been preserved. 
Aeneas was not after the model of a modern hero. He had a good 
share of common sense, and had already had more than enough of 
fighting and of adventure before he was wrecked on the African coast. 

* This is Ribbeck's order. Nettleship gives as their order III., IL, IV., VI., IX., 
v., leaving the rest undetermined, 
t Macrobiiis, Sat. i., g xxiv. 



6 LIFE OF VERGIL. 

But he possesses a refined courtesy, and a touch of modern chivalry 
that brings him very close to us. Aeneas has been sneered at as too 
''pious," but it is Vergil's own piety and deep faith that are shown 
us. He is ritually accurate, even to minor details, in every act of wor- 
ship or of sacrifice. It is this fact that makes him so thoroughly de- 
vout. Much of the motive of the poem is not in consonance with our 
modes of thought, yet in some ideas Vergil is singularly modern. 

The Aeneid was never finished as the poet intended. The outline had 
been completed and parts of the poem had received the utmost polish 
which he had decided to give them, but a large part needed careful re- 
touching. He now decided to spend three years in Greece studying and 
correcting his great work. He sailed for Greece in the summer of b. c. 1 9. 
At Athens he met the emperor, who persuaded him to return to Italy with 
him. Just before setting sail he visited Megara under a hot sun, when he 
was seized with a mortal sickness. He lived only to reach Brundusium, 
where he died September 21st. He was buried near Naples. His tomb 
bore this distich, which he is said to have dictated just before his death : 

Mantua me genuit, Calabri rapuere, tenet nunc 
Parthenope. Cecini pascua, rura, duces. 

In person Vergil was tall, but with a rustic carriage. On his swarthy 
complexion and his awkward, shy manners friends used to make pleas- 
ant remarks, which showed under the jest the love they bore to one of 
the whitest characters Rome ever knew. He was so shy that he seldom 
visited Rome during the latter part of his life, for passers-by were sure 
to point him out when he appeared on the street. Once when he entered 
a theatre the audience rose and paid him the reverence due to the em- 
peror. His weak constitution and his slowness of speech prevented 
his ever being an orator, but he was a wonderfully attractive reader, 
especially of his own poems. He enjoyed a fortune of about $450,000 
through his own frugality and the generosity of Augustus and other 
friends. Half of this he left to his half-brother Valerius Proculus, a 
fourth to Augustus, and a twelfth each to Maecenas, Tucca, and Varius. 
In the last days of his illness he repeatedly asked for his manuscripts 
to burn them, and left it as a dying charge to his executors, Varius and 
Tucca, not to publish anything that had not already appeared. But 
Augustus ordered this to be disregarded. They were to issue the 
Aeneid as he left it, save the correction of manifest errors. Even the 
imperfect lines were left untouched. His great epic was received with 
much favor by the general readers and lovers of poetry. His innova- 
tions in style, in new combinations of words, and in versification had 
already stirred up a good deal of criticism and opposition, a large part 
of which was rather ill-natured. But with its numerous defects, which 
Vergil would have supplied or corrected had he lived, the Aeneid is a 
noble poem, and well worthy of the rank assigned to it after Homer. 
Vergil was no servile imitator or plagiarist, but used all the material 
at hand with a manly independence and appreciation of its true worth. 
He was no more a plagiarist than was Milton sixteen centuries later. 
There was the fullest acknowledgment made of his obligations to the 
Greek poets by the careful polish he bestowed upon his own work. 



BUCOLICON ECLOGAE. 



ECLOGA I. 



TITYEUS. 



The TiTYRUS was probably the sixth of the Eclogues in date of compo- 
sition. Its subject, the restoration of his farm by Augustus, is made a 
delicate thank-offering to the future emperor. The allegory has puzzled 
many scholars. Tityrus, a slave who buys his liberty, is yet transacting 
business for his owner, and suddenly we find him the possessor of the 
farm. Probably. the key to the allusions, which needed then no explana- 
tion, is lost to us. The earliest writers, like Servius, find no difliculty, nor 
do they notice any inconsistencies. 

The polish given to this Eclogue is exquisite both in the rhythm of the 
verse and in the beauty of the imagery. Meliboeus was a name probably 
invented by Vergil ; Tityrus he borrowed from Theocritus (III. Id.). 



Meliboeus en- 
vies Tityrus' 
happy lot. 



Titynis at- 
tributes it to 
Augustus. 



MELIBOEUS — TITYRUS. 

Mel. TiTYRE, tu patulae recubans sub tegmine fagi 
Sil vest rem tenui Musam meditaris avena : 
Nos patriae finis et dulcia linquimus arva; 
Nos patriam fugimus : tu, Tityre, lentus in umbra 
Formosam resonare doces Amaryllida silvas. 5 

Tit. O Meliboee, deus nobis liaec otia fecit. 
Namque erit ille mihi semper deus ; illius aram 
Saepe tener nostris ab ovilibus imbuet agnus. 
Ille meas errare boves, ut cernis, et ipsum 



1. tegmev, "roof-like shade." V. 
teg. cf. deck. 

2. avend, *' straw " = reed. 

4. "We escape from onr country!" 
Note its pathos, marking the Latin 
love of country. 

6. Deus. The Eoman concept of 
Deity ranged from that of a Su- 
preme Being to the demigod, and 
so to man. Caesar's name was used 
in oaths, and an altar was dedicated 



to him. Vergil feels the extrava- 
gance, however, and adds 1. 7. 

6. otia, "liberties," cf. Caesar, C. B. 
L. I. c. 5. mihi. Gr. ^ 146, E. xvii. 

7. illius, "his," ^ 84, r. 2 and 5. ip- 
sum, sc. me, §85, r. 1; arrange, Ille 
permisit meas loves errare, tit cernis 
et [me] ipsum ludere quae, etc. Inf. 
as Ace. § 181, E. xlv.; § 194, r. 2 (a). 
quae vellem, § 233, ? 234. 



11 



12 VERGILI ECLOGA—I. 

Ludere, quae vellem, calamo permisit agresti. 10 

So many ex-^^ Mel. Non equidem invideo ; miror magis : undique 

waudeiings . totlS. 

with his flock. . . 

Usque adeo turbatur agris. iLn, ipse capellas 
Protiuus aeger ago ; banc etiam vix, Tityre, duco. 
Hie inter densas corylos modo namque gemellos, 
Spem gregis, ah ! silice in nuda conixa reliquit. 15 
Saepe malum hoc nobis, si mens non laeva fuisset, 
De caelo tactas memini praedicere quercus. 
Sed tamen, iste deus qui sit, da, Tityre, nobis. 

Tit Urbem, quam dicunt Romam, Meliboee, pu- 

Tityrus de- tavi 

lier stupidity Stultus ego huic uostrae similem, quo saepe solemus 20 
Pastores ovium teneros depellere fetus. 
Sic canibus catulos similis, sic matribus haedos 
Noram ; sic parvis componere magna solebam. 
Verum haec tantum alias inter caput extulit urbes, 
Quantum lenta solent inter viburna cupressi. 25 

Mel. Et quae tanta fuit Romam tibi causa videndi ? 

Tit. Libertas ; quae sera, tamen respexit inertem, 
Candidior postquam tondenti barba cadebat ; 

11. "Indeed I do not envy you: I 19. Tityrus replies indirectly, "I, 
rather wonder." Note the allitera- fool that I was" (stultus), etc. 
tion of the cognate <Z and t in the line. 20. similem, ^ 146, r. 3. 

magis = potius, rhythmically needed. 21. pastores = "we shepherds were 

12. turbatur. " There is confusion wont," etc. 

(hy the soldiery)." ipse, "1 too." ago 23. noram, fornoveram. 

is contrasted with d?^co, "I drive the 24. Note correlative tantum . . . 

kids ; this one I hardly can lead." quantum, ^ 91. 

14. corylos, f. §24, r. 1. Iiic, adv. 26. " What great reason had you ?" 

spem gregis, § 156, E. xxvi. " She, § 146 : 239. 

ah ! the hope of the flock, painfully The purpose of lines 27-42 is a puz- 

dropped and left twin lambs on the zle. It is implied that Tityrus is a 

naked rock." farm-slave who has just bought his 

17. memini. " I ought to have noted freedom : how is he the owner of the 
that the lightning-smitten oaks fore- farm ? It may be a bantering reply 
told." memini, here perf. An oak to Meliboeus, filled with allusions 
smitten by lightning was a bad omen, now lost. Vergil was too finished 

18. iste, §84, 2. "That (wonder- an artist to mar the poetic sequence 
ful) god." sed tamen, iste deus qui sit, with a meaningless interpolation. 

is objective after da, " tell us." 28. candidior, growing gray. The 



VERGILI ECLOGA—L 13 

Respexit tamen, et longo post tempore venit, 
and trouWes Postquam DOS Amaryllis habet, Galatea reliquit. SO 

under the type pi • i r^ ^ i 

of Amaryllis. Namque, fatebor enim, dum me Galatea tenebat, 
Nee spes libertatis erat, nee cura peculi. 
Quamvis multa meis exiret victima saeptis, 
Pinguis et ingratae premeretur caseus urbi, 
Non umquam gravis aere domum mihi dextra redi- 
bat. 35 

Mel. Mirabar, quid maesta deos, Amarylli, vocares, 
Cui pendere sua patereris in arbore poma : 
Tityrus hinc aberat. Ipsae te, Tityre^ pinus, 
Ipsi te fontes, ipsa haec arbusta vocabant. 39 

Tit. Quid facerem ? neque servitio me exire licebat. 

Augustus Nee tam praesentis alibi cognoscere divos. 

Hie ilium vidi iuvenem, Meliboee, quotannis 

Bis senos cui nostra dies altaria fumant. 

Hie mihi responsum primus dedit ille petenti : 

Pascite, ut ante, boves, pueri ; submittite tauros. 45 

gmtiiiaTes him Mel. Fortuuate senex, ergo tua rura mane bunt ! 

faim!^^'"^ ^^^ Et tibi magna satis. Quamvis lapis omnia nudus, 

newly-freed ■ slave had his beard 39. arhusfa. The arbustum was a 

clipped. Note the perf. respexit, grove, often of elms, with vines, 

next the impf. cadebaf, and 1. 30, 42. ilium. Vergil throughout this 

pres. haiet; lastly, perf, reliquit. Eclogue refers to Augustus as ille, 

32. peculi. P<?c?t?f?tm was what lit- ^84,r. 5. mrenem. Augustus was then 

tie money or property a slave could about tAventy-three. qnot, "evevj." 

retain with his owner's permission. 43. fumant : the pres. tense shows 

It means "Itttle flock" (cf. pecus, that the sacrifices have been already 

pecu-nia). When it amounted to instituted. 

enough, the slave could buy his 44. primus. Pollio's order was dis- 

freedom with it. regarded, so primus refers to the per- 

34. pinguis, rich cheese, cream manent restoration of Vergil's farm 
cheese. Col. vii. 8. ingratae, sc. by Augustus. 

urbi. 46. tua, "these fields will remain 

35. non umquam, "seldom." mihi, ever yours." In a passage of ex- 
^ 148, R. xix. r. 2. quisite beauty Meliboeus is made to 

36. quid, " Why sad, O Amaryllis, generously utter the content that 
you were invoking the gods." Tityrus (i. e. Vergil) felt. 

37. cui, "for whose sake." sua, 47. Arrange: quamvis lapis nudus 
"you suffered its apples to hang on que pnlus, limoso iunco obducat omnia 
the tree." pascua. 



14 



VEBGILI ECLOGA—L 



Limosoque palus obducat pascua iunco, 

Non insueta gravis tentabunt pabula fetas, 

Nee mala vicini pccoris contagia laedent. 50 

Fortunate senex, hie, inter flumina nota 

Et fontis saeros, frigus captabis opaeum ! 

Hine tibi, quae semper vicino ab limite saepes 

Hyblaeis apibus florem depasta salieti, 

Saepe levi somnum suadebit inire susurro ; 55 

Hine alta sub rupe eanet frondator ad auras ; 

Nee tamen interea raueae, tua cura, palurabes, 

Nee gemere aeria eessabit turtur ab ulmo. 

Tit Ante leves ergo paseentur in aethere eervi, 
His gratitude. Et freta destltuent nudos in litore pisees, 60 

Ante, pererratis amborum finibus, exsul 
Aut Ararim Parthus bibet, aut Germania Tigrim, 
Quam nostro illius labatur peetore vultus. 

Mel. At nos hine alii sitientis ibimus Afros ; 
Pars Scythiam et rapidum Cretae veniemus Oaxen, 65 
Et penitus toto divisos orbe Britannos. 
En umquam patrios longo post tempore finis, 
Pauperis et tuguri eongestum eaespite eulmen, 
Post aliquot, mea regna videns, mirabor aristas ? 
Impius haec tarn culta novalia miles habebit ? 70 



Meliboeus 
bewails his 
exile. 



53. quae semper, "as ever." qiiae 
refers to depasta. hine, '* here," hine, 
"yonder." 

54. florem, sing, and collective ace, 
^ 155, E. XXV. and r. 2. 

58. eessabit, sing., ^ 126, r. 2. a'erid, 
abl. with ulmo, § 24, r. 1. 

59. ante, " sooner." And again, 1. 
61, ante, both balanced by quam, 1. 63. 

65. Oaxes, a river in Crete. 

66. divisos, " separated by a whole 
world." This transferring whole peo- 
ples was not uncommon in Assyrian, 
Greek, and Eoman history. 

67. en, interrogative and inter] ec- 
tional. In 1. 71 it is an interjec- 
tion. 



69. post aliquot has given mucli 
trouble, and every proposed arrange- 
ment is full of objections. But by 
punctuating differently and making 
post aliquot mark a pause, so that 
Meliboeus ends somewhat differently 
from his first thought, the difficulty 
disappears. Arrange, En umquam (re- 
visens) patrios finis longo tempore post, 
et eulmen pauperis tuguri eongestum 
eaespite, post aliquot aristas, videns mea 
regna — mirabor ? aristas ^ crops, i. e. 
years. 

70. impius. The rough soldier who 
has possession is not only barbarus, 
but by breaking up the inherited 
family ties is impius. 



VEBGILI ECLOGAE—L, IV. 15 

Barbaras has segetes ? En, quo discordia civis 
Produxit miseros ! en, quis consevimus agros ! 
Insere nunc, Meliboee, piros, pone ordine vitis. 
Ite meae, felix quondam pecus, ite capellae. 
Non ego vos posthac, viridi proiectus in antro, 75 
Dumosa pendere procul de rupe videbo ; 
Carmina nulla canam ; non, me pascente, capellae, 
Florentem cytisum et salices carpetis amaras. 

Tit. Hie tamen banc mecum poteras requiescere 
noctem 
Fronde super viridi : sunt nobis mitia poma, 80 

Castaneae molles et pressi copia lactis : 
Et iam summa procul villarum culmina fumant, 
Maioresque cadunt altis de montibus umbrae. 

72. quis for quibus. The next line tropliizes his flock. The invitation 
is bitterly sarcastic, and then with a of Tityrus is a quiet recognition of 
revulsion of feeling Meliboeus apos- this changed mood. 



ECLOGA IV. 

POLLIO. 



This famous Eclogue has peculiar interest for us. There are questions 
connected with it which are now insoluble. It influenced the reception 
Vergil received at the hands of Christians. It made him most popular in 
the Middle Ages. It was not impossible (though hardly probable) that he 
had read Isaiah in the Septuagint version. Or did he put into splendid 
verse the longing of his day for "the Desire of all nations"? How far 
did the Sibylliife oracles and Etruscan speculations and current legendary 
lore furnish him with material ? Or was it, after all, merely the lovely 
expression of Vergil's own musings? Again, as to the child. Was it Pol- 
lio's, as older critics held, or, as later students have urged, was it Augus- 
tus's child ? and was the dedication to Pollio only a compliment to a dear 
friend ? These must remain vexed questions. The Eclogue deserves crit- 
ical study. The finished style, the skilful development of the subject, the 
allusions to current beliefs of the coming golden age, mingled with the 



Introduction. 



16 VEBGILI ECLOGA—IV. 

poet's own fancies and hopes, and the lofty tone of the closing passages (1. 
48-63), are worthy of Vergil's happiest inspiration. Its date is assigned to 
B. c. 40. 

SiCELiDES Musae, paulo maiora canamus. 
Non oninis arbusta iuvaiit humilesque myricae : 
Si canimus silvas, silvae sint consule dignae. 
Ultima Cymaei venit iam carminis aetas ; 
Apostrophe to Ma^nus ab inteo^ro saeclorum nascitur ordo : 5 

the gods m ^ ^ ,° 

behalf of the lam redit et Virero, redeunt Saturnia reerna : 

expected child. . , * 

lam nova progenies caelo demittitur alto. 
Tu modo nascenti puero, quo ferrea primum 
Desinet, ac toto surget gens aurea mundo, 
Casta fave Lucina : tuus iam regnat Apollo. 10 

He will be the Teque adeo decus hoc aevi, te consule, inibit, 

grace of Pol- ^ _ ... . 

lio's consul- Pollio, et incipient magni procedere menses ; 

Te duce, si qua manent sceleris vestigia nostri, 

Inrita perpetua solvent formidine terras. 
The happy Hie dcum vitam accipiet divisque videbit 15 

come him. Pcrmixtos hcroas et ipse videbitur illis, 

Pacatumque reget patriis virtutibus orbem. 

At tibi prima, puer, nullo nmnuscula cultu 

1. Sicelides Musae. Sicily, as the ing the Golden Age, but in the Iron 
native place of Theocritus, was said Age she fled to heaven and was placed 
to be the home of bucolic poetry, aroong the stars as Astraea, or the 
paulo maiora — i. e. loftier themes Virgin, 

than shepherd songs. 9. trnindo, here equivalent to orhe. 

2. myricae, tamarisks. 10. Lucina. The office of presiding 

3. silvas. " If we sing woodland over childbirth was assigned indif- 
themes, let the forests be worthy of ferently either to Juno, or to Diana 
the consul in whose honor we sing." as it is here. 

silvae refers to the old ideal of inno- 11. aevi. aevum is to be explained 

cence in rustic life. . by the aetas of 1. 4. 

4. Cym.aei. The famous Italian 15. deum, the shortened form for 
sibyl dwelt at Cnmae, which was deorum. divisque, abi. of ace. cxim 
originally a Greek city. The last is omitted from the force of per in 
age of the world was an Etruscan permixtos in the next line, though 
idea and passed into the current per only takes the ace. Note the 
belief and expectation of that day. intimate intercourse implied by di- 

6. Virgo, the personification of Jus- visque videbit and videbitur illis. 
tice, the daugliter of Jupiter and 18. munuscula, " toys," lovely gifts 
Themis. She lived among men dur- which the joyous earth will heap 



VERGILI ECLOGA—IV. 17 

Errantis hederas passim cum baccare tellus 

Mixtaque ridenti colocasia fundet acantho. 20 

Ipsae lacte domum referent distenta capellae 

Ubera, nee magnos metuent armenta leones. 

Ipsa tibi blandos fundent cunabula flores. 

Occidet et serpens et fallax herba veneni 

Occidet ; Assyrium vulgo nascetur amomum. 25 

ffis education. At simul heroum laudes et facta parentis 

lam legere et quae sit poteris cognoscere virtus ; 

The earth will Molli paulatim flavcscet campus arista, 

bear fruits f i i . m 

without till- Incultisque rubens pendebit sentibus uva, 

Et durae quercus sudabunt roscida mella. 30 

Some vestiges Pauca tamcu suberunt priscae vestigia fraudis, 

yetciin^gtoft.^ Quae teutarc Thetim ratibus, quae cingere muris 
Oppida, quae iubeant telluri infindere sulcos. 
Alter erit tum Tiphys, et altera quae vehat Argo 
Delectos heroas : erunt etiam altera beila, 35 

Atque iterum ad Troiam magnus mittetiir Achilles. 

These will Hinc, ubi iam firmata virum te fecerit aetas, 

vanish when, ' ' 

in his young Ccdct et ipsc mari vector, nee nautica pinus 

manhood, -i» i • • 

Mutabit merces ; omnis feret omnia tellus. 

Non rastros patietur humus, non vinea falcem ; 40 

Robustus quoque iam tauris iuga solvet arator ; 

around the infant's cradle, the ivy, vestigia sceleris (I. 13) parallel with 

the baccar, a plant of which a fine the growth of the infant into young 

salad was prepared, the colocasia, or childhood. 

Nymphaea Nelimho, an Indian water- 32. quae refers to vestigia frandis, 

plant, together with the laughing and is thrice repeated. Thetis = 

acanthus. the sea. 

22. nee magnos, etc. -This passage 33. telluri infindere sulcos, a poetic 

recalls the similar imagery of Isaiah, inversion for tellurem infindere snl- 

ch. xi. 6, 7. cis. 

25. amomum, an Asiatic plant from 34. Tiphys was the pilot of the 

which a costly unguent was made, Argo. Vergil's love for the old le- 

prohably what we know as nard. gends leads him to retain them in 

27. quae sit virtus is the object of the education of the child. 

cognoscere. The genitives heroum and 37-41. When the child reaches 

parentis limit this clause as well as man's estate then even these earlier 

facta in the preceding clause. The needs shall vanish. Compare 1. 32, 

poet traces the disappearance of the tentare Thetim ratibus, with 1. 38, 
2 



18 



VERGILI ECLOGA—IV. 



the Fates have 
80 ordered it. 



The TX)und 

world reels 
with joy. 



The poet's 
own gladness 



and triumph- 
ant song. 



Salutation to 
the child. 



Nec varios discet mentiri lana colores, 
Ipse sed in pratis aries iam suave rubenti 
Murice, iam croceo mutabit vellera luto : 
Sponte sua sandyx pascentis vestiet agnos. 45 

' Talia saecla/ suis dixerunt, ' currite ' fusis 
Concordes stabili fatorum numine Parcae. 
Aggredere O magnos, aderit iam tempus, honores, 
Cara deum suboles, magnum lovis incrementum ! 
Aspice convexo nutantem pondere mundum, 50 

Terrasque tractusque maris caelumque profundum 
Aspice, venturo laetantur ut omnia saeclo ! 
O mihi tarn longae maneat pars ultima vitae, 
Spiritus et quantum sat erit tua dicere facta : 
Non me carminibus vincet nee Thracius Orpheus, 55 
Nee Linus, huic mater quamvis atque liuic pater 

adsit, 
Orphei Calliopea, Lino formosus Apollo. 
Pan etiam, Arcadia mecum, si iudice certet, 
Pan etiam Arcadia dicat se iudice victum. 
Incipe, parve puer, risu cognoscere matrem : 60 



cedet et ipse mari vector; and 1. 33, 
tellnri infindere sulcos, with 1. 40, non 
rastros patietur humus. 

42. mentiri, *' falsely to pretend to 
have," i. e. to be dyed with, for the 
ram will feed now upon plants whose 
hues, purple, yellow, golden, will pass 
into the fleece. 

45. sandyx. The plant and not the 
mineral is here meant. 

46. talia saecla. talia refers to 
and gathers up into itself all the 
hopes the poet has previously re- 
corded. " O ye ages, bearing such 
hopes, hasten on !" fusis, " spin- 
dles." The Fates, Clotho, Lachesis, 
and Atropos, who hold the thread 
of every man's life, agree upon the 
child's happy destiny. 

48. agriredere, imperative. Its sub- 
ject is cara suboles, etc. Mark the 



spondee of 1. 49 and its rhythmic 
effect, mere \ mentHm. 

50. aspice. "See the world totr 
tering under its rounded weight." 
The nutantem includes more than 
merely physical weight, and is to be 
interpreted by the laetantur of 1. 52. 
The terrasque, etc. of 1. 51 is in appo- 
sition to, and descriptive of, mundum. 
Tractus = expanse. 

56, Jiuic. The first huic refers to 
the nearest noun, Linus ; the second 
huic to Orpheus. The metre requires 
the second huic instead of the regu- 
lar nil, I 84, 1, 3, and r. 1. 

58.- Arrange, Tan etiam, si certet 
mecum., Arcadia iudice. Pan etiam dicat 
se victum, Arcadia iudice. Dicat has a 
future sense, ^ 207 ; it is drawn from 
the preceding si certet. 

60. incipe. The expected child is 



VERGILI ECLOGAE—IV., V. 19 

Matri longa decern tulerunt fastidia menses, 

Incipe, parve puer ; cui non risere parentes 

Nee deus hunc mensa, dea nee dignata cubili est. 

addressed as if now born and re- whicli Vergil has been charged has 
sponding to the mother's smile, given ns two very lovely pictures 
The very confusion of thought with of the blessings of a mother's love. 



ECLOGA V. 

MENALCAS. 



This Eclogue, amoebic in form, was written about 42 B. c. The lament 
over Daphnis, which is imitated from Theocritus (Idyl L), is usually inter- 
preted as an allegorical apotheosis of Caesar, and was intended as compli- 
mentary to Octavianus, then rapidly gaining the leadership in Eome. It 
deserves close study, as apparently exhibiting Vergil's experiments in the 
rhythm of the hexameter and in assonance. The Eclogue naturally falls 
into two parts: (a) Mopsus' lament over the death of Daphnis (1. 20-44) ; (6) 
his apotheosis sung by Menalcas (1. 56-80). Throughout there are constant 
reminiscences of, rather than direct translations from, Theocritus. 

MENALCAS — MOPSUS. 

Men. Cur non, Mopse, boni quoniam convenimus 
ambo, 
iSgS M^op^us' "^^ calamos inflare levis, ego dicere versus. 
Hie corylis mixtas inter considimus ulmos ? 

Mop. Tu maior ; tibi me est aequum parere, Me- 
nalca, 
S^^ ^^^^ ^^^ incertas Zephyris motantibus umbras, 5 

Sive antro potius succedimus. Aspice, ut antrum 
Silvestris raris sparsit labrusca racemis. 

Men. Montibus in nostris solus tibi certat Amyn- 
tas. 

1. boni, "skilled." inflare, §181, Uhi, dat. after parere, ^142, E. 
r. 2, (3). xiii. 

4. maior, "you are the elder." 6. antro, dat. after succedimus, ^143, 

K. xiv. 



20 



VEBGILI ECLOGA—V. 



Choose your 
subject. 

I have a new 
song to a new- 
melody. 



Menalcas 
teases him. 



The Nymphs 

bewail 

Daplinis. 



All nature 
laments his 
deatli. 

His praises. 



Mop. Quid, si idem certet Phoebum superare ca- 
nendo ? 

Men. Incipe, Mopse, prior, si quos aut Phyllidis 
ignis, 10 

Aut Alconis habes laudes, aut iurgia Codri. 
Incipe ; pascentis servabit Tityrus haedos. 

Mop. Immo haec, in viridi nuper quae cortice fagi 
Carmina descripsi et modulans alterna notavi, 
Experiar. Tu deinde iubeto ut certet Arayntas. 15 

Men. Lenta salix quantum palleuti cedit olivae, 
Puniceis bumilis quantum saliunca rosetis, 
ludicio nostro tantum tibi cedit Amyntas. 

Mop. Sed tu desine plura, puer ; successimus antro. 

Exstinctum Nymphae crudeli funere Daphnim 20 
Flebant ; vos coryli testes et flumina Nymphis ; 
Cum, complexa sui corpus miserabile nati, 
Atque deos atque astra vocat crudelia mater. 
Non ulli pastos illis egere diebus 24 

Frigida, Daphni, boves ad flumina ; nulla nee amnem 
Libavit quadrupes, nee graminis attigit herbam. 
Daphni, tuum Poenos etiam ingemuisse leones 
Interitum montesque feri silvaeque loquuntur. 
Daphnis et Armenias curru subiungere tigris 
Instituit, Daphnis thiasos inducere Bacchi, 30 

Et foliis lentas intexere mollibus hastas. 
Vitis ut arboribus decori est, ut vitibus uvae, 



10. ignis, " love for Phyllis." iur- 
gia Codri, "invective agaiust Co- 
drus," §131, r. 2. 

14. alterna notavi, "have marked 
the changes" from pipe to song. 

15. iubeto, " then decide whether 
Amyntas rivals (me)." Mopsus is 
jealous; compare lines 8, 9. 

16. The outer similarity, but real 
disparity, between willow and olive, 
or rose and Celtic nard, is used as 
a flattering unction to Mopsus' 
wounded vanity. 



19. desine plura, puer, " cease your 
jesting, lad." However, he begins 
the song on Daphnis' death, where 
Thyrsis (in Theocritus, Idyl I. 62) 
had left it. 

23. atque . . . atque, "cries out 
against both the gods and the cruel 
stars alike." 

28. loquuntur, " the shaggy moun- 
tains and the woods declare." 

32. vitis, etc., "as the vine deco- 
rates the tree." Two dat., ? 147, R. 
xviii. ut with ind., § 215, E. Ixiv. 



VERGILI ECLOGA—V. 



21 



The gods 
abandon the 
fields. 



which show 
their loss. 



Menalcas 
praises the 
song. 



Menalcas now 
sings the 
apotheosis of 
Daphuis. 



Ut gregibus tauri, segetes ut pinguibus arvis, 

Tu decus omiie tuis. Postqiiam te fata tulerunt, 

Ipsa Pales agros atque ipse reliquit Apollo. 35 

Grandia saepe quibus mandavimus hordea sulcis, 

Infelix lolium et steriles nascuntur avenae ; 

Pro molli viola, pro purpureo narcisso, 

Carduus et spinis surgit paliurus acutis. 

Spargite liumum foliis, indiicite fontibus umbras, 40 

Pastores ; maiidat fieri sibi talia Daphnis ; 

Et tumuliim facite, et tumulo superaddite carmen : 

' Daphnis ego in silvis, hinc usque ad sidera notus, 

Formosi pecoris custos, formosior ipse.' 

Men. Tale tuum carmen nobis, divine poeta, 45 
Quale sopor fessis in gramine, quale, per aestum, 
Dulcis aquae saliente sitim restinguere rivo. 
Nee calamis solum aequiparas, sed voce magistrum. 
Fortunate puer, tu nunc eris alter ab illo. 
Nos tamen haec, quocumque modo, tibi nostra vicis- 
sim 50 

Dicemus, Daphnimque tuum tollemus ad astra ; 
Dapbnin ad astra feremus : amavit nos quoque Daphnis. 

Mop. An quicquam nobis tali sit munere mains ? 
Et puer ipse fuit cantari dignus, et ista 
lam pridem Stimicon laudavit carmina nobis. 55 

Men. Candidus insuetum miratur limen Olympi, 
Sub pedibusque videt nubes et sidera Daphnis. 
Ergo alacris silvas et cetera rura voluptas 
Panaque pastoresque tenet Dryadasque puellas. 
Nee lupus insidias pecori, nee retia cervis 60 



41. mandat fieri sill, "left as a 
dying injunction to do these rites 
for him." 

42. carmen, "funeral song." 

45. tale . . . quale. "Such, thy 
song, O divine poet, is as rest," etc. 
See \ 91. 

48. magistrum, "the (dead) mas- 
ter," i. e, Daphnis. 



49. alter ah illo, "next after 
him." 

50. nos tamen. "Yet we will (ven- 
ture to) sing these our funeral songs 
in turn after a fashion. We will 
trace Daphnis' ascent to the stars." 

53. munere. " What greater return 
than this can be made me?" 

58. alacris vohiptas, "eager joy." 



22 . VEBGILI ECLOGA—V. 

Ulla dolum meditantur ; amat bonus otia Daphnis. 
Ipsi laetitia voces ad sidera iactant 
Intonsi montes ; ipsae iam carmina rupes, 
Ipsa sonant arbusta : ' Deus, deus ille, Menalca !' 
Sis bonus o felixque tuis ! en quattuor aras : 65 

Ecce duas tibi, Daphni, duas altaria Phoebo. 
Pocula bina novo spumantia lacte quotannis 
Craterasque duos statuam tibi pinguis olivi, 
Et multo in primis bilarans convivia Baccho, 
Ante focum, si frigus erit, si messis, in umbra, 70 
Vina novum fundam calathis Ariusia nectar. 
Cantabunt mihi Damoetas et Lyctius Aegon ; 
Saltantis Satyros imitabitur Alphesiboeus. 
Haec tibi semper erunt, et cum sollemnia vota 
Ko^S.ip'ped Reddemus Nymphis, et cum lustrabimus agros. 75 
year? '"'^^^ Dum iuga moutis aper, fluvios dum piscis amabit, 
Dumque thymo pascentur apes, dum rore cicadae. 
Semper honos nomenque tuum laudesque manebunt. 
Ut Baccho Cererique, tibi sic vota quotannis 
Agricolae facient ; damnabis tu quoque vot^ 80 

Mop. Quae tibi, quae tali reddam pro carmpe 
dona ? 
Nam neque me tantum venientis sibilus austri, 

61. otia, "harmony." Cf. Eel. I. 6, two arae on which we can offer vic- 
and Caes. Bel. Civ. I. : note the con- tims {altaria) to Phoehus. 

trast of joy, and compare* these two 74. Tiaec tibi semper erunt. The 

lines with Eel. IV. lustratio agrorum came in the early 

62. ipsi intonsi montes iactant, cf. spring {ante focum, si frigus erit). 
montesque feri silvaeque loquuntur, 1. There were, too, the Feriae Aestivae, 
28. which fell between June 24 and 

64. Deus, deus ille, Menalca! the August 1, and were also called F. 
climax of the apotheosis, Messis {si messis, in umbra), 

65. Sis bonus o felixque tuis. "Be 80. damnabis . . . votis, "shall bind 
blest and happy with thy new com- them to these vows." damno, used in 
panions." en quattuor aras. Caesar's wills to enforce the discharge of a 
birthday fell during the games to trust, votis, abl. ^ 136, r. 2. 
Apollo. Arae were raised to heroes, 82. Construe, Nam neque tantum 
Lares, and demigods ; altaria to the sibilus venientis austri, nee litora per- 
gods only. On these only victims cussa fluctu nee flumina quae decur- 
were offered, so duas altaria Phoebo, runt inter saxosas voiles tarn iuvant me. 



VERGILI ECLOGAE—V., VIL 23 

They exchange ^qq percussa luvant fluctu tam litora, nee quae 
Saxosas inter decurrunt flumina valles. 

Men. Hac te nos fragili donabimus ante cicuta. 85 
Haec nos, ' Formosum Corydon ardebat Alexim/ 
Haec eadem docuit, ' Cuium pecus ? an Meliboei ?' 
Mop. At tu sume pedum, quod, me cum saepe ro- 
garet, 
Non tulit Antigenes — et erat tum dignus amari — 
Formosum paribus nodis atque aere, Menalca. 90 

85. ante, " let me first give the * Formosum Corydon ' and ' Cuium 
you." pecus.' " 

86. ** It taught me the melody for 88. pedum, *' shepherd's crook." 



ECLOGA VII. 

MELIBOEUS. 



Meliboeus tells how he happened once to be present at an amoebic con- 
test between Corydon and Thyrsis, and repeats their verses, awarding the vic- 
tory to Corydon. There are some personal allusions whose meaning is now 
lost to us. It was probably written after the first Eclogue, which was sixth 
in date. The opening lines are the most naturally rustic verses that Vergil 
has written. Here, too, he seems to be experimenting in rhythm and in 
vowel assonances. The quatrains of Corydon have a larger proportion of 
the broad a; those of Thyrsis use 5 and e. The second singer, the chal- 
lenger, improvises a quatrain on the same or on a similar theme to that 
set by his rival. It will be a good exercise for the student to analyze the 
pairs of quatrains and decide if Meliboeus' final judgment was correct. 

MELIBOEUS. — CORYDON. — THYRSIS. 

K?3°adven-"^ ^^^- ^ORTE sub arguta consederat ilice Daphnis, 
ture. Compulerantque greges Corydon et Thyrsis in unum, 

Thyrsis ovis, Corydon distentas iacte capellas, 
Ambo florentes aetatibus, Arcades ambo, 
Et cantare pares, et respondere parati. 5 

1. ar^Mto, " rustling." 5. respondere, "to improvise" at 

the other's challenge. 



24 



VERGILI ECLOGA—VII. 



Thyrsis has 
challenged 
Corydon. 



May I equal 
Codrus. 



May Codrus 
burst with 
envy of me. 



Hue mihi, dum teneras defendo a frigore myrtos, 
Vir gregis ipse caper deerraverat ; atque ego Daph- 

nim 
Aspicio. lUe ubi me contra videt : * Ocius/ inquit, 
' Hue ades, o Meliboee ! caper tibi salvus et haedi ; 
Et, si quid cessare potes, requiesce sub umbra. 10 
Hue ipsi potum venient per prata iuvenci ; 
Hie viridis tenera praetexit arundine ripas 
Mincius, eque sacra resonant examina quereu.' 
Quid faeerem ? neque ego Aleippen, neque Phyllida 

habebam, 
Depulsos a lacte domi quae clauderet agnos ; 15 

Et certamen erat, Corydon cum Thyrside, magnum. 
Posthabui tamen illorum mea seria ludo. 
Alternis igitur contendere versibus ambo 
Coepere ; alternos Musae meminisse volebant. 
Hos Corydon, illos referebat in ordine Thyrsis. 20 

Cot. Nymphae, noster amor, Libethrides, aut mihi 
carmen. 
Quale meo Codro, concedite ; proxima Phoebi 
Versibus ille facit ; aut, si non possumus omnes, 
Hie arguta sacra pendebit fistula pinu. 

Thyr. Pastores, hedera erescentem ornate poe- 
tam, 25 

Arcades, invidia rumpantur ut ilia Codro ; 



6. defendo, "protect" from the 
frost, marks the time of year. 

7. vir gregis, " leader of the flock." 

9. tihi, "your goat is safe, and so 
are your kids," ^ 148, note. 

10. quid, " at all." 

11. ijpsi, " of their own accord." 
14. Aleippen neque PhylHdn. For 

the Greek ace. see ^ 248. They were 
apparently female slaves. 

16. et, emphatic, "and here was a 
great contest, Corydon against Thyr- 
sis." 

18. alternis . . . versibus, " responsive 
verses" as trials of skill. 



19. volebant. "The Muses preferred 
to recall responsive verses." 

21. Libethrides, Nymphae. Libeth- 
rus was a fount on Mount Helicon 
under the care of the Nymphs, 
who were sometimes invoked. They 
were not the Muses of the same 
mount. 

23. si non possumus omnes, imi- 
tated (more closely in Eel. YIII. 63) 
from Homer, II. IV. If Corydon is 
defeated, he will hang his murmur- 
ing pipe on the sacred pine. 

26. arcades pastores. ilia = heart. 
Codro, dat., cf. tibi, 1. 9. 



VEBGILI ECLOGA—VIL 



25 



Hunter Mi- 
con's vow to 
Diana. 



Gardener 
Thyrsis' vow 
to Priapus. 



Corydon's 
praise of 



Thyrsis long- 
ing for the 
hour to visit 
his love. 



Aut, si ultra placitum laudarit, baccare frontem 
Cingite, ne vati noceat mala lingua futuro. 

Cor. Saetosi caput hoc apri tibi, Delia, parvus 
Et ramosa Micon vivacis cornua cervi. 30 

Si proprium hoc fuerit, levi de marmore tota 
Puniceo stabis suras evincta cothurno. 

Thyr. Sinum lactis et haec te liba, Priape, quot- 
annis. 
Exspectare sat est : custos es pauperis horti. 
Nunc te marmoreum pro tempore fecimus ; at tu, 35 
Si fetura gregem suppleverit, aureus esto. 

Cor. Nerine Galatea, thymo mihi dulcior Hyblae, 
Candidior cycnis, hedera formosior alba, 
Cum primum pasti repetent praesaepia tauri. 
Si qua tui Corydonis habet te cura, venito. 40 

Thyr. Immo ego Sardoniis videar tibi amarior 
herbis, 
Horridior rusco, proiecta vilior alga, 
Si mihi non haec lux toto iam longior anno est. 
Ite domum pasti, si quis pudor, ite, iuvenci. 



27. " If Codrus, instead of envying, 
should praise me extravagantly {ul- 
tra placitum), tlien crown my brow 
witli baccar." The baccar was an oily 
plant of which a perfume was made 
{nardum rusticum). It was supposed 
to avert the evil eye or evil tongue. 
laudarit = laudaverit, perf. subj., § 207, 
E. Ix. 

29. parvus Micon, ** young Micon." 
Delia, Diana, goddess of hunting. 
Apollo and Diana were born on the 
isle of Delos; hence, Delius, Delian. 

30. vivacis. The stag was supposed 
to be long-lived. 

31. si proprium, etc. " If this shall 
still continue as his own " by your 
grant, tota stabis, " thou shalt stand 
full length in marble." siiras, ^ 155, 
K. XXV. 

33. sinum, a deep wine-cup. lihum. 



a cake of milk, oil, honey, and meal 
offered on the ara. 

35. pro tempore, "for this time," 
temporarily. 

36. fetura gregem. " If the lambing 
shall increase the flock." 

37. Nerine, Galatea, daughter of 
Nereus, the sea-god. Nereis, -idis 
is the usual form. Nerine, Nerinis 
(§ 248) occurs only in this line. 

41. immo . . . videar, "may I seem." 
Sardoniis . . . herbis, the " crowfoot " 
of Sardinia, was so acrid as to 
twist the mouth of the eater ; so a 
sardonic laugh was bitterly sarcas- 
tic. 

43. si . . . est. " If this daylight 
(while away from thee) is not longer 
than a whole year." si quis pudor, 
" if you can be ashamed of grazing 
so long." 



26 



VEBGILI ECLOGA—VII. 



Quatrain on 
summer. 



Quatrain on 
winter. 



Nature's 
delight in 
Alexis' 
beauty. 

The parched 
groves revive 
when Phyllis 
conies. 



Phyllis loves 
the hazel. 



Lycidas is 
compared to 
the ash, and 
to the pine. 



Corydon vic- 
torious. 



Cor. Muscosi fontes et somno mollior herba, 45 
Et quae vos rara viridis tegit arbutus umbra, 
Solstitium pecori defendite ; iam venit aestas 
Torrida, iam laeto turgent in palmite gemmae. 

Tlmjr. Hie focus et taedae pingues, hie plurimus ignis 
Semper, et adsidua postes fuligine nigri ; 50 

Hie tantum Boreae curamus frigora, quantum 
Aut numerum lupus, aut torrentia flumina ripas. 

Cor. Stant et iuniperi et castaneae hirsutae ; 
Strata iacent passim sua quaque sub arbore poma ; 
Omnia nunc rident ; at si fbrmosus Alexis 55 

Montibus his abeat, videas et flumina sicca. 

Tliyr. Aret ager ; vitio moriens sitit aeris herba ; 
Liber pampineas invidit collibus umbras : 
Phyllidis adventu nostrae nemus omne virebit, 
luppiter et laeto descendet plurimus imbri. 60 

Cor. Populus Alcidae gratissima, vitis laccho, 
Formosae myrtus Veneri, sua laurea Phoebo ; 
Phyllis amat corylos. Illas dum Phyllis amabit, 
Nee myrtus vincet corylos, nee laurea Phoebi. 

Thyr. Fraxinus in silvis pulcherrima, pinus in 
hortis, 65 

Populus in fluviis, abies' in montibus altis ; 
Saepius at si me, Lycida formose, revisas, 
Fraxinus in silvis cedat tibi, pinus in hortis. 

Mel. Haec memini, et victum frustra contendere 
Thyrsim. 
Ex illo Corydon, Corydon est tempore nobis. 70 



46. et . . . arbutus, " together witli 
the arbutus, which," etc. 

47. defendite, "ward off the sum- 
mer heat." 

50. postes, "pillars." 

52. numerum (ovium), "as the 
wolf cares for the number of the 
flock." 

57. vitio . . . aeris, "pestilential air." 

60. luppiter, open air. He was the 
god of the shining sky. plurimus, 



" full of." imbri, abl. § 38, r. 3 ; g 169, 
E. xxxvi. 

63. iUas, "these," ?84, r. 5. 

65. pulcherrima, " is most beauti- 
ful." 

68. cedat tibi, "yields to thee in 
beauty," ? 142, E. xiii. ; ^ 207, E. Ix. 

70. ex illo . . . tempore, henceforth. 
Corydon, Corydon. The repetition is 
emphatic, est nobis, "is (the singer) 
for me." 



VEBGILI ECLOGA—VIIl 



27 



ECLOGA YIII. 



PHAEMACEUTEIA. 



It is a free imitation of Idyls I., III., aud XI., of Theocritus in its first 
part, and of Idyl II. in the latter part. It is often called amoebic, but 
wrongly, for there are only two songs in it. Each of these is divided in 
stanzas of three, four, or five lines apiece, closing with a refrain, though 
the arrangement in the second song is irregular. It was composed in honor 
of PoUio, who was just returning from his campaign against the Illyrian 
Parthiui; possibly Pollio had already received two other poems (1. 11). The 
model for the structure of the Eclogue is probably the seventh Idyl. The 
dedication (1. 6-13; has the appearance of being decided upon after the com- 
pletion of the poem itself. 



The subject 



Dedication to 
PolUo. 



DAMON. — ALPHESIBOEUS. 

Pastoeum Musam Damonis et Alphesiboei, 
Immemor herbarum quos est mirata iuvenca 
Certantis, quorum stuj^efactae carmine lynces, 
Et mutata suos requierunt flumina cursus, 
Damonis Musam dicemus et Alj)liesiboei. 5 

Tu mihi, seu magni superas iam saxa Timavi, 
Sive Oram Illyrici legis aequoris, en erit umquam 
Ille dies, mihi cum liceat tua dicere facta ? 
En erit, ut liceat totum mihi ferre per orbem 
Sola Sophocleo tua carmina digua cothurno? 10 

A te principium, tibi desinam. Accipe iussis 
Carmina coepta tuis, atque banc sine tempora circum 
Inter yictricis hederam tibi serpere laurus. 



1. Construe, Dicemus Musam Da- 
monis et Alphesiboei quos certantis iu- 
venca, immemor herbarum, mirata est, 
quorum carmine lynces stupefactae 
sunt, et flumina mutata requierunt 
suos cursus — Musam Damonis et Al- 
phesiboei. This repetition of 3IusaM 
is emphatic. 

6. mihi depends on accipe. From 
en erit umquam to desinam is paren- 
thetical. 

9. en . . . orbem. "Shall it ever 



be permitted to sound through the 
whole world your poems, alone wor- 
thy of Sophocles' buskin?'' Pollio 
wi'ote tragedies as well as shorter 
poems. Sophocles acted in his own 
plays, so Vergil makes allusion to 
this by Sophocleo . . . cothurno — i. e. 
the actor's shoe. 

11. principium, etc. "My poem 
having its origin from thee, I close 
for thee." 

12. atque hanc . . . hederam, " let this 



28 



VERGILI ECLOGA—VIIL 



Damon be- 
moans a faith- 
less betrothed. 



Why Mount 
Maenahis is 
invoked. 



His hapless 
betrothal. 



Nysa's pride. 
His rusticity. 



Frigida vix caelo noctis decesserat umbra, 
Cum ros in tenera pecori gratissimus herba; 15 

Incumbens tereti Damon sic coepit olivae. 

Dam. Nascere, praeque diem veniens age, Lucifer, 
almum, 
Coniugis indigno Nysae deceptus amore 
Dum queror, et divos, quamquam nil testibus illis 
Profeci, extrema morieus tamen adloquor hora. 20 
Incipe Maenalios mecum, mea tibia, versus. 
Maenalus argutumque nemus pinosque loquentis 
Semper habet ; semper pastorum ille audit amores, 
Panaque, qui primus calamos non passus inertis. 
Incipe Maenalios mecum, mea tibia, versus. 25 

Mopso Nysa datur : quid non speremus amantes ? 
lungentur iam grypes equis, aevoque sequenti 
Cum canibus timidi venient ad pocula dammae. 
Mopse, novas incide faces : tibi ducitur uxor ; 29 
Sparge, marite, nuces : tibi deserit Hesperus Oetam. 
Incipe Maenalios mecum, mea tibia, versus. 
O digno coniuncta viro ! dum despicis omnis, 
Dumque tibi est odio mea fistula, dumque capellae 
Hirsutumque supercilium promissaque barba, 



ivy twine around thy temples, mid 
the victorious laurel." sine, imper. 
sing, sino, 3d conj. 

15. gratissimus pecori, dat., ^ 144, 
E. XV. 

16. tereti olivae, " upon (his) pol- 
ished olive (staff)," §143, E. xiv. 

17. nascere, " cause to appear," 
imper. fr. wascor. praeveniens, "her- 
alding." Lucifer, the morning 
star. See 1. 30, Hesperus, the even- 
ing star. 

18. dum (ego) deceptus indigno amore 
. . . queror. Damon assiames the part 
of a betrothed lover vrhose bride has 
been given to another. 

21. This refrain, modelled upon the 
line in Theocritus, Id. I. 66, recurs at 



the beginning of eight stanzas, and 
closes Damon's song. Maenalus was 
a mountain in Arcadia. 

27. iam, "now." aevoque sequenti, 
" in the next generation," § 171, E. 
xxxviii. 

28. dammae, masc, §18, exc. 2d. 

31. sparge marite nuces. The bride- 
groom scattered nuts before the 
young torch -bearers. tibi deserit 
Hesperus Oetam, "Hesperus leaves 
(by rising over) Oeta for thee" — i. e. 
it is time for the wedding proces- 
sion to set out. It was also a prov- 
erb: "You have your wish." Oeta 
was a mountain in Thessaly. 

33. dumque tibi est odio, "while you 
hate my pipe," etc., § 147, E. xviii. 



VEBGILI ECLOGA—VIIL 29 

Nee curare deum credis mortalia quemquam. 35 

Incipe Maenalios mecum, mea tibia, versus. 
His early Saepibus iu nostris parvam te roscida mala — 

boyish love. -^ . , . ■, 

Dux ego vester eram — vidi cum matre legentem. 
Alter ab undecimo turn me iam acceperat annus ; 
lam fragilis poteram ab terra contingere ramos. 40 
Ut vidi, ut peril ! ut me malus abstulit error ! 
Incipe Maenalios mecum, mea tibia, versus. 
Love, stony- Nunc scio, Quld slt Amor ; duris in cotibus ilium 

hearted, and ^ • r-i 

not human, Aut Tmaros, aut Rhodope, aut extremi Garaman- 
tes, 
Nee generis nostri puerum nee sanguinis edunt. 45 
Incipe Maenalios mecum, mea tibia, versus. 

leads Medea to Saevus Amor docuit natorum sanguine matrem 

slay her sons. ,. , it. 

Commacuiare manus ; crudelis tu quoque, mater ; 

Crudelis mater magis, an puer improbus ille ? 

Improbus ille puer ; crudelis tu quoque, mater. 50 

Incipe Maenalios mecum, mea tibia, versus. 
All nature Nuuc ct ovis ultro fugiat lupus, aurea durae 

Mala ferant quercus, narcisso floreat alnus, 

Pinguia corticibus sudent electra myricae, 
is contradict- Certcut ct cjcuis ululac, sit Tityrus Orpheus, 55 

Orpheus in silvis, inter delphinas Arion. 

Incipe Maenalios mecum, mea tibia, versus. 
Damon's fetal Omnia vcl medium fiat mare. Vivite, silvae : 

leap. 

Praeceps aerii specula de montis in undas 



35. nee quemquam deum curare ere- 3. Medea killed her children out of 

dis, "nor do you believe that any jealous love for Jason, 

god," etc. 49. mater, i. e. Medea, puer, i. e. 

38. cum matre, "thy mother." Amor (1. 43). 

4:1. ut vidi, ut peril ! " When I saw 55. si* Tityrus Orpheus. In this 

thee, then I was lost! then a fatal stanza Damon wishes that all na- 

error," etc. ture be reversed : '* Even let Tity- 

43. Construe, Aut Tmaros, aut Eho- rus equal Orpheus in the woods and 

dope, ant extremi Garamantes edunt il- Arion at sea," referring to the legend 

lum in duris cotibus, puerum nee nostri of Arion being saved by the dolphin. 

generis nee sanguinis. 58. omnia vel medium fiat mare, "let 

47. sanguine, abl. of manner, ^ 167, all things be (plunged into) mid sea." 

vivite, "farewell." 



30 



VERGILI ECLOQA—VIIL 



Deferar ; extremum hoc munus morientis habeto. 60 
Desine Maenalios, iam desine, tibia, versus. 

Haec Damon ; vos, quae responderit Alphesiboeus, 
Dicite, Pierides ; non omnia possunms omnes. 

Alph. EfFer aquam, et molli cinge haec altaria vitta, 
Verbenasque adole pinguis et mascula tura, 65 

Coniugis ut magicis sanos avertere sacris 
Experiar sensus ; nihil hie nisi carmina desunt. 
Ducite ab urbe domum, mea carmina, ducite Daph- 

nim. 
Carmina vel caelo possunt deducere Lunam ; 
Carminibus Circe socios mutavit Ulixi ; 70 

Frigidus in pratis cantando rumpitur anguis. 
Ducite ab urbe domum, mea carmina, ducite Daph- 

nim. 
Terna tibi haec primum triplici diversa colore 
Licia circumdo, terque haec altaria circum 
Effigiem duco ; numero deus impare gaudet. 75 

Ducite ab urbe domum, mea carmina, ducite Daph- 

nim. 
Second charm. Nccte tribus uodis ternos, Amarylli, colores ; 

Necte, Amarylli, modo, et, 'Veneris,' die, 'vincula 

necto.' 
Ducite ab urbe domum, mea carmina, ducite Daph- 

nim. 
Third charm. Limus ut hic durescit, et haec ut cera liquescit 80 



Prepare the 
altar lor the 
magic rites. 



Power of 
incantations 



First charm. 



60. extremum munus, receive this, 
my dying gift — i. e. his lament. The 
poet appeals to the Muses themselves 
to recite the song of Alphesihoeus, as 
he was unequal to it — non omnia pos- 
sumus omnes. The first stanza is a 
direction to the maid to hring the 
proper things for the magical rites. 
molli vitta, "a soft (woollen) fillet." 

65. verbenas 2}inguis, " oily shrubs." 

66. coniugis, etc. " That by magic 
charms I may try to inflame the cool 
senses of my betrothed." avertere, to 
avert from his indifference = inflame. 



67. nihil, etc., "here naught but 
the magic verse is wanting." 

68. This refrain is an imitation of 
Theocritus, Id. II. 17. 

70. Ulixi, dat., ^ 141, R. xii. 

71. frigidus, etc. " The chilled ser- 
pent (even) is burst by magic song." 

73. terna, etc. " Three threads (li- 
cia) of triple diverse colored strands 
I bind about the ef&gj, and swing it 
thrice around the altar." 

75. impare, abl., § 162, E. xxix. 
Even numbers were mortal; un- 
even, immortal. 



VEBGILI ECLOOA—VIII. 31 

Uno eoderaque igni, sic nostro Daphnis amore. 
Sparge molam, et fragilis incende bitumine laurus. 
Daphnis me malus urit, ego hanc in Daphnide lau- 

rum. 
Ducite ab urbe domum, mea carmina, ducite Daph- 
nim. 
o^ht 10^611° Talis amor Daphnim, qualis, cum fessa iuvencum 85 
Daphnis! Per ncmora atque altos quaerendo bucula lucos, 
Propter aquae rivum viridi procumbit in ulva, 
Perdita, nee serae meminit decedere nocti — 
Talis amor teneat, nee sit mihi cura mederi. 
Ducite ab urbe domum, mea carmina, ducite Daph- 
nim. 90 
Fourth charm. Has olim exuvias mihi perfidus ille reliquit, 

Pignora cara sui ; quae nunc ego limine in ipso, 
Terra, tibi mando ; debent haec pignora Daphnim. 
Ducite ab urbe domum, mea carmina, ducite Daph- 
nim. 
from Pontus ^^^ hcrbas atque haec Ponto mihi lecta venena 95 
next used. Ipse dcdit Moeris ; nascuntur plurima Ponto. 
His ego saepe lupum fieri et se condere silvis 
Moerim, saepe animas imis excire sepulcris 
Atque satas alio vidi traducere messis. 
Ducite ab urbe domum, mea carmina, ducite Daph- 
nim. 100 
Sixth rite. Fcr ciuercs, Amarylli, foras ; rivoque fluenti 

Transque caput iace ; nee respexeris. His ego Daph- 
nim 

83. sparge molam. The handful of i. e. he only can redeem. them in per- 

meal entered into all sacrifices. son. 

85. talis amor . . . qualis {e,st) 95. Ponto. Supply ah. Colchis, in 

cim, bucula fessa, etc. talis amor Pontus, was famous for its magic 

{inquam) teneat Daphnim. mederi, herbs. 

dep. inf., " nor will I care to heal 96. plurima. Supply venena. 

it." 99. traducere, inf., " I have seen 

91. ej;wT;?as, "vestments" which the him ruin growing crops, 

faithless Daphnis had left as pledges 101. foras, adv., "forth." rivoque 

of his return. fluenti, etc., " scatter it over thy head 

93. debent, "demand Daphnis" — into the rnuning stream." 



32 VERGTLI ECLOGA—VIII. 

Aggrediar. — Nihil ille deos, nil carmina curat. 

Ducite ab urbe domum, mea carmina, ducite Daph- 
nim. 

Aspice ! corripuit tremulis altaria flammis 105 

Sponte sua, dum ferre moror, cinis ipse. Bonum sit ! 
Her joyful Nescio quid certe est — et Hylas in limine latrat. 
triumph. Credimus ? an, qui amant, ipsi sibi somnia fingunt ? 

Parcite, ab urbe venit, iam parcite, carmina, Daphnis. 

103. nil carmina curat, she despairs, it ? or do lovers cheat themselves 
108. credimus, Q,tc. " Can we believe with dreams?" 



GEORGIOON, 



LIBER PRIMUS. 

The subjects of the first book are the farm, the soil, the crops, and the right 
seasons for the different kinds of farm-work. Near its close he gives a sort 
of farmer's calendar of lucky and unlucky days and the signs of weather. 
He touches everything from its poetic side. His precepts are enlivened by 
sketches of country life — the wife singing at her loom, the peasant driving 
his laden donkey to market, the rites of blessing the fields, and similar top- 
ics. Throughout there is his love of the country, his deep patriotism and 
religiousness. The first book closes with a fine description of the portents 
that occurred at the time of Caesar's death, and with a prayer for Augustus. 

o"ene? QuiD faciat laetas segetes, quo sidere terrain 

Vertere, Maecenas, ulmisque adiungere vitis 
Conveniat ; quae cura bourn, qui cultus habendo 
Sit pecori ; apibus quanta experientia parcis : 
Hinc canere incipiam. — Vos, o elarissima mundi 5 

Vergil invokes Lumiua, labentem caelo quae ducitis annum ; 

Bacchus and i >~i • 

Ceres, Liibcr ct aiHia Ceres, vestro si munere tellus 

Chaoniam pingui glandem mutavit arista, 
Poculaque inventis Acheloia miscuit uvis ; 

1. quid faciat. The first four lines Vergil next invokes the Italian god 

are the logical object of canere (1. 5). of wine. Liber, and the goddess of 

Arrange, Hinc incipiam canere quid corn, Ceres. 

faciat laetas, etc. quo sidere. The 7. tellus . . . mutavit, " the earth has 

signs of the zodiac marked the sea- exchanged " — i. e. the farmer now 

sons for the farmer. sows the corn. Early tribes fed on 

3. conveniat, impers. habendo, ger. acorns. Chaon, a son of Priam, mi- 
dat., ^147, R. xviii.; ? 184, r. 4, II. grated to Dodona, famous later for its 
Note the distinctions between cura oracle of Jupiter in its oak grove, 
and cultus. 9. Acheloia. The Achelous' pure 

4. parcis, "economical." experien- fountain was a synonym for cool 
tia, the beekeeper's "skill." water. The Greeks and Eomans al- 

6. lumina, the sun, moon, and signs, ways mingled water with their wine. 
3 33 



34 VERGILI GEORGICON—I. 

deitiS^™^*^^ Et vos, agrestum praesentia numina, Fauni, 10 

Ferte simul Faunique pedem Dryadesque puellae : 
Munera vestra cano. Tuque o, cui prima frementem 
Fudit equum magno tellus percussa tridenti, 
Next Neptune. Neptuue ; et cultor nemorum, cui pinguia Ceae 

Ter centum nivei tondent dumeta iuvenci; 15 

Ipse nemus linqueus patrium saltusque Lycaei, 
Pan. Pan, ovium custos, tua si tibi Maenala curae, 

Adsis, Tegeaee, favens ; oleaeque Minerva 
Triptoiemus. Invcutrix ; uuciquc, puer, monstrator aratri ; 
Siivanus. Et tcucram ab radice ferens, Silvane, cupressum ; 20 
Dique deaeque omnes, studium quibus arva tueri, 
Qui que novas alitis non ullo semine fruges ; 
Quique satis largum caelo demittitis imbrem : 
Tuque adeo, quem mox quae sint habitura deorum 
He invokes Coucilia, iuccrtum est ; urbisne invisere, Caesar, 25 
career,' either Tcrrarumque velis curam, et te maximus orbis 
eartii, ou sea, Auctorcm frugum tcmpestatumque potentem 
sta'r"^"^ ^ Accipiat, cingens materna tempora myrto ; 

An deus immensi venias maris, ac tua nautae 
Numina sola colant, tibi serviat ultima Thule, 30 
Teque sibi generum Tetbys emat omnibus undis ; 

10. The Fauni were the rustic gods 32), 1 123, r. 10. we (whether Augus- 
of Italy. tus shall be taken to Olympus, when 

11. Dryadesque puellae, wood- Jupiter will crown him) marks a 
nymphs, Dryads, ferte . . . pedem, doubt, an (or whether he shall live 
" hither with dancing foot." master of the world) marks the af- 

12. mwwera, both " gifts " and " of- firmative wish, anne, or later be 
fices." placed among the stars. 

14. cultor nemorum. Aristaeus. ton- 30. numina tua colant, " offer wor- 

dent, "browse." ship for thy protection." numina 

17. Pan. The worship of the Ar- . . . ultima Thule, the scarcely-known 

cadian Pan was early transferred to regions of farthest north-western Eu- 

Italy. Mount Lycaerfs was near rope. 

Tegea, in Arcadia. 31. Tethys. " The sea-goddess shall, 

19. puer. Triptoiemus, who learn- with a dowry of all her waves, wed 

ed of Ceres how to plough. thee, her son-in-law" (to one of 

24. tuque, subject of da facilem cur- her daughters, the Oceanides). emat 
sum, etc. (1. 40). quem for de quo. hints at the coemptio of Eoman mar- 

25. ne, with an (1. 29), and anne (1. riage. undis, abl. of a paid price. 



VEBGILI GEOBGICON—I. 35 

Anne novum tardis sidus te mensibus addas, 
Qua locus Erigonen inter Chelasque sequentis 
Panditur ; ipse tibi iam brachia contrahit ardens 
Scorpius, et caeli iusta plus parte reliquit : 35 

Quidquid eris — nam te nee sperant Tartara regem, 
Nee tibi regnandi veniat tarn dira cupido, 
Quaravis Elysios miretur Graecia campos, 
Nee repetita sequi curet Proserpina matrem — 
must ever be Da facilem cursum, atque audacibus adnue coeptis, 40 

propitious. . ^ . . -^ 

Ignarosque viae mecum miseratus agrestis, 
Ingredere, et votis iam nunc adsuesce vocari. 

When the frost comes out. of the ground, then prepare to plough on fields 
that have lain fallow for two seasons. Each country has its proper products. 
Tmolus, India, Calybs, Epirus, Italy, must he farming countries. Let the 
fields lie out every other year, or else change the crops. Burning off the 
stubble will do good to barren soil. A rainy solstice and a dry winter 
make a good crop. The fields should be irrigated by the brooks from the 
hill-side. (11. 43-121.) 

THE IRON AGE. 

Sddeu^s . Pater ipse colendi 

to_iive without Haud facilcm esse viam voluit, primusque per artem 
Movit agros, curis acuens mortalia corda, 
Nee torpere gravi passus sua regna veterno. 
Ante lovem nulli subigebant arva coloni ; 125 

Ne signare quidem aut partiri limite campum 
Fas erat : in medium quaerebant, ipsaque tellus 
He has sent Omnia Hbcrius, nullo poscente, ferebat. 

serpents and -m i • .■■ -.-..-.. 

wild beasts, llle malum virus serpentibus addidit atns, 

Praedarique lupos iussit, pontumque moveri ; 130 

36. quidquid eris refers back to 41. miseratus mecum agrestes ignaros 

tuque, and leads to da facilem. viae, viae, gen., ^ 135, E. ix. 

39. repetita, "though sought (and 42. vocari votis, "to be invoked 

found), cared not to follow her mo- with vows." 
ther," preferring the realms below. 



122. per artem movit agros, " caused 127. fas, " it was against divine 

to be tilled properly." law." paHiri, dep. inf. pred. nom., 

124. sua regna. Saturn ruled the ^181. in medium quaerebant, "they 

golden age (Eel. IV.). Jove ruled sought (to use) everything in com- 

the silver age. men." 



36 



VERGILI GEOBGICON—L 



Forced inven- 
tious. 



The sailor. 



The liunter 
and fisher. 



The artisan. 



Ceres aids 
men. 



Mildew and 
weeds injure 
the crops. 



Endless toil 
the price of 
the harvest. 



Mellaque decussit foliis ; ignemque removit, 
Et passim rivis currentia vina repressit : 
Ut varias usus meditando extunderet artis 
Paulatim, et sulcis frumenti quaereret herbam ; 
Ut silicis venis abstrusum excuderet ignem. 135 

Tunc alnos primum fluvii sensere cavatas ; 
Navita turn stellis numeros et nomina fecit, 
Ple'iadas, Hyadas, claramque Lycaonis Arcton. 
Turn laqueis captare feras et fallere visco 
Inventum, et magnos canibus circumdare saltus; 140 
Atque alius latum funda iam verberat amnem 
Alta petens, pelagoque alius trahit umida Una. 
Turn ferri rigor, atque argutae lamina serrae — 
Nam primi cuneis scindebant fissile lignum — 
Tum variae venere artes ; labor omnia vicit 145 

Improbus et duris urguens in rebus egestas. 
Prima Ceres ferro mortalis vertere terram 
Instituit, cum iam glandes atque arbuta sacrae 
Deficerent silvae, et victum Bodona negaret. 
Mox et frumentis labor additus, ut mala culmos 150 
Esset robigo, segnisque horreret in arvis 
Carduus: intereuntsegetes : subit aspera silva, 
Lappaeque tribolique ; inter que nitentia culta 
Infelix lolium et steriles dominantur avenae. 
Quod nisi et adsiduis herbam insectabere rastris, 155 
Et sonitu terrebis aves, et ruris opaci 
Falce premes umbram, votisque vocaveris imbrem : 
Heu ! magnum alterius frustra spectabis acervum ; 
Concussaque famem in silvis solabere quercu. 



131. mellaque decussit foliis. Honey 
was supposed to have once dropped 
from tlie leaves. Ille refers to Jove. 

133. usus, "necessity," sul)j. of ex- 
tunderet, quaereret, and excuderet. me- 
ditando, gerundial abl. of means. 

140. inventum. tum inventum {est). 
captare . . . fallere . . . circumdare. 

141. funda, " casting-net." Una (n. 
pi. ace. \ "drag-net." 



145. venere, perf. 3 pi. 

146. urgens egestas, as well as im- 
probus labor, is the subject of vi- 
cit. 

149. Dodona (cf. Chaoniam, 1. 8), 
the oak grove refused its food (of 
acorns). 

151. esset, suhj. imp. of edo, "to 
devour," d 111, 8. 



VERGILI GEORGICON—I. 



37 



Directions follow for making the plough and the roller for the thresh- 
ing-floor, to harden the ground and to keep out mice, moles, and other 
vermin. If the chestnut is but leafy, your crop will be light; if its 
branches are heavily laden, you will have a full harvest. Seeds should 
be soaked before sowing. (11. 168-203.) 



then plough 
and sow. 



THE CONSTELLATIONS MARK THE TIMES FOE PLOUGHING. 

When the con- Praeterea tarn sunt Arcturi sidera nolbis 

Btellatiuns of 

the Bear the Haedorumque dies servandi et lucidus Anguis, 205 

Kids, and the ... to ' 

Serpent rise, Quam quibus in patriam ventosa per aequora vectis 
Pontus et ostriferi fauces tentantur Abydi. 
Libra die somnique pares ubi fecerit horas, 
Et medium luci atque umbris iam dividit orbem ; 
Exercete, viri, tauros ; serite hordea campis 210 

Usque sub extremum brumae intractabilis imbrem. 
Nee non et lini segetem et Cereale papaver 
Tempus humo tegere, et iamdudum incumbere ara- 

tris, 
Dum sicca tellure licet, dum nubila pendent. 
Vere fabis satio ; tum te quoque, medica, putres 215 
Accipiunt sulci, et milio venit annua cura : 
Candidus auratis aperit cum cornibus annum 
Taurus, et adverse cedens Canis occidit astro. 
At si triticeam in messem robustaque farra 
Exercebis humum, solisque instabis aristis, 220 



When the 
Bull rises, sow 



clover. 



Before the 
Pleiades and 

the Crown set, ^^tc tibi Eoac Atlautidcs abscondantur, 

plant heans, ' 

onions, and Guosiaque ardcntis decedat stella Coronae, 

vetches. ^ ' 

Debita quam sulcis committas semina, quamque 



204. sidera . . . dies . . . lucidus An- 
guis servandi sunt nobis, "we must 
watch," ^185, E. xliv. and r. 2, 

206. quibus . . . vectis, dat. in same 
construction as nobis, vectis, passive 
as a present active participle. 

208. die, old form of gen., § 49, r. 3. 

212. nee non et . . . tempus [est). Ce- 
reale papaver, nent. ace. 

214. d?*TO sicca tellure licet, "while 
it is possible, the ground (being) 
dry." 



215. vere, abl. of time, merfica, "lu- 
cerne "-grass, milio, "millet." 

218. Taurus. The gilded horns at- 
tributed to this constellation allude 
to the milk-white bulls led in the tri- 
umphal processions, occidit, " dies," 
the dog-star fades in the sun's rays. 

220. solisque instabis aristis, "you 
try for corn alone" — i. e. a heavy 
crop. 

221. ante . . . quam, "beforo you 
sow." terrae, dat., § 142, E. xiii. 



38 VERGILI GEORGICON—I. 

Invitae properes anni spem credere terrae. 
Multi ante occasum Maiae coepere ; sed illos 225 
Exspectata seges vanis elusit avenis. 
Si vero viciamque seres vilemque phaselum, 
Nee Pelusiacae curam aspernabere lentis, 
Haud obscura cadens mittet tibi signa Bootes ; 
Incipe, et ad medias sementem extende pruinas. 230 
The five zones. Idcirco certis dimensum partibus orbem 
Per duodena regit mundi Sol aureus astra. 
Quinque tenent caelum zonae : quarum una corusco 
Semper sole rubens, et torrida semper ab igni ; 
Quam circum extremae dextra laevaque trahun- 
tur, 235 

Caeruleae glacie concretae atque imbribus atris. 
Has inter mediamque duae mortalibus aegris 
Munere concessae divum ; et via secta per ambas, 
Obliquus qua se signorum verteret ordo. 239 

Mundus, ut ad Scythiam Riphaeasque arduus arces 
Consurgit, premitur Libyae devexus in austros. 
Hie vertex nobis semper sublimis ; at ilium 
Sub pedibus Styx atra videt Manesque profundi. 
Maximus hie flexu sinuoso elabitur Anguis 
Circum perque duas in morem fluminis Arctos, 245 
Arctos Oceani metuentis aequore tingi. 
Illic, ut perhibent, aut intempesta silet nox, 
Semper et obtenta densentur nocte tenebrae : 
Aut redit a nobis Aurora diemque reducit, 
NosqUe ubi primus equis Oriens adflavit anhelis, 250 
Illic sera rubens accendit lumina Vesper. 

225. Maide, one of the Pleiades, 242. ^ic i;er^ex', "this (north) pole." 

named instead of the cluster. ilium, "that i^southj pole," ^84. 

233. corusco, "flaming." 244. elabitur, "coils," dep. 

236. caeruleae, "dark -blue," refer- 245. ^rcfos, fern., Greek noun, ^24, 

ring to the gloom of a winter sky. r. 1. The two Bears never set. 

238. divum, for divorum. divus = 247. ut perhibent, " that they may 

Deus. per, "between." forbid "men from living there, in- 

240. arduus . . . consurgit, "rises tempesta ... nox, " datelass night. ^^ 

steep." premitur . . . devexus, 251. accendit, "kindles its late 

" slopes." rays." 



VEBGILI GEORGIGON—I. 39 

St rtie^"'^^ Hinc tempestates dubio praediscere caelo 
weather. Possumus, hinc Diessisque diem tempusque serendi ; 
Et quando iufidum remis impellere marmor 
Conveniat ; quando armatas deducere ciassis ; 255 
Aut tempestivam silvis evertere pinum. 

Nee frustra signorum obitiis speculamur et ortus, 
Temporibusque parem diversis quattuor annum. 
Much to do Frio^idus aojricolam si quando continet imber, 

raiuy weather. Multa, forent quae mox caelo properanda sereno, 260 
Maturare datur ; durum procudit arator 
Vomeris obtusi dentem ; cavat arbore lintres ; 
Aut pecori signum aut numeros impressit acervis. 
Exacuunt alii vallos furcasque bicornis, 
Atque Amerina parant lentae retinacula viti. 265 
Nunc facilis rubea texatur fiscina virga ; 
Nunc torrete igni fruges, nunc frangite saxo. 
On what hoii- Quippe ctiam festis quaedam exercere diebus 

days work may ^ ^. , . i i n 

be done. Jj as ct lura siuunt : riYos deducere nulla 

Religio vetuit, segeti praetendere saepem, 270 

Insidias avibus moliri, incendere vepres, 
Balantumque gregem fluvio mersare salubri. 
Saepe oleo tardi costas agitator aselli 
Vilibus aut onerat porais, lapidemque revertens 
Incusum aut atrae massam picis urbe reportat. 275 

252. ^j?ic refers to 77/ic, "from this 267. Grain was sligMly roasted 
quarter of the sky." before it was ground. Cf. Aeu. I., 

254. marmor, " the faithless flash- 179. 

ing (sea)." marmor (marble) is from 268. festis . . . diebus, "holidays." 

a root meaning to flash ; is a name 269. fas et iura, " laws human and 

for anything gleaming. divine." 

255. <7ec?«cerp, " drag ashore." 270. religio, "ritual of religion," 

256. tempestivam ... pinum, "to cut referring to the augural works, 
the pine at the right season." 272. fluvio salubri, " in the stream 

258. jjarem, "the year, equal in the cleansing from disease." salubri is 
four diverse seasons," ^ 144, E. xv. ritually significant, else to wash sheep 

259. continet, " keeps the farmer in- on a festal day would be sacrilegious, 
doors." 273. agitator, "driver." 

260. multa. Arrange, (tempus) da- 274. vilibus, "cheap." 

tur maturare multa quae forent, etc. 275. incusum, the picked nether 
Contrast maturare with properanda. millstone. 



40 



VERGILI GEORGICON—L 



Luna herself jpg^ dies alios alio dedit ordine Luna 

assigns lucky ^ 

^y^- Felicis operum : quintam fuge ; pallidas Orcus 

Eumeuidesque satae ; turn partu Terra nefando 
Coeumque lapetumque creat, saevumque Typhoea, 
Et coniuratos caelum rescindere fratres. 280 

Ter sunt conati imponere Pelio Ossam 
Scilicet, atque Ossae frondosura involvere Olympurn ; 
Ter Pater exstructos disiecit fulmine montis. 
Septima post decimam felix, et ponere vitem, 
Et pren^os domitare boves, et licia telae 285 

Addere. Nona fugae melior, contraria furtis. 

Multo adeo gelida melius se nocte dedere, 
Aut cum sole novo terras inrorat Eous. 
ISTocte leves melius stipulae, nocte arida prata 
Tondentur ; noctes lentus non deficit humor. 290 
Et quidam seros hiberni ad luminis ignis 
Per vigil at, ferroque faces inspicat acute ; 
;'f® Interea longum cantu solata laborem 
Arguto coniunx percurrit pectine telas ; 
Aut "dulcis musti Vulcano decoquit umorem, 295 
Et foliis undam trepidi despumat aeni. 

Employment 5u winter-time is plentiful — parching corn, hunting, and 
visiting. (11. 297-310.) 



Work that 
may be done 
at night. 



The good v 
sings at he 
loom. 



DESCRIPTION OF A STORM IN HARVEST-TIME. 

Quid tempestates autumni et sidera dicam ? 
Atque, ubi iam breviorque dies et mollior aestas, 
Quae vigilanda viris ? vel cum ruit imbriferum ver, 
Spicea iam campis cum messis inhorruit, et cum 



277. felicis operum, "lucky in al- 
lowable works," § 135, R. ix., ia) rem. 

278. satae^ " were born." The ad- 
jective agrees with the nearest noun, 
1 128, E. iii. r. 

280. Arrange, et fratres coniuratos 
rescindere caelum. 

285. licia telae addere, " to put the 
leashes in the warp." The leash, li- 
cia, parted the warp {tela) from the 



web, so that the shuttle could carry 
the woof. 

286. fugae, "more propitious {me- 
lior) to the runaway slave.' 

293. cantu, " shrill song." For the 
ballads that were sung on winter 
nights, cf. Macaulay's poein of " Ho- 
ratius." 

296. despumat, "skims." The kettle 
shakes with the bubbling must in it. 



VERGILI GEORGICON—L 



41 



Watch the 
constellations 
for the days 
on which to 
sacrifice. 



Frumenta in viridi stipula lactentia turgent? 315 
Saepe ego, cum flavis messorem induceret arvis 
Agricola, et fragili iam stringeret hordea culmo, 
Omnia ventorum concurrere proelia vidi, 
Quae gravidam late segetem ab radicibus imis 
Sublimem expulsam eruerent ; ita turbine nigro 320 
Ferret hiems culmumque levem stipulasque volantis. 
Saepe etiam immensum caelo venit agmen aquarum, 
Et foedam glomerant tempestatem imbribus atris 
Collectae ex alto nubes ; ruit arduus aether, 
Et pluvia ingenti sata laeta boumque labores 325 
Diluit ; implentur fossae, et cava flumina crescunt 
Cum sonitu, fervetque fretis spirantibus aequor. 
Ipse Pater, media nimborum in nocte, corusca 
Fulmina molitur dextra : quo maxima motu 
Terra tremit, fugere ferae, et mortalia corda 330 

Per gentes humilis stravit pavor : ille flagranti 
Aut Athon, aut Rhodopen, aut alta Ceraunia telo 
Deicit ; ingeminant austri et densissimus imber ; 
Nunc nemora ingenti vento, nunc litora plangunt. 

Hoc metuens, caeli menses et sidera serva ; 335 
Frigida Saturni sese quo Stella receptet, 
Quos ignis caeli Cyllenius erret in orbis. 
Imprimis venerare deos, atque annua magnae 
Sacra refer Cereri, laetis operatus in herbis, 
Extremae sub casum hiemis, iam vere sereno. 340 
Turn pingues agni et tum mollissima vina ; 
Tum somni dulces densaeque in montibus umbrae. 



315. lactentia frumenta, " milky 
grains." 

316. induceret, " had brought the 
reaper to the yellow fields." 

318. omnia . . . proelia, "all the 
gusts." Note the descriptive rhythm 
of lines 320-323 ; also the caesural 
pause and swift beat following 
nu, I hes ; || ruit \ arduus aether. The 
passage 318-327 is one of the most 
finished pictures in the Georgics. 



329. maxima . . . terra, "the huge 
earth." 

336. frigida Stella Saturni. Sat- 
urn, the most distant planet then 
known, is contrasted with ignis . . . 
Cyllenius, Mercury, the nearest to 
the sun. 

338. venerare, imperf. dep. 

339. operatus, "having sacrificed 
on the glad turf." 



42 VERGILI GEORGICON—L 

Cuncta tibi Cererem pubes agrestis adoret, 
Cui tu lacte favos et miti dilue Baccho ; 
Terque novas circum felix eat hostia fruges, 345 

Omnis quam chorus et socii comiteiitur ovantes, 
Et Cererem clamor e vocent in tecta. Neque ante 
Kustic rites of Falccni maturis quisquam supponat aristis 
fields ia epriug Quam Ccreri, torta redimitus tempora quercu, 
reaping. Det motus incompositos, et carmina dicat. 350 

The poet resumes the prognostications of the weather : the moaning of 
the wind in the mountains or on the sea-shore, and the wheeling sea-birds, 
warn the sailor to seek the shore and the farmer to keep his herds under 
shelter. Meteors, floating down, and straws, all portend a change. Thun- 
der-cloud east, west, or north fills the ditches with water. The crane, the 
swallow, the ant, the crow, give some sign of a coming storm. Even the 
girls at the loom can tell by the smouldering wick. The sows make up 
their litter anew, the owl does not hoot, the eagles presage, by their flight, 
the weather, as do other birds also. (11. 351-423.) 

Si vero solem ad rapidum lunasque sequentis 
Ordine respicies, numquam te crastina fallet 425 
Hora, neque insidiis noctis capiere serenae. 
the^mMm"^ ^^ Luna rcvcrtentis cum primum colligit ignis, 
Si nigrum obscuro comprenderit aera cornu, 
Maximus agricolis pelagoque parabitur imber. 
At si virgineum suffuderit ore ruborem, 430 

Ventus erit ; vento semper rubet aurea Phoebe. 
Sin ortu quarto — namque is certissimus auctor — 
Pura, neque obtunsis per caelum cornibus ibit : 
Totus et ille dies, et qui nascentur ab illo 

343. cuncta, ''in all things," ace. The rustic worship here pictured was 

^156, E. XXV. tibi, "in thy behalf," called the '' Ambarvalia ;" it fell in 

^ 146, r. 1. April. 

349. Cereri, dat. after det. torta . . . 350. motus, impromptu dances, car- 

quercu, "with twisted oak (leaves)." mina, "sacred songs." 



426. capiere, fu. pass. 2 sing., " shalt be (the moon) ever reddens in the 

be deceived." wind." 

429. agricolis pelagoque, "for the 432. ortu quarto, "on the fourth 

farmer and for the sea" — i. e. the night." 

sailor. 433. pjira . . . Hit, " she shines 

431. vento . . . ritbet, "golden Phoe- clearly." 



VERGILI GEORGICON—I. 43 

Exactum ad mensem, pluvia ventisque carebunt ; 435 
Votaque servati solvent in litore nautae 
Glauco et Panopeae et Inoo Meliceilae. 
of the sun. Sol quoque, et exoriens et cum se coudet in undas, 

Signa dabit ; solem certissima signa sequuntur, 
Et quae mane refert, et quae surgentibus astris. 440 
Ille ubi nascentem maculis variaverit ortum, 
Conditus in nubem, medioque refugerit orbe, 
Suspecti tibi sint imbres ; namque urget ab alto 
Arboribusque satisque notus pecorique sinister. 
Aut ubi sub lucem densa inter nubila sese 445 

Diversi rumpent radii, aut ubi pallida surget 
Titboni croceum linquens Aurora cubile : 
Heu ! male tum mitis defendet pampinus uvas ; 
Tarn multa in tectis crepitans salit horrida grando. 
Hoc etiam, emenso cum iam decedit Olympo, 450 
Profuerit meminisse magis ; nam saepe videmus 
Ipsius in vultu varios errare colores. 
Caeruleus pluviam denuntiat, igneus euros ; 
Sin maculae incipient rutilo immiscerier igni, 
Omnia tum pariter vento nimbisque videbis 455 

Fervere. Non ilia quisquam me nocte per altum 
Ire, neque a terra moneat convellere funem. 
At si, cum referetque diem condetque relatum, 
Lucidus orbis erit, frustra terrebere nimbis, 
Et claro silvas cernes aquilone moveri. 460 

Denique, quid vesper serus vebat, unde serenas 
Ventus agat nubes, quid cogitet umidus Auster, 
Sol tibi signa dabit. Solem quis dicere falsum 

435. j)?Mr?«, abl., ^ 160, E. xxvii. r. 3. 450. emenso . . . decedit, "he leaves 

440. wane, "at day-dawn." referf, the measured sky" — i. e. sets, ^160, 

"shows." siirgentibxis astris, "at E. xxvii. 

dusk." 453. caeruleus, "dark," contrasts 

443. ah alto, from the sea. igneus, " fiery." euros, " east winds." 

444. satis . . . sinister, "boding 454. immiscerier, old inf. pass. So 
much ill." dicerier also occurs. 

449. mrdta . . . crepitans, "clat- 458. cum referetque, "when hensh- 
tering thick and fast." Note the ers in." condef, "buries." 
rhythmic beat. 463. solem . . . falsum, "that the 



44 



VERGILI GEOBGICON—L 



Audeat ? Ille etiam caecos instare tumultus 464 
Saepe monet, fraudemque et operta tumescere bella. 
Portents at Hie etiam exstincto miseratus Caesare Romam ; 

Caesar's death. . . -, ^ . 

Cum caput obscura nitidum lerrugme texit, 
Impiaque aeternam timuerunt saecula noctem. 
Tempore quamquam illo tellus quoque et aequora 

ponti, 
Obscenaeque canes importunaeque volucres 470 

Signa dabant. Quotiens Cyclopum effervere in agros 

Volcanoes, Vidimus undantem ruptis fornacibus Aetnam, 

Flammarumque globos liquefactaque volvere saxa ! 

Noises, Armorum sonitum toto Germania caelo 

Earthquakes, Audiit ; insolitis trcmucrunt motibus Alpes. 475 

Vox quoque per lucos vulgo exaudita silentis 

Voices, Ingens, et simulacra modis pallentia miris 

Visa sub obscurum noctis, pecudesque locutae, 
Infandum ! sistunt amnes, terraeque dehiscunt, 479 
Et maestum inlacrimat templis ebur, aeraque sudant. 
Proluit insano contorquens vertice silvas 
Fluviorum rex Eridanus, camposque per omnis 
Cum stabulis armenta tulit. Nee tempore eodem 
Tristibus aut extis iibrae apparere minaces, 
Aut puteis manere cruor cessavit, et altae 485 

Per noctem resonare lupis ululantibus urbes. 
Non alias caelo ceciderunt plura sereno 
Fulgura, nee diri totiens arsere cometae. 
Ergo inter sese paribus concurrere telis 



Floods. 



other dire 
omens. 



sun deceives ;" the weather-signs 
learl him to relate the portents at 
Caesar's death and to utter a prayer 
for Augustus. 

466. exstincto . . , Caesare, ''when 
Caesar was murdered." Suetonius 
and others record many strange phe- 
nomena. Cf. Shakespeare's "Julius 
Caesar," in which they are recounted. 

482. Scan, Fhivio | rum rex \ Erida- 

I nus, II cam \ posqneper j omnes. Note 

the contraction of io = yo, and the 



Greek quantity of Eridanus, the 
Po. 

483. nee fibrae minaces {cessaverunt) 
apparere, tristibus extis. Filaments 
in the entrails were menacing por- 
tents, tristibus . . . extis, ahl., ^170, r. 5. 

489. paribus, "equal," because 
against fellow-countrymen, iterum 
modifies concurrere. Pharsalia was 
in Macedonia or Emathia. Philippi 
was in Thessaly, whose mountain- 
range was Haemus. 



VERGILI GEOBGICON—I. 45 

Romanas acies iterum videre Philippi ; 490 

Civil war. ]j^ec fuit indignum superis, bis sanguine nostro 
Emathiam et latos Haemi pinguescere campos. 
Scilicet et tempus veniet, cum finibus illis 
Agricola, incurvo terram molitus aratro, 
Exesa inveniet scabra robigine pila, 495 

Aut gravibus rastris galeas pulsabit inanis, 
Grandiaque efFossis mirabitur ossa sepulcris. 
May the gods Di patrii, Indigctcs, et Romule, Vestaque mater, 
tect Augustus! Quae Tuscum Tiberim et Romana Palatia servas, 

Hunc saltern everso iuvenem succurrere saeclo 500 
Ne prohibete ! Satis iam pridem sanguine nostro 
Laomedonteae luimus periuria Troiae. 
Iam pridem nobis caeli te regia, Caesar, 
Invidet, atque hominum queritur curare triumphos : 
Quippe ubi fas versum atque nefas, tot bella per or- 
bem, 505 

Tam multae scelerum facies ; non ullus aratro 
Dignus honos, squalent abductis arva colonis, 
Et curvae rigidum falces conflantur in ensem. 
for state and Hiuc movct Euphrates, illinc Germania bellum ; 

home are in a ^ ^ ^ /^ 

terrible tur- Vicinac ruptis inter se legibus urbes 510 

Arma ferunt ; saevit toto Mars impius orbe : 
Ut, cum carceribus sese efFudere quadrigae, 
Addunt in spatia, et frustra retinacula tendens 
Fertur equis auriga, neque audit currus habenas. 

490. Philippi, pi. ing away with the chariot is very 

498. Indigetes. "Ye native dei- fine, 
ties!" Three series of gods are in- 505. M&i, '* everywhere." fas,"di- 
voked : those of the state (dii patrii), vine law," is turned into riefas, " bias- 
Italian deities (Indigetes), and the phemy." 

Lares and Penates of the city. It 512. carceribus, "out of the start- 
is a vivid outline of the terrible ing stalls." 

state of the world, and the closing 513. addunt in spatia, ''they fly 

metaphor of tlie mad horses rush- over the course." 



46 VERGILI GEORGICON—II. 



LIBEK SECUNDUS. 

Trees are the theme of this book: their propagation, culture, and 
improvement, and directions for grafting and budding (11. 73-82). Trees 
suited to different climates are enumerated (11. 109-135). A noble pan- 
egyric on Italy follows (11. 136-176). Different soils are treated of (11. 177- 
287). A passage upon spring (11. 315-345) precedes directions for the culture 
of the olive and of fruit trees (11. 420-428). The book closes with a eulogy 
upon country life. (11. 458-542.) 

THE INVOCATION. 

Hactenus arvorum cultus et sidera caeli ; 
Bacchus is Nunc te, Bacche, canam, nee non silvestria tecum 

summoned. _ ' ' ' 

Virgulta, et prolem tarde crescentis olivae. 
Hue, pater o Lenaee ! — tuis hie omnia plena 
Muneribus ; tibi pampineo gravidus autumno 5 

Floret ager, spumat plenis vindemia labris — 
Hue, pater o Lenaee ! veni, nudataque musto 
Tinge novo meeum dereptis erura cothurnis. 

The natural production of the tree is either spontaneous or from seed. 
By cuttings and layers roots will be thrown out from the twigs of some 
kinds of trees. The farmer should pay much attention to this part of 
his work. Vergil appeals to Maecenas as his patron. Culture improves 
trees. Toil is the price to be paid for all improvement. Grafting accom- 
plishes strange results; its methods are described. There are different 
kinds of the same vine or tree. (11. 9-108.) 



THE NATIVE HOMES OF TREES RECOUNTED. 



Different soilf 
suit different 



Nee vero terrae ferre omnes omnia possunt. 
Fluminibus saliees, erassisque paludibus alni 110 
Naseuntur, steriles saxosis montibus orni ; 
Litora myrtetis laetissima ; denique apertos 
Bacehus amat eollis, aquilonem et frigora taxi. 
Aspice et extremis domitum cultoribus orbem, 
Arabia. Eoasque domos Arabum pietosque Gelonos : 115 

India. Divisae arboribus patriae : sola India nigrum 

4. pater o Lenaee, ** O Father Le- naeus !" Lenos was the Greek for 

wine-press. 



VERGILI GEORGICON—IL 



47 



China. 
India. 



Media. 



Beyond all, 
Italy is 
praised. 



Fert liebeniim : solis est turea virga Sabaeis. 
Quid tibi odorato referam sudantia ligno 
Balsamaque et bacas semper frondentis acanthi ? 
Quid nemora Aethiopum, molli canentia lana 120 
Velleraque ut foliis depectant tenuia Seres ? 
Aut quos Oceano propior gerit India lucos, 
Extremi sinus orbis, ubi aera vincere summum 
Arboris baud ullae iactu potuere sagittae ? 
Et gens ilia quidem sumptis non tarda pharetris. 125 
Media fert tristis sucos tardumque saporem 
Felicis mali; quo non praesentius ullum, 
Pocula si quando saevae infecere novercae, 
Miscueruntque herbas et non innoxia verba, 
Auxilium venit, ac membris agit atra venena. 130 
Ipsa ingens arbos faciemque simillima lauro ; 
Et, si non alium late iactaret odorem, 
Laurus erat ; folia baud ullis labentia ventis ; 
Flos ad prima tenax ; animas et olentia Medi 
Ora fovent illo et senibus medicantur anhelis. 135 

Sed neque Medorum silvae ditissima terra, 
Nee pulcher Ganges atque auro turbidus Hermus 
Laudibus Italiae certent ; non Bactra, neque Indi, 
Totaque turiferis Panchaia pinguis arenis. 
Haec loca non tauri spirantes naribus ignem 140 
Invertere satis immanis dentibus hydri. 
Nee galeis densisque virum seges horruit hastis ; 
Sed gravidae fruges et Bacchi Massicus umor 
Implevere ; tenent oleae armentaque laeta. 
Hinc bellator equus campo sese arduus infert ; 145 



120, quid {referam tibi) nemora, Ae- 
thiopum, canentia, moUi lana. canen- 
tia, from caneo, "to be hoary." lana, 
"cotton." 

121. ut, etc., " and how the Chinese 
pluck," etc. 

124. Arrange, uhi haud ullae sagit- 
tae iactu potuere, vincere aera summum 
arboris. 



125. non tarda, "is skilful." 

127. mali, "the citron." non quo, 
"than -which no fruit is read- 
ier." 

130. atra venena, obj. of agit. 

142. seges virum, for virorum ; so 1 
148, deum for deorum. 

144. implevere, supply Italiam. 



48 



VEBGILI GEORGICON—IL 



Its cattle. 



Its ancient 
cities 



and harbors. 



Its noble race 
of heroes. 



Hinc albi, Clitumne, greges, et maxima taurus 
Victima, saepe tuo perfusi flumine sacro, 
Romanes ad templa deum duxere triumphos. 
Hie ver adsiduum atque alienis mensibus aestas ; 
Bis gravidae pecudes, bis pomis utilis arbos. 150 

At rabidae tigres absunt et saeva leonum ' 
Semina ; nee miseros fallunt aconita legentis ; 
Nee rapit immensos orbis per humum, neque tanto 
Squameus in spiram tractu se eolligit anguis. 
Adde tot egregias urbes operumque laborem, 155 
Tot congesta manu praeruptis oppida saxis, 
Fluminaque antiques subter labentia muros. 
An mare, quod supra, memorem, quodque adluit 

infra ? 
Anne lacus tantos ? te, Lari maxime, teque, 
Fluctibus et fremitu adsurgens, Benace marino? 160 
An memorem portus Luerinoque addita claustra, 
Atque indignatum magnis stridoribus aequor, 
lulia qua ponto longe sonat unda refuse, 
Tyrrhenusque fretis immittitur aestus Avernis ? 
Haee eadem argenti rives aerisque metalla 165 

Ostendit venis, atque aure plurima fluxit. 
Haee genus acre virum Marses pubemque Sabellam, 
Adsuetumque male Ligurem Volscesque verutos 
Extulit ; haee Decies, Marios magnosque Camillos, 



Seipiadas duros belle, et te, maxime Caesar, 
Qui nune, extremis Asiae iam victor in oris, 
Imbellem avertis Romanis arcibus Indum. 
Salve, magna parens frugum, Saturnia tellus. 
Magna virum ; tibi res antiquae laudis et artis 



170 



152. miseros legentis, " the wretched 
gatherers." 

156. praeruptis saxis, "steep cliflPs." 

159. Lari, voc. of Larius, Lake 
Como. 

160. Benace, Lake Garda. 

161. claustra, 2ib\. ahs., "masonry." 
Maecenas joined two small embayed 



pools, the Avernus and Lake Lucri- 
nus, protected them by a sea-wall, 
and called them the Julian port. 
Lucrino, dat. after addita. 

168. Volscosque verutos, " Volscian 
pikemen." 

174. tibi, " for thy sake." 



VEBGILI GEOBGICON—II. 



49 



Ingredior, sanctos ausus recludere fontis, 175 

Ascraeumque cano Romana per oppida carmen. 

Soils suitable for trees are discoursed of. The soil for the vine. Mantua 
is praised for its pastures. A fat, loose, moist soil suits the vine to be 
trained upon the elm. The soil must be carefully prepared, and the field 
ought to be properly irrigated. The vines must be set in orderly rows^ 
like a legion in battle array. The trenches should not be deep for the 
vine, but the tree must be well set. (11. 177-313.) 



THE POWER OF SPRINGTIDE. 

Nec tibi tarn prudens quisquam persuadeat auc- 
tor 315 

Winter checks Tellurem Borea rieridam spirante moveri. 

sowing, 1 T 1 • • • 

Kura gelu turn claudit niems ; nee semme lacto 
Concretum patitur radicem adfigere terrae. 
Optima vinetis satio, cum vere rubenti 
Candida venit avis longis invisa colubris ; 320 

Prima vel autumni sub frigora, cum rapidus Sol 
Nondum hiemem contingit equis, iam praeterit aestas. 
Ver adeo frondi nemorum, ver utile silvis ; 
Vere tument terrae et genitalia semina poscunt. 
Turn pater omnipotens fecundis imbribus Aether 325 
Coniugis in gremium laetae descendit, et omnis 
Magnus alit, magno commixtus corpore, fetus. 
Bird and beast Avia tum resouant avibus virgulta canoris, 
its power. Et Vcncrem certis repetunt armenta diebus ; 

Parturit almus ager, zephyrique tepentibus auris 330 
Laxant arva sinus ; superat tener omnibus umor ; 
Inque novos soles audent se germina tuto 
Credere ; nee metuit surgentis pampinus austros, 
Aut actum caelo magnis aquilonibus imbrem, 
. , Sed trudit gemmas, et frondes explicat omnis. 335 

The primal , ^ , ' ... 

creation was Nqu alios prima crcsccntis origine nmndi 
spring. Inluxisse dies aliumve habuisse tenorem 



but spring 
causes all 
seeds to ger- 
minate. 



324. genitalia, " sprouting " seeds, 

325. jpater omnipotens . . . Aether, 
"all-powerful parent Aether." 

4 



332. in novos soles, etc., "dare trust 
themselves to the new warmth." 



50 



VEBGILI GEORGICON—II. 



Crediderim : ver illud erat ; ver magnus agebat 
Orbis, et hibernis parcebant flatibus euri, 
Cum primae lucem pecudes hausere, virumque 
Terrea progenies duris caput extulit arvis, 
Immissaeque ferae silvis et sidera caelo. 
Nee res hunc tenerae possent perferre laborem, 
Si non tanta quies iret frigusque caloremque 
Inter, et exciperet caeli indulgentia terras. 



340 



345 



Always compost well and stir the earth around the stocks, and train 
their first growths, but after that prune or cut close. Protect them from 
the young cattle, which hurt the bark by rubbing and by nibbling the 
twigs. Sacrifice the young kids to Bacchus with due rites of feast and 
song and victim. The returning year brings returning toil. Clean up the 
vineyard and loosen the soil. Olive trees need no knife nor culture ; they 
care for themselves. Fruit trees, too, grow readily, as well as other useful 
plants, such as the willow, the myrtle, the cypress, the pine. (11. 346-457.) 



A coutrast of 
the farmer's 
life with rich 
city life. 



The peace of 
country life. 



VERGIL PRAISES COUNTRY LIFE. 

O fortunatos nimium, sua si bona norint, 
Agricolas ! quibus ipsa, procul discordibus armis, 
Fundit humo facilem victum iustissima tellus ! 460 
Si non ingentem foribus domus alta superbis 
Mane salutantum totis vomit aedibus undam ; 
Nee varios inhiant pulchra testudine postis 
Inlusasque auro vestes Ephyreiaque aera ; 
Alba neque Assyrio fucatur lana veneno, 465 

Nee casia liquidi corrumpitur usus olivi : 
At secura quies et nescia fallere vita, 
Dives opum variarum, at latis otia fundis, 



338, magnus orbis agebat ver, " was supposes that man sprang from the 

celebrating springtide when first," clod, 

etc. 344. inter governs frigusque calo- 

341. terrea progenies virum. Vergil remque. 



459. quibus ipsa . . . iustissima tellus, 
"for whom most holy Earth her- 
self." 

461. si, "if"— i.e. what though: 
its correlative particle at, "jet," is 
in 1. 467. 



466. nee casia, etc., "nor is the use 
of liquid oil adulterated with casia." 

467. The series of nominatives be- 
long to non absunt (1. 471), which is 
limited by the dat. latis . . . fundis, 
"broad acres." 



VERGILI GEOBGTCON—IL 



51 



Ita scenery. 



Vergil's day- 
dreams on 
philosophy. 



His visit to 
Greece. 



Content of 
rural life. 



Free from 
political strife 



Speluncae vivique lacus ; at frigida Tempe 
Mugitusque bourn mollesque sub arbore somni 470 
Non absunt ; illic saltus ac lustra ferarum 
Et patiens operum exiguoque adsueta iuventus, 
Sacra deum, sanctique patres ; extrema per illos 
lustitia excedens terris vestigia fecit. 

Me vero primum dulces ante omnia Musae, 475 
Quarum sacra fero ingenti percussus amore, 
Accipiant, caelique vias et sidera monstrent, 
Defectus solis varios lunaeque labores ; 
Unde tremor terris ; qua vi maria alta tumescant, 
Obicibus ruptis, rursusque in se ipsa residant ; 480 
Quid tantum oceano properent se tingere soles 
Hiberni, vel quae tardis mora noctibus obstet. 
Sin, has ne possim naturae accedere partis, 
Frigidus obstiterit circum praecordia sanguis ; 
Rura mihi et rigui placeant in vallibus amnes, 485 
Flumina amem silvasque inglorius. O, ubi campi 
Sperclieosque et virginibus bacchata Lacaenis 
Taygeta ! o, qui me gelidis convallibus Haemi 
Sistat. et ingenti ramorum protegat umbra ! 
Felix, qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas, 490 

Atque metus omnis et inexorabile fatum 
Subiecit pedibus strepitumque Acherontis avari ! 
Fortunatus et ille, deos qui novit agrestis, 
Panaque Silvanumque senera Nympliasque sorores ! 
Ilium non populi fasces, non purpura regum 495 
Flexit, et infidos agitans discordia fratres. 



471. lustra, "haunts." 

476. quarum sacra fero, etc., "whose 
sacred symbols I bear smitten by 
overwhelming love." 

477. accipiant, etc., "may the Muses 
accept me !" The series of subj. pres. 
which follow (,11. 477-482) express the 
poet's prayer. Vergil's early studies 
were in philosophy. 

479. qua vi, "by which violence" — 
i. e. of the earthquake. 



484. frigidiis . . . sanguis. Empedo- 
cles held that cold blood made a dull 
mind. 

486. inglorius, " giving up my am- 
bition." 

488. qui, "would that some one 
would place me !" 

495. fasces, the sheaf of rods which 
the lictors bore before the higher 
magistrates. 



52 



VERQILI GEORGICON—II. 



and civic 
ambition. 



Aut coniurato descendens Dacus ab Histro, 
Non res Eomanae perituraque regna ; neque ille 
Aut doluit miserans inopem, aut invidit habenti. 
Quos rami fructus, quos ipsa volentia rura 500 

Sponte tulere sua, carpsit ; nee ferrea iura 
Insanumque forum, aut populi tabularia vidit. 
Sollicitant alii remis freta caeca, ruuntque 
In ferrum, penetrant aulas et limina regum ; 
Hie petit excidiis urbem miserosque Penatis, 505 
Ut gemma bibat, et Sarrano dormiat ostro ; 
Condit opes alius, defossoque incubat auro ; 
Hie stupet attonitus rostris ; hunc plausus hiantem 
Per cuneos geminatus enim plebisque patrumque 
Corripuit ; gaudent perfusi sanguine fratrum, 510 
Exsilioque domos et dulcia limina mutant. 
Rural plenty. Atquc alio patriam quaerunt sub sole iacentem. 
Agricola incurvo terram dimovit aratro : 
Hie anni labor ; hinc patriam parvosque Penatis 
Sustinet, hinc armenta boum meritosque iuvencos. 515 
Nee requies, quin aut pomis exuberet annus, 
Aut fetu pecorum, aut Cerealis mergite culmi, 
Proventuque oneret sulcos, atque horrea vincat. 
Venit hiems : teritur Sicyonia baca trapetis ; 
Glande sues laeti redeunt ; dant arbuta silvae, 520 
Et varios ponit fetus autumnus, et alte 
Mitis in apricis coquitur vindemia saxis. 
Interea dulces pendent circum oscula nati ; 
Casta pudicitiam servat domus ; ubera vaccae 
Lactea demittunt, pinguesque in gramine laeto 525 
Inter se adversis luctantur cornibus haedi. 
Ipse dies agitat festos, fususque per herbam, 
Ignis ubi in medio et socii cratera coronant, 
Te, libans, Lenaee, vocat, pecorisque magistris 



Sketch of a 
rural home, 



its festal rites 
and sports. 



500. Construe, agricola carpsit quos 
fructus rami, quos ipsa, etc. 

505. Mc . . . hie (1. 508), "this man 
. . . that man." petit excidiis, "de- 
stroys." 



509. cuneos, the blocks of seats in 

the amphitheatre. 

516. quin aut, " hut ever." 

527. ipse, etc., " the farmer keeps 

festal days." fusus, "stretched." 



VEBGILI GEOEGICON—IL, III. 



53 



Velocis iaculi certamina ponit in ulmo ; 
Corporaque agresti nudant praedura palaestrae. 
Hanc olim veteres vitam coluere Sabini, 
The source of Hanc Remus et frater ; sic fortis Etruria crevit 

true national ^ .-,. n i i • -r^ 

Scilicet, et rerum facta est pulcnerrima Koma, 



530 



535 



Septemque una sibi muro circumdedit arces. 
Ante etiam sceptrum Dictaei regis, et ante 
Impia quam caesis gens est epulata iuvencis, 
Aureus hanc vitam in terris Saturnus agebat. 
Necdum etiam audierant inflari classica, necdum 
Impositos duris crepitare incudibus enses. 540 

Sed nos immensum spatiis confecimus aequor, 
Et iam tempus equum fumantia solvere colla. 



535. una, "together," adverbial 
abl. arces, "hill-tops." 

538. " The golden Saturn led such 
a life on earth before the reign of the 
Dictaean king (Jove), before the im- 



pious age {gens) feasted on the slaugh- 
tered oxen." 

541. spatiis, "in our race," refers 
to the numerous topics in the book ; 
the imagery is borrowed from the 
race-course, aequor, " level ground." 



LIBER TERTroS. 

Vergil's theme is the stock of the farm. His directions are practical ; 
but, as he passes from one class to another— from the "armenta" to the 
"pecudes" — without notice of the change, the details are often confus- 
ing. However, he more than repays for the oversight by the digres- 
sions upon subjects suggested by the main theme. Three of these have 
been especially admired: the power of love, in which there is a spir- 
ited sketch of a fight between two rival bulls for the leadership of the 
herd ; the description of the nomads of Africa, and the more carefully 
worked-up companion picture of a Scythian winter; and the account of a 
terrible murrain in the Norican Alps, with which the third book rather 
abruptly closes. 

THE INVOCATION. 

Other themes Te quoquc, magna Pales, et te memorande, canemus, 

of song are i * i -i t • 

common. Fastor ab Ampnryso, vos, silvae amnesque Liycaei. 

2. pastor ab Awpliryso. Apollo, for to tend Admetus' flocks by the Am - 
slaying the Cyclops, was condemned phrysus in Thessaly. 



64 



VERGILI GEORG ICON— III. 



I seek a new 
topic. 



I will found 
a fane to 
Caesar. 



Its games, 



plays, and 
displays. 



Cetera, quae vacuas tenuissent carmine mentes, 
Omnia iam vulgata. Quis aut Eurysthea durum, 
Aut inlaudati nescit Busiridis aras ? 5 

Cui non dictus Hylas puer, et Latonia Delos, 
Hippodameque, umeroque Pelops insignis eburno, 
Acer equis ? Tentanda via est, qua me quoque pos- 

sim 
Tollere humo, victorque virum volitare per ora. 
Primus ego in patriam mecum, modo vita supersit, 10 
Aonio rediens deducam vertice Musas ; 
Primus Idumaeas referam tibi, Mantua, palmas ; 
Et viridi in campo templum de marmore ponam 
Propter aquam, tardis ingens ubi flexibus errat 
Mincius, et tenera praetexit arundine ripas. 15 

In medio mihi Caesar erit, templumque tenebit. 
Illi victor ego et Tyrio conspectus in ostro 
Centum quadriiugos agitabo ad flumina currus. 
Cuncta mihi, Alpheum linquens lucosque Molorchi, 
Cursibus et crudo decernet Graecia caestu ; 20 

Ipse, caput tonsae foliis ornatus olivae. 
Dona feram. Iam nunc sollemnis ducere pompas 
Ad delubra iuvat, caesosque videre iuvencos ; 
Vel scaena ut versis discedat frontibus, utque 
Purpurea intexti tollant aulaea Britanni. 25 

In foribus pugnam ex auro solidoque elephanto 
Gangaridum faciam, victorisque arma Quirini ; 
Atque hie undantem bello magnumque fluentem 
Nilum, ac navali surgentes aere columnas. 



4. vulgata, "are but common 
themes." 

5. inlaudati, " uot to be praised," 
really detestable. 

11. Aonio vertice. Vergil claims to 
be the first who successfully brought 
Greek poetry — " leading captive the 
Muses from the Aonian Mount" — to 
Eome. 

19. "All Greece, deserting the 
bank of the Alpheus (Olympia) and 



the groves of Molorchus (N'emea), 
will strive either on my race-courses 
or with the rawhide caestus." 

24. versis frontibus, "with shifted 
scenery." Apparently the scaena 
here was changed by scenery let 
down in front, intexti, etc., "woven 
(figures) of Britons (seem to) raise 
the purple curtain." On the an- 
cient stage the curtain rose, instead 
of falling as at present. 



VEBGILI GEOBGICON—III. 55 

Addam urbes Asiae domitas, pulsumque Niphaten, 30 
Fidentemque fuga Parthum versisque sagittis, 
Et duo rapta manu diverse ex hoste tropaea, 
Bisque triumphatas utroque ab litore gentis. 
Stabunt et Parii lapides, spirantia signa, 
Assaraci proles, demissaeque ab love gentis 35 

Nomina, Trosque parens et Troiae Cynthius auctor. 
Invidia infelix Furias amnemque severum 
Cocyti metuet, tortosque Ixionis anguis 
Immanemque rotam, et non exsuperabile saxum. 
Interea Dryadum silvas saltusque sequamur 40 
Turns to Intactos, tua, Maecenas, baud mollia iussa. 

Te sine nil altum mens incohat. En age, segnis 
Rumpe moras ; vocat ingenti clamore Cithaeron, 
Taygetique canes, domitrixque Epidaurus equorum, 
Et vox adsensu nemorum ingeminata remugit. 45 
Mox tamen ardentis accingar dicere pugnas 
Caesaris, et nomen fama tot ferre per annos, 
Tithoni prima quot abest ab origine Caesar. 

The fanner should know the points of the horse and the cow, and of 
his brood mares and milch cows. A young horse is described, his fire and 
speed. Ericthonius invented the chariot-race. The centaurs. Epirus noted 
for its breed. Care of the mares ; the handling and breaking of the colt ; 
the training of the war-horse. The power of love in beasts described by a 
fight between two bulls for the leadership of the herd. Love's universal 
influence. Vergil turns to the care of sheep and goats, their folds, and 
their grazing-time. (11. 49-338.) 

THE NOMADS OF AFRICA AND SCYTHIA. 

Quid tibi pastores Libyae, quid pascua versu 
Prosequar, et raris habitata mapalia tectis ? 340 

The African Sacpe diem noctemque et totum ex ordine mensem 
Pascitur itque pecus longa m deserta sine ullis 
Hospitiis : tantum campi iacet. Omnia secum 
Armentarius Afer agit, tectumque laremque 

340. raris habitata mapalia tectis, 341. Note the descriptive force of 

" encampments formed of scattered the spondees to express the vast 

tents." mapalia were groups of huts wastes. 
or tents. 



56 



VERGILI GEOEGJCON—III. 



The Scythian 
nomads on 
their icy 
■wastes. 



A Scythian 
■winter. 



Armaque Amyclaeumque canem Cressamque phare- 
tram ; 345 

Non secus ac patriis acer Romanus in armis 
Iniusto sub fasce viam cum carpit, et hosti 
Ante exspectatum positis stat in agmine castris. 

At non, qua Scythiae gentes Maeotiaque unda, 
Turbidus et torquens flaventis Hister arenas, 350 
Quaque redit medium Rhodope porrecta sub axem. 
Illic clausa tenent stabulis armenta, nee ullae 
Aut herbae campo apparent, aut arbore frondes : 
Sed iacet aggeribus niveis informis et alto 
Terra gelu late, septemque adsurgit in ulnas ; 355 
Semper hiems, semper spirantes frigora cauri. 
Tum sol pallentis baud umquam discutit umbras : 
Nee cum invectus equis altum petit aethera, nee cum 
Praecipitem Oceani rubro lavit aequore currum. 
Concrescunt subitae currenti in flumine crustae, 360 
Undaque iam tergo ferratos sustinet orbis, 
Puppibus ilia prius, patulis nunc hospita plaustris : 
Aeraque dissiliunt vulgo, vestesque rigescunt 
Indutae, caeduntque securibus umida vina, 
Et totae solidam in glaciem vertere lacunae ; 365 
Stiriaque impexis induruit borrida barbis. 
Interea toto non setius aere ningit ; 
Intereunt pecudes, stant circumfusa pruinis 
Corpora magna boum, confertoque agmine cervi 869 
Torpent mole nova, et summis vix cornibus exstant. 



345. Amydaeum, "Spartan." Cres- 
sam, "Cretan." 

347. iniusto sub fasce. The sol- 
dier marched carrying some sixty 
pounds of arms, provisions, and equi- 
page. 

348. ante exspectatum hosti, " unex- 
pectedly to the enemy," g 145, E. 
xvi. r. 1. 

349. at non, " but not (so) " = far 
otherwise, etc. 



355. septem ulnas, the frost forces 
up the loose earth "seven ells." 

356. cauri, "the north -veest winds." 

360. subitae crustae, " the crusts of 
ice suddenly," etc., § 128, r. 10. cur- 
renti, abl., cf. ^ 61, 2. 

361. orbis, "wheels." 

362. ilia, "it" = w^ater. 

365. totae, " whole pools " — i. e. to 
the bottom. 

367. non setius, "not otherwise" = 
just so. 



VERGILI GEORG ICON— III. 57 

Hos non immissis canibus, non cassibus ullis 
Puniceaeve agitant pavidos formidine pennae ; 
Sed frustra oppositum trudentis pectore montem 
Comminus obtruncant ferro, graviterque rudentis 
Their winter Caedunt, et mas^no laeti clamore reportant. 375 

cave-life. . 

Ipsi in defossis specubus secura sub alta 

Otia agunt terra, congestaque robora totasque 

Advolvere focis ulmos, ignique dedere. 

Hie noctem ludo ducunt, et pocula laeti 

Fermento atque acidis imitantur vitea sorbis. 380 

Talis Hyperboreo Septem subiecta trioni 

Gens effrena virum Riphaeo tunditur Euro, 

Et pecudum fulvis velatur corpora saetis. 



If wool be the chief care, avoid woods. Seek for white, soft fleeces. 
Carefully choose the ram. If milk be the object, fit pasturage, succulent, 
juicy, must be found. The shepherd needs good dogs, as the Molossian, 
which may be used for hunting also. (U. 384-413.) 



THE SNAKES THAT INFEST THE STABLES. 

Disce et odoratam stabulis accendere cedrura, 
Galbaneoque agitare gravis nidore chelydros. 415 
Saepe sub immotis praesaepibus aut mala tactu 

These are the Vipera delituit caelumque exterrita fugit ; 

the coluber, Aut tecto adsuetus coluber succedere et umbrae. 



372. formidine puniceaeve pinnae, derground dwellings"— a mode of 
The formido was a cord, with tags living not yet abandoned in those 
of red feathers, which was stretched countries. 

through the open glades to alarm and 377. congesta robora, "heaped -up 

turn the game the hunters were fol- oak logs." 

lowing. 3Y9 pQcula vitea, "cups from the 

373. montem refers to the snow- vine "— i. e. wine. 
^^i^*S' 380. fermento, "beer." 

374. obtruncant. Supply venato- 381. talis qem effrena virum. "Such 
^^^' an unbridled race of men !" — i. e. free 

376. in defossis specubus, " in un- from civilized laws. 



416. mala tactu, "dangerous to 417. vipern, the Y>o\sonovLS (coluber, 
touch." the hanuless) snake. 



58 VEBOILI GEORGICON—IIL 

Pestis acerba bourn, pecorique aspergere virus, 
Fovit humum. Cape saxa manu, cape robora, pas- 
tor, 420 
Tollentemque minas et sibila colla tumentem 
Deice. lamque fuga timidum caput abdidit alte, 
Cum medii nexus extremaeque agmiua caudae 
Solvuntur, tardosque trahit sinus ultimus orbis. 
Cafabrfar^^* Est etiaui illc malus Calabris in saltibus anguis, 425 
auguis. Squamea convolvens sublato pectore terga, 

Atque notis longam maculosus grandibus alvum, 
Qui, dura amnes ulli rumpuntur fontibus, et dura 
Vere madent udo terrae ac pluvialibus austris, 
* Stagna colit, ripisque habitans hie piscibus atrara 430 

Improbus ingluviera ranisque loquacibus explet ; 
Postquara exusta palus, terraeque ardore dehis- 

cunt, 
Exsilit in siccura, et flaramantia lumina torquens 
Saevit agris, asperque siti atque exterritus aestu. 
Nee mihi turn mollis sub divo carpere somnos, 435 
Neu dorso nemoris libeat iacuisse per herbas, 
Cum positis novus exuviis nitidusque iuventa 
Volvitur, aut catulos tectis aut ova relinquens, 
Arduus ad solera, et linguis raicat ore trisulcis. 

Vergil next treats of diseases— the scab and the itch in sheep. Wash, 
shear, and clip. Anoint with sulphur and oil and litharge, pitch, and other 
remedies. The shepherd must handle his sheep himself, or their diseases 
will become fatal. In fever other remedies are suggested. Separate the 
tainted sheep from the flock. (11. 440-473.) 

419. pecori, dat. after aspergere, 434. asperque siti, " irritated by 
^143, E. xiv. thirst and fearsome from heat," ^46, 

420. fovit humum, ''has its home." IV., abl. sing., Class II. 

robora, "oaken staves." 436. dorso nemoris, "ridge of the 

425. anguis, the Calabrian water- grove." 

snake. 438. catulos, " its young." ova, 

427. longam alvum maculosus, §155, "eggs." 

E. XXV. 439. et linguis micat ore trisulcis ; 

428. ulli amnes, "any streamlets." ore is apparently the abl. of place, 
Usually ullus is used in negative § 170, E. xxxvii. r. 6 ; and trisulcis 
constructions. linguis the abl. of instrument. 



VERGILI GEORGICON—III. 



59 



THE TEERIBLE MURRAIN IN THE NORICAN ALPS DESCRIBED. 

Turn sciat, aerias Alpis et Norica si quis 
Castella in tumulis et lapydis arva Timavi 475 

Nunc quoque post tanto videat, desertaque regna 
Pastorum, et longe saltus lateque vacantis. 
Its symptoms. Hic quondam raorbo caeli miseranda coorta est 

Tempestas totoque autumni incanduit aestu, 479 

Et genus omne neci pecudum dedit, omne ferarum, 
Corrupitque lacus, infecit pabula tabo. 
Nee via mortis erat simplex, sed ubi ignea venis 
Omnibus acta sitis miseros adduxerat artus, 
Rursus abundabat fluidus liquor omniaque in se 
Ossa minutatim morbo conlapsa trahebat. 485 

Saepe in lionore deum medio stans bostia ad aram, 
Lanea dum nivea circumdatur infula vitta, 
Inter cunctantis cecidit moribunda ministros. 
Aut si quam ferro mactaverat ante sacerdos, 
Inde neque impositis ardent altaria fibris, 490 

Nee responsa potest consultus reddere vates, 
Ac vix suppositi tinguntur sanguine cultri, 
Summaque ieiuna sanie infuscatur arena. 
Hinc laetis vituli vulgo moriuntur in herbis, 
Et dulcis animas plena ad praesepia reddunt ; 495 
Hinc canibus blandis rabies venit, et quatit aegros 
Tussis anhela sues ac faucibus angit obesis. 
Labitur infelix studiorum atque immemor herbae 
Victor equus, fontisque avertitur et pede terram 
Crebra ferit ; demissae aures ; incertus ibidem 500 



The victims 
died at the 
altar. 



In the 
meadows 



swine, and 



horses dipd 
of it. 



478. morbo caeli, "by a noxious 
sky." 

479. tempestas is the subject of the 
verbs totoque . . . aestu, "with the iu' 
tense heat of autumn." 

482. via mortis. The disease was 
the "way of death." 

483. acta is forcible, "driven 
through." omnibus venis, abl. of 
place. 

487. lanea infula, "the woollen fil- 



let (twined) with the snow-white 
band." 

486. stans, and moribunda, are de- 
scriptive participles of hostia. 

492. suppositi cultri, "the (sacri- 
ficial) knives put " to the throat, for 
the throat was cut by an upward 
stroke of the knife. 

493. sicmma . . . arena, " the top of 
the sand is stained with the thin 
blood." 



60 



VERGILI GEORGICON—IIL 



Useless 
treatmeut. 



Siuptoms Sudor, et ille quidem morituris frigidus ; aret 
Pellis et ad tactum tractanti dura resistit. 
Haec ante exitium primis dant signa diebus ; 
Sin in processu coepit crudescere morbus, 
Turn vero ardentes oculi atque attractus ab alto 505 
Spiritus, interdum gemitu gravis, imaque longo 
Ilia singultu tendunt, it naribus ater 
Sanguis, et obsessas fauces premit aspera lingua. 
Proiiiit inserto latices infundere cornu 
Lenaeos ; ea visa salus morientibus una. 510 

Mox erat hoc ipsum exitio, furiisque refecti 
Ardebant, ipsique suos iam morte sub aegra — 
Di meliora piis, erroremque hostibus ilium ! — 
Discissos nudis laniabant dentibus artus. 
Ecce autem duro fumans sub vomere taurus 515 

Concidit et mixtum spumis vomit ore cruorem 
Extremosque ciet gemitus. It tristis arator, 
Maerentem abiungens fraterna morte iuvencum, 
Atque opere in medio defixa relinquit aratra. 519 
Non umbrae altorum neraorum, non mollia possunt 
Prata movere animum, non, qui per saxa volutus 
Purior electro campum petit amnis ; at ima 

useiess'***"^*^ Solvuntur latera, atque oculos stupor urget inertis. 
Ad terramque fluit devexo pondere cervix. 
Quid labor aut benefacta iuvant ? quid vomere ter- 
ras 525 
Invertisse gravis ? Atqui non Massica Bacchi 
Munera, non illis epulae nocuere repostae : 
Frondibus et victu pascuntur simplicis herbae, 
Pocula sunt fontes liquidi atque exercita cursu 



The ox fell at 
the plough. 



506. gemitu gravis, ^ 162, E. xxix. 
and r. 1. gravis qualifies spiritus. 

511. exitio, " cause of death." 

512. suos limits discissos artus. 
518. fraterna morte joined to mae- 
rentem. Note the expression. 

521. non amnis qui, "not even the 
river which poured," etc. 

522. Electro. Electrum is either the 



alloy bronze or amber. Probably 
Vergil meant the metal. 
523. ima latera, " the flanks." 

526. invertisse depends on iuvant, 
but implies repeated action, atqui, 
"rather." non belongs to nocuere. 

527. illis — i. e. those of an earlier 
age. epulae repostae, "feasts with 
second courses." 



VERGILI GEORGICON—IIL 



61 



Flumina, nee somnos abrumpit cura salubris. 530 

Tempore non alio dicimt regionibus illis 
Victims foiled, Quaesitas ad sacra boves lunonis, et uris 

and workiug mi i i t • 

cattle. imparl bus ductos aita ad donaria currus. 

Ergo aegre rastris terram rimantiir, et ipsis 
Unguibus infodiunt fruges, montisque per altos 535 
Contenta cervice trahunt stridentia plaustra, 
Non lupus insidias explorat o villa circum, 
Nee gregibus nocturnus obambulat ; aerior ilium 
Cura domat. Timidi dammae eervique fugaees 
Nune interque eanes et eircum tecta vagantur. 540 
lam maris immensi prolem et genus omne natantum 
Litore in extremo, ceu naufraga corpora, fluctus 
Proluit ; insolitae fugiunt in flumina pliocae. 
Interit et eurvis frustra defensa latebris 
Yipera, et attoniti squamis adstantibus hydri. 545 
Ipsis est aer avibus non aequus, et illae 
Praeeipites alta vitam sub nube relinquunt. 
Praeterea iam nee mutari pabula refert, • 
Quaesitaeque noeent artes ; cessere magistri, 
Phillyrides Chiron Amvthaoniusque Melampus. 550 
Saevit, et in lucem Stygiis emissa tenebris, 
Pallida Tisiphone Morbos agit ante Metumque, 
Inque dies avidum surgens caput altius effert. 
Balatu pecorum et crebris mugitibus amnes 
Arentesque sonant ripae collesque supini. 555 

lamque catervatim dat stragem atque aggerat ipsis 



Wolves. 



Deer. 



,3eal8. 

Serpents 
Birds. 



Medicine 
failed. 



531. tempore non alio, " at no other 
time " = " never before." 

534. rimantnr, de-p. rimor = scratch- 
ed. 

535. fruges implies that the very 
harvests were so slight that they 
sufficed only for seed. 

545. adstantibus," erected " = brist- 
ling. 

546. aequus, ''wholesome." 

550. Chiron, the son of Saturn and 
Phillyra, aud Melampus, the son of 



Amythaon, were famous physicians, 
and stand as representatives of the 
healing art. 

552. Tisiphone, one of the Furies. 
Note the fine description of her in- 
creasing in size and in rage, ante, 
drives before her diseases and fear. 

555. supini. The hills are compared 
to giants stretched upon their backs. 
The notion of apathy in the word is 
later. 



62 VERGILI GEORGICON—IIL, IV. 

In stabulis turpi dilapsa cadavera tabo, 
Donee humo tegere ac foveis abscondere discunt. 
The carcasses '^njn neque eiat coriis usus, nee viseera quisquam 

were useless ; -^ ' ^ t. t. 

fleece and hide Aut undis abolere potest, aut vincere flamma ; 560 

were taiuted. • i i . i • 

Ne tondere quidem morbo inluvieque peresa 
Vellera, nee telas possunt attingere putris. 
Verum etiam invisos si quis tentarat araictus, 
Ardentes papulae atque immundus olentia sudor 
Membra sequebatur, nee longo deinde moranti 565 
Tempore eoutactos artus sacer ignis edebat. 

559. viscera. The flesh could 566. sacer ignis, the fiery disease, 

neither be cleansed by water nor telas attingere putris, lit., "the ac- 

cooked in fire. cursed fire." 

562. " To handle the rotten cloth." 



LIBEK IV. 

The tradition tliat Vergil's father kept bees on that memorable farm, 
which cost the poet so much efi"ort to retain, gives additional interest to this 
book. It may be also an imitation of a lost poem by Aratus on bees. It 
contains many ideas about them which modern observation shows to have 
been false, and, chiefly, the strange error in calling the queen bee a king. 
Two delightful digressions break into the continuity of his theme : the 
visit he once paid to the gardener Galaesus, near Tarentum, and the 
description of his skill ; the other, the legend of Orpheus and Eurydice, 
which he has worked up with splendid eflect upon lines of his own. It is 
said that this episode took the place of a panegyric upon his friend the 
poet-soldier C. Gallus, which, at Augustus' request, was cancelled. Gal- 
lus had offended Augustus, and was suspected of treason. He fell into dis- 
grace, and died by his own hand. 

Protinus aerii mellis caelestia dona 

Exsequar. Hanc etiam, Maecenas, aspice partem. 

suhject is Admiranda tibi levium spectacula rerum, 

congenial to 

Maecenas. Magnauimosque duces, totiusque ordme gentis 

Mores, et studia, et populos, et proelia dicam. 5 

1. caelestia dona. It was supposed that honey dropped from the air. 



VEBGILI GEOBGICON—IV. 



63 



In tenui labor ; at tenuis non gloria, si quem 6 

Numina laeva sinunt auditque vocatus Apollo. 

A good position for the hives, and flowery meadows free from reptiles, with 
flowing streamlets, are needful. The hives should be strong and warm, for 
the bees will seek a protected home. When the bees come forth after the 
winter cold, see- that they swarm rightly. Scatter around odorous plants, 
and ring bells and pans to make them swarm. (11. 8-66.) 

SWAKI.IS WILL OFTEN ENCOUNTER EACH OTHER. 

Sin autem ad pugnam exierent — nara saepe duo- 
bus 
Regibus .incessit magno discordia motu ; 

for ttieSttfe Continuoque animos volgi et trepidantia bello 

with buzzing. Corda licet longe praesciscere ; namque morantis 70 
Martins ille aeris rauci canor increpat, et vox 
Auditur fractos sonitus imitata tubarum ; 
Turn trepidae inter se coeunt, pennisque coruscant, 
Spiculaque exacuunt rostris, aptantque lacertos, 
Et circa regem atque ipsa ad praetoria densae 75 
Miscentur, magnisque vocant clamoribus hostem — 

The battle. Ergo ubi vcr nactae sudum camposque patentis, 
Erumpunt portis : concurritur ; aethere in alto 
Fit sonitus; magnum mixtae glomerantur in or- 

bem, 
Praecipitesque cadunt ; non densior aere grando, 80 
Nee de concussa tantum pluit ilice glandis. 
Ipsi per medias acies insignibus alis 
Ingentis animos angusto in pectore versant. 
Usque adeo obnixi non cedere, dum gravis aut hos 
Aut hos versa fuga victor dare terga subegit. 85 

How stopped. Hi motus auimorum atque haec certamina tanta 
Pulveris exigui iactu compressa quiescunt. 

Kill the defeated king. As are the kings, so will be the swarms. You 
can clip the wings of the king. Priapus is the protecting deity. (11. 88-115.) 



6. in tenui, " upon a light sub- 
ject." 

7. laeva, "propitious." The left, 



facing the portent, was the right, and 
therefore the propitious, side of the 
portent itself. 



64 VERGILI GEOBGICON—IV. 

THE GARDEN ON THE GALAESUS. 

Atque equidem, extremo ni iam sub fine labo- 
rum 
Vela traham et terris festinem advertere proram, 
Forsitan et, pinguis hortos quae cura colendi 
Ornaret, canerem, biferique rosaria Paesti, 
Quoque mode potis gauderent intiba rivis 120 

Et virides apio ripae, tortusque per herbam 
Cresceret in ventrem cucumis ; nee sera comantem 
Narcissum aut flexi tacuissem vimen acanthi, 
Pallentisque hederas et amantis litora myrtos. 
Namque sub Oebaliae memini me turribus altis, 125 
Qua niger umectat fiaventia culta Galaesus, 
Corycium vidisse senem, cui pauca relicti 
lugera ruris erant, nee fertilis ilia iuvencis, 
Nee pecori opportuna seges, nee commoda Baccho. 
Hie rarum tamen in dumis olus albaque circum 130 
Lilia verbenasque premens vescumque papaver, 
Regum aequabat opes animis, seraque revertens 
Nocte domum dapibus mensas onerabat inemptis. 
Primus vere rosam, atque autumno carpere poma, 
Et cum tristis hiems etiamnura frigore saxa 135 

Rumperet et glacie cursus frenaret aquarum, 
The old gar- j\\q comam molHs iam tondebat hyacinthi, 

deuer's great -^ ' 

care for his Acstatcm increpitaus seram zephyrosque morantis. 

flowers and , \ _ . , 

bees. Ergo apibus fetis idem atque examine multo 

Primus abundare, et spumantia cogere pressis 140 
Mella favis ; illi tiliae atque uberrima pinus ; 
Quotque in flore novo pomis se fertilis arbos 
Induerat, totidem autumno matura tenebat. 



119. biferi, "having two seasons." tilis (erat) iuvencis, nee, etc. 

The roses bloomed twice in the ager. Corycium, in Cilicia, was noted 

year. for its gardens and orchards. 

122. comantem, "blooming." co- 130. dumis, " thornbrakes." 

mans, "shaggy," as with flowers. 141. t^^i, dative. Supply eranf. 

127. relicti ruris, " of abandoned 142. quotque, etc., " as often as the 
land;" so worthless that it was un- fertile new-flowering tree clothed it- 
claimed. Arrange, nee ilia seges fer- self with fruit, so often," etc. 



VEBGILI GEOBGICON—IV. 65 

Ille etiam seras in versum distulit ulmos, 
Eduramque pirum, et spinos iam pruiia ferentis, 145 
lam que ministrantem platanum potantibus umbras. 
Verum haec ipse equidem spatiis exclusus iniquis 
Praetereo, atque aliis post me memoranda relinquo. 

The kinds of bees and their mode of life. A state under a king, with 
laws and a polity, they practise frugality, foresight, and industry in 
storing food ; their toil is systematic, regular, and thorough ; they yield 
the utmost obedience to their king and absolute despot, without whom 
their hive is broken up, and for whom they fight ; they are an example 
to all men. How to take the honey. The act of stinging is fatal to them. 
Protect them from the lizard, the roach, and the moth. They suffer from 
various diseases ; they remove their dead. Different herbs are useful for 
them. If the swarm is destroyed, there is a mode of recovering it prac- 
tised in Egypt and throughout Persia and India. In a carefully closed pen 
place a two-year-old heifer beaten to death, and then heap the carcass with 
thyme and twigs of fragrant herbs and seal up the pen. In due time a vast 
swarm will burst forth. (11. 149-314.) 

THE LEGEND OF ARISTA EUS. 

Quis deus hanc, Musae, quis nobis extudit ar- 
tem? 315 

Unde nova ingressus hominum experientia cepit ? 
Pastor Aristaeus fugiens Peneia Tempe, 
Amissis, ut fama, aj)ibus morboque fameque, 
Tristis ad extremi sacrum caput adstitit amnis, 
Multa querens, atque hac adfatus voce parentem : 320 
to hiTmother* * Mater, Cyrene mater, quae gurgitis huius 

Ima tenes, quid me praeclara stirpe deorum — 
Si modo, quem perhibes, pater est Thymbraeus Apol- 
lo— 

144. in versum, " in orderly rows." things, and leave what ought to be 

145. eduram, " hardy." said to others after me." Columella, 
148. memoranda, etc., " precluded it is said, wrote his book on garden- 
by narrowing space, I pass over these ing on the suggestion of this line. 



323. quem perhibes, " whom you as- pater quem perhibes. Thymbra was a 
sert" to be. Arrange, quid genuisti locality near Troy, where there was 
me invisum fatis, (a) praeclara stirpe a temple to Apollo. 
deorum, si modo Thymbraeus Apollo est 
5 



66 VERGILI GEORGICON—IV. 

Invisum fatis genuisti ? aut quo tibi nostri 
Pulsus amor ? quid me caelum sperare iubebas ? 325 
En etiam hunc ipsum vitae mortalis honorem, 
Quern mihi vix frugum et pecudum custodia sollers 
Omnia tentanti extuderat, te matre, relinquo. 
Quin age, et ipsa manu felicis erue silvas, 329 

Fer stabulis inimicum ignem atque interfice messis, 
Ure sata, et duram in vitis molire bipennem, 
Tanta meae si te ceperunt taedia laudis.' 
At mater sonitum thalamo sub fluminis alti 
She, spinning geusit, Eam circum Milesia vellera Nymphae 

with her •' ^ 

nymphs in Carpebaut, hyali saturo fucata colore, 335 

her river-cave, ^ . l. -r.i n i 

Drymoque, Xantnoque, Ligeaque, Fnyllodoceque, 
Caesariem efFusae nitidam per Candida colla 
Nesaee, Spioque, Tlialiaque, Cymodoceque, 
Cydippeque et flava Lycorias, altera virgo, 
Altera tum primos Lucinae experta labores, 340 
Clioque et Beroe soror, Oceanitides ambae, 
Ambae auro, pictis incinctae pellibus ambae, 
Atque Epliyre, atque Opis, et Asia Deiopea, 
Et tandem positis velox Arethusa sagittis. 
listening to Inter quas curam Clymene narrabat inanem 345 

old legends, -xr i ' ~\t • ii -, t • n 

Vulcani, Martisque dolos et dulcia lurta, 
Aque Chao densos divum numerabat amores. 
Carmine quo captae dum fusis mollia pensa 
Devolvunt, iterum maternas impulit auris 
hears him, Luctus Aristaei, vitreisque sedilibus omnes 350 

Obstipuere ; sed ante alias Arethusa sorores 
Prospiciens summa flavum caput extulit unda, 

3;:;4. quo tibi nostri, "whither is beginning." Chaos was the first of 

thy love of me driven ?" the gods. 

326. honorem depends on relinquo, 348. pensa, "wool." pensum wa,sa> 

" I lose." weighed-out quantity for a task. 

328. extuderat = invented. 349. devolvunt, " they spin." 

335. hyali, " glassy green." 350. vitreis, "glassy" — i.e. gleam- 

337. caesariem nitidam, "fair-flow- ing. 

ing locks," ^ 155, E. xxv. 352. summa unda, abl., ^ 170, r. 5. 

347. qrie a Chao densos amores, " the Supply super. 
frequent loves of the gods from the 



VEBGILI GEORGICON—IV. 



67 



Et procul : * O gemitu non frustra exterrita tanto, 
Cyrene soror, ipse tibi, tua maxima cura, 
Tristis Aristaeus Penei genitoris ad undam 



355 



and summons g^^^t lacrimans, et te crudelem nomine dicit.' 

nim. ' 



His entrance 
beneath the 
river-bed to 
the cave. 



Cyrene gives 
him a feast. 



Huic percussa nova mentem formidine mater, 
* Due, age, due ad nos ; fas illi limina divura 
Tangere,' ait. Simul alta iubet discedere late 
Flumina, qua iuvenis gressus inferret. At ilium 360 
Curvata in montis faciem circumstetit unda 
Accepitque sinu vasto misitque sub amnem. 
lam que domum mirans genetricis et umida regna, 
Speluncisque lacus clauses, lucosque sonantis, 
Ibat, et ingenti motu stupefactus aquarum 365 

Omnia sub magna labentia flumina terra- 
Spectabat diversa locis, Phasimque, Lycumque, 
Et caput, unde altus primum se erumpit Enipeus, 
Unde pater Tiberinus, et unde Aniena fluenta, 
Saxosusque sonans Hypanis, Mysusque Caicus, 370 
Et gemina auratus taurino cornua voltu 
Eridanus, quo non alius per pinguia culta 
In mare purpureum violentior effluit amnis. 

Postquam est in thalami pendentia pumice tecta 
Perventum, et nati fletus cognovit inanis 375 

Cyrene, manibus liquidos dant ordine fontis 
Germanae, tonsisque ferunt mantelia villis ; 
Pars epulis onerant mensas et plena reponunt 
Pocula ; Panchaeis adolescunt ignibus arae ; 
Et mater, ' Cape Maeonii carcbesia Bacchi : 380 

Oceano libemus,' ait. Simul ipsa precatur 



354. ipse, ^ 85. 

355. ad undam, "by the stream." 
357. Jiidc, i. e. to Arethusa. men- 
tem, ^ 155, E. XXV. 

362. misit, "conducted him," sub., 
? 120, 3. 

370. Note the recurring s. 

371. auratus. Gold was found in 
the Po. taurino, type of its might. 



375. cognovit, "learned the cause 
for." 

377. germanae. The nymphs were 
his kinswomen. t07isis mantelia vil- 
lis, "towels with a shorn nap." 

379. Panchaeis, "the altars glow 
with PanchaeaTi fires." Panchaea 
was a fabled spice-island off the 
Arabian coast. 



68 



VERGILI OEORGICON—IV. 



She directs 
him to seize 
and question 
Proteus. 



has^I^^ood " Oceanumque patrem reruin Nymphasque sorores, 
omen. Centum quae silvas, centum quae flumina servant. 

Ter liquido ardentem perfundit nectare Vestam, 
Ter flamma ad summum tecti subiecta reluxit. 385 
Omine quo firmans animum sic incipit ipsa : 
' Est in Carpatliio Neptuni gurgite vates, 
Caeruleus Proteus, magnum qui piscibus aequor 
Et iuncto biped um curru metitur equorum. 
Hie nunc Emathiae portus patriamque revisit 390 
Pallenen ; hunc et Nymphae veneramur, et ipse 
Grandaevus Nereus ; novit namque omnia vates, 
Quae sint, quae fuerint, quae mox ventura trahantur; 
Quippe ita Neptuno visum est, immania cuius 
Armenta et turpis pascit sub gurgite phocas. 395 
Hie tibi, nate, prius vinclis capiendus, ut omnem 
Expediat morbi causam, eventusque secundet. 
Nam sine vi non ulla dabit praecepta, neque ilium 
Orando flectes ; vim duram et vincula capto 399 
Tende ; doli circum haec demum frangentur inanes. 
Ipsa ego te, medios cum sol accenderit aestus, 
Cum sitiunt herbae, et pecori iam gratior umbra est. 
In secreta senis ducam, quo fessus ab undis 
Se recipit, facile ut somno aggrediare iacentem. 404 
Proteus' wiles Yerum ubi correptum manibus vinclisque tenebis, 

and changes. ^ ^ ' 

Tum variae eludent species atque ora ferarum. 
Fiet enim subito sus horridus, atraque tigris, 
Squamosusque draco, et fulva cervice leaena ; 
Aut acrem flammae sonitum dabit, atque ita vinclis 
Excidet, aut in aquas tenuis dilapsus abibit. 410 

Sed quanto ille magis formas se vertet in oranis, 
Tam tu, nate, magis contende tenacia vincla, 
Donee talis erit mutato corpore, qualem 
Videris, incepto tegeret cum lumina somno.' 

383. servant, ''preside over and 
watch." 

396. hie capiendus tibi vinclis, "thou 
must hold him with chains," 1 185, 
r. 3. 



400. tende, "use stern force and 
bonds on the captive." circum haec, 
"against these" bonds. 

412. contende, " hold fast to." 



VERGILI GEOBGICON—IV. 69 

Haec ait, et liquidum ambrosiae difFundit odo- 
rem, 415 

She anoints Quo totum nati corpus perduxit ; at illi 
Dulcis compositis spiravit crinibus aura, 
Atque habilis membris venit vigor. Est specus ingens 
Exesi latere in montis, quo plurima vento 
The cove Cogitur iuQue siuus sciudit sese uuda reductos, 420 

where Proteus • t • • . . 

suus his seals. Depreusis olini statio tutissima nautis ; 
Intus se vasti Proteus tegit obice saxi. 
Hie iuveuem in latebris, aversum a lumine, Nympha 
Collocat ; ipsa procul nebulis obscura resistit. 
lam rapidus torrens sitientis Sirius Indos 425 

Ardebat caelo, et medium sol igneus orbem 
Hauserat ; arebant herbae, et cava flumina siccis 
Faucibus ad limum radii tepefacta coquebant : 
Cum Proteus consueta petens e fluctibus antra 
Ibat ; eum vasti circum gens umida ponti 430 

Exsultans rorem late dispergit amarum. 
Sternunt se somno diversae in litore phocae ; 
Ipse, velut stabuli custos in montibus olim, 
Vesper ubi e pastu vitulos ad tecta reducit, 
Auditisque lupos acuunt balatibus agni, 435 

Considit scopulo medius, numerumque recenset. 
Cuius Aristaeo quoniam est oblata facultas, 

The struggle. Vix defessa senem passus componere membra, 
Cum clamore ruit magno, manicisque iacentem 
Occupat. Ille suae contra non immemor artis 440 
Omnia transformat sese in miracula rerum, 
Ignemque, horribilemque feram, fluviumque liquen- 

tem. 
Verum ubi nulla fugam reperit fallacia, victus 
In sese redit, atque hominis tandem ore locutus : 
*Nam quis te, iuvenum confidentissime, nostras 445 
lussit adire domos? quidve hinc petis?' inquit. At 
ille: 

419. plurima unda, "many a wave." 422. tegit se, "hides himself." 
quo, adv., " where," ^ 117, 4. 



70 



VERGILI GEORGICON—IV. 



Aristaeus' 
demand. 



Proteus' Bul- 
leu reply. 



Aristaeus is 
plagued for 
causing Eury- 
dice's death. 



Grief of the 
nymphs. 



Orpheus' 
grief and 
adventure. 



His wondrous 
music. 



'Scis, Proteu, scis ipse; neque est te fallere quic- 

quam; 
Sed tu desine velle. Deum praecepta secuti 
Venimus, hinc lassis quaesitum oracula rebus.' 
Tantum efFatus. Ad haec vates vi denique multa 450 
Ardentis oculos intorsit lumine glauco, 
Et graviter frendens sic fatis ora resolvit : 
' Non te nullius exercent numinis irae ; 
Magna luis commissa : tibi has miserabilis Orpheus 
Haud quaquam ob meritum poenas, ni Fata resis- 
tant, 455 
Suscitat, et rapta graviter pro coniuge saevit. 
Ilia quidem, dum te fugeret per flumina praeceps 
Immanem ante pedes hydrum moritura puella 
Servantem ripas alta non vidit in herba. 
At chorus aequalis Dryadum clamore supremos 
Iraplerunt montis ; flerunt Khodopeiae arces, 
Altaque Pangaea, et Ehesi Mavortia tellus, 
Atque Getae, atque Hebrus, et Actias Orithyia. 
Ipse cava solans aegrum testudine amorem, 
Te, dulcis coniunx, te solo in litore secum, 
Te veniente die, te decedente canebat. 
Taenarias etiam fauces, alta ostia Ditis, 
Et caligantem nigra formidine lucum 
Ingressus, Manisque adiit Regemque tremendum, 
Nesciaque humanis precibus mansuescere corda. 470 
At cantu commotae Erebi de sedibus imis 
Umbrae ibant tenues simulacraque luce carentum ; 
Quam multa in foliis avium se milia condunt. 
Vesper ubi aut hibernus agit de montibus imber ; 



460 



465 



449. lassis rebus, ruined proper- 
ty" — i. e. his bees. 

451. ardentis glauco lumine, " flam- 
ing with sea-green light." 

453. non te nullius = non nullius, 
1 117, 10. 

454. magna luis commissa; supply 
facinora : " you are paying the pen- 



alty for the great crinies you have 
committed." 

459. servantem, '' guarding." Com- 
pare servant (1. 383). Vergil implies 
her death by moritura. 

464. ipse = Orpheus, The scansion 
and arrangement of these three lines 
— a spondaic between two dactylic 
lines — give a pathos to this passage. 



lost, 



VERGILI GEORGICON—IV. 71 

Matres atque viri, defunctaque corpora vita 475 

Magnanimum heroum, pueri innuptaeque puellae, 
Impositique rogis iuvenes ante ora parentum ; 
Quos circum limus niger et deformis arundo 
Cocyti tardaque palus inamabilis unda 
Alligat, et noviens Styx interfusa coercet. 480 

Quin ipsae stupuere domus atque intima Leti 
Tartara, caeruleosque implexae crinibus anguis 
Eumenides, tenuitque inhians tria Cerberus ora, 
Atque Ixionii vento rota constitit orbis. 
Eiirydice is so lamoue pedem referens casus evaserat omnis, 485 

nearly recov- ^_ ■■■ ^ ' 

but to be Redditaque Eurydice superas veniebat ad auras, 

Pone sequens — namque banc dederat Proserpina 

legem — 
Cum subita incautum dementia cepit amantem, 
Ignoscenda quidem, scirent si ignoscere Manes : 
Restitit, Eurydicenque suam, iam luce sub ipsa, 490 
Immemor, heu! victusque animi respexit. Ibi omnis 
Effusus labor, atque immitis rupta tyranni 
Foedera, terque fragor stagnis auditus Avernis. 
Ilia, " Quis et me," inquit, " miseram, et te perdidit, 

Orpheu, 
Quis tantus furor ? En iterum crudelia retro 495 
Her sad cry. Fata vocant, conditque natantia lumina somnus. 
lamque vale ! Feror ingenti circumdata nocte, 
Invalidasque tibi tendens, beu non tua, palmas !" 
Dixit, et ex oculis subito, ceu fumus in auras 
Commixtus, tenuis fugit diversa, neque ilium, 500 

484. vento; supply acta: "Ixion's able, indeed, if the shades could 
wheel [driven] by the blast — stop- know how to forgive." 

ped." rota orbis, " wheel of round- 491. vict7is animi, " overmastered 
ness." orbis, gen. of quality. by his love," § 135, E. ix., and re- 

485. pedem referens, "returning." mark. 

The pleading of Orpheus and the 496. conditque natantia lumina som- 
conditional consent of Proserpina to 7ms, "the sleep (of death) hides my 
Eurydice's return are implied in red- eyes, swimming " in tears. 
dita, "restored." 500. tenuis belongs to diversa, 

489. ignoscenda quidem, "pardon- "vanishing (and) parted (from him), 

she fled." 



72 



VEBGILI GEOBGICON—IV. 



He flees to 

Thraciaa 

wilds. 



His cruel 
death. 



Prensantem nequiquam umbras et multa volentem 
Dicere, praeterea vidit ; nee portitor Orci 
Amplius obiectam passus transire paludem. 
Quid faceret ? quo se rapta bis coniuge ferret ? 
Quo fletu Manis, qua Numina voce moveret ? 
Ilia quidem Stygia nabat iam frigida cumba. 
Septem ilium totos perhibent ex ordine menses 
Rupe sub aeria deserti ad Strymonis undam 
Flevisse, et gelidis haec evolvisse sub antris, 
Mulcentem tigris et agentem carmine quercus ; 
Qualis populea maerens philomela sub umbra 
Amissos queritur fetus, quos durus arator 
Observans nido implumis detraxit ; at ilia 
Flet noctem, ramoque sedens miserabile carmen 
Integrat, et maestis late loca questibus implet. 
Nulla Venus, non ulli animum flexere hymenaei. 
Solus Hyperboreas glacies Tanaimque nivalem 
Arvaque Kiphaeis numquam viduata pruinis 
Lustrabat, raptam Eurydicen atque inrita Ditis 
Dona querens ; spretae Ciconum quo munere 

tres. 

Inter sacra deum nocturnique orgia Bacchi, 
Discerptum latos iuvenem sparsere per agros. 
Tum quoque marmorea caput a cervice revulsum 
Gurgite cum medio portans Oeagrius Hebrus 
Volveret, Eurydicen vox ipsa et frigida lingua, 525 
Ah miseram Eurydicen! anima fugiente vocabat; 
Eurydicen toto referebant flumine ripae.' 



505 



510 



515 



ma- 
520 



504. quo se, rapta bis coniuge, ferret, 
^' twice robbed of his wife, whither 
could he go?" 

506. Arrange, ilia, iam quidem, fri- 
gida nabat Stygia cumba. cumba nare, 
to float in the Stygian boat. perM- 
bent, comp. 1. 323. 

509. evolvisse, ''sang these things." 

512. fetus, "young." 

513. observans, "noting." 

515. integrat, "repeats," for her 



song is a repetition of the same 
notes. 

519. lustrabat, "wandered through." 
inrifa, "annulled" = recalled. 

520. Arrange, matres Ciconum, spre- 
tae quo munere, sparsere iuvenem dis- 
cerptum per latos agros, inter sacra, 
deum que orgia nocturni Bacchi. Mu- 
nus was a funeral rite in honor of 
the dead ; here it means his musical 
tribute of lament. 



VERGILI GEOBGICON—IV. 



73 



offer. 



540 



Haec Proteus, et se iactu dedit aequor in altum, 
Quaque dedit, spumantem undam sub vertice torsit. 
At Don Cyrene ; namque ultro adfata timentem : 530 
cjTene shows ' Nate, Hcet tristis animo deponere curas. 

Aristaeus what ^-^ . -. . -. . . , ., -^-^ -, 

atonement to Haec omnis moi'Di causa ; nmc miserabile JNympnae, 
Cum quibus ilia choros lucis agitabat in altis, 
Exitium misere apibus. Tu munera supplex 
Tende petens pacem, et facilis venerare Napaeas ; 535 
Namque dabunt veniam votis, irasque remittent. 
Sed modus orandi qui sit, prius ordine dicam. 
Quattuor eximios praestanti corpore tauros. 
Qui tibi nunc viridis depascunt summa Lycaei, 
Delige, et intacta totidem cervice iuvencas. 
Quattuor his aras alta ad delubra dearum 
Constitue, et sacrum iugulis demitte cruorem, 
Corporaque ipsa bourn frondoso desere luco. 
Post, ubi nona suos Aurora ostenderit ortus, 
Inferias Orpliei Lethaea papavera mittes, 
Et nigram mactabis ovem, lucumque revises ; 
Placatam Eurydicen vitula venerabere caesa.' 

Hand mora ; continuo matris praecepta facessit ; 
Ad delubra venit, monstratas excitat aras, 
Quattuor eximios praestanti corpore tauros 
Ducit, et intacta totidem cervice iuvencas. 
Post, ubi nona suos Aurora induxerat ortus, 
Inferias Orphei mittit, lucumque revisit. 
Hie vero subitum ac dictu mirabile monstrum 
Aspiciunt, liquefacta boum per viscera toto 
Stridere apes utero et ruptis efFervere costis, 
Immensasque trahi nubes, iamque arbore summa 
Confluere et lentis uvam demittere ramis. 



His sacrifices. 



The restora- 
tion of his 
bees. 



545 



550 



555 



528. se iactu dedit, "he sprang sud- 
denly." 

535. tende munera, "offer funeral 
rites." venerare, dep. imperative. 

538. eximios, "unblemished." Ver- 
gil -was most accurate in using the 
correct sacrificial terms. 



540. intacta cervice, "with necks 
not broken to the yoke." 

545. inferias, " funeral offerings (to 
the manes) of Orpheus." 

556. Note the order of the infin- 
itives, depending on aspiciunt. 

558. demittere uvam, " to hang as a 
cluster from the yielding limbs." 



74 



VEROILI GEORGICON—IV. 



Vergil's per- 
oratiou. 



Haec super arvorum cultu pecoriimque canebam 
Et super arboribus, Caesar dum magnus ad altum 560 
Fulminat Euphraten bello, victorque volentis 
Per populos dat iura, viamque adfectat Olympo. 
Illo Vergilium me tempore dulcis alebat 
Parthenope, studiis florentem ignobilis oti, 
Carmina qui lusi pastorum, audaxque iuventa, 565 
Tityre, te patulae cecini sub tegmine fagi. 



559-566. These last lines are some- 
what abrupt, but are themselves 
graceful; and the closing allusion 



to the first Eclogue connects the 
Georgics with the Bucolics. 



p. VEEGILI MARONIS 
AENEIDOS 



LIBER I. 

After announcing the subject of his poem, Vergil describes the fleet of 
Aeneas sailing from Southern Sicily toward Italy. Juno bribes Aeolus, the 
king of the winds, to shatter the fleet by a sudden storm. Out of fourteen 
sail only seven ships reach a safe harbor on the African coast. Meantime 
Venus appeals to Jupiter, who shows her the future of Eome. The next 
day she, disguised as a huntress, leads Aeneas to Carthage. There he finds 
that the rest of the fleet is safe, and is received by Dido, who gives a royal 
banquet in his honor. Venus persuades Cupid to personate Aeneas's young 
son, Ascanius, and to inflame the queen with a deep love for Aeneas. 

Aema virumque cano, Troiae qui primus ab oris 
His theme the Italiam, fato profugus, Laviniaque venit 

Litora — multum ille et terris iactatus et alto 
Vi superum, saevae memorem lunonis ob iram, 
Multa quoque et bello passus, dum conderet urbem, 5 
Inferretque deos Latio, genus unde Latinum 
Albanique patres atque altae moenia Romae. 
Musa, mihi causas memora, quo numine laeso, 
Juno's wrath. Quidve doleus, regina deum tot volvere casus 



Founder of 
Lavinium. 



The Aeneid opens with four verses, 
according to some copies, which are 
not in Vergil's style: 

Ille ego, qui quondam, gracili modu- 
latus avena, 

Carmen, et, egressus silvis, vicina 
coegi, 

Ut quamvis avido parerent arva co- 
lon o; 

Gratum opus agricolis ; at nunc hor- 
rentia Martis. 

1. virum, the hero. 

2. Italiam^ ^ 154, E. xxiv. Lavinia- 



que venit. Scan, La \ vinyaque \ ve- 
nit. 

3. et terris, et alto, ablatives of place. 

4. vi, abl. of cause, superum = su- 
perorum. memorem lunonis ob iram. 
memor is transferred from Juno to 
her wrath. 

6. inferretque. Aeneas brought the 
tutelary worship of Troy, unde — i. e. 
from whence, the state founded by 
Aeneas, for he found the Latins in 
Italy. Compare 1. 68. 

8. numine. numen means the pow- 
ers and rights of each several deity. 
75 



76 VEROILI AENEIS— LIBER L 

Insignem pietate virum, tot adire labores 10 ' 

Impulerit. Tantaene animis caelestibus irae ? 

Urbs antiqua fuit, Tyrii tenuere coloni, 
Kd^b^'juno Carthago, Italiam contra Tiberinaque longe 
threatened by Qstia, dives opum studiisque asperrima belli ; 

Quam luno fertur terris magis omnibus unam 15 
Posthabita coluisse Samo ; hie illius arma, 
Hie eurrus fuit ; hoe regnum dea gentibus esse, 
Si qua fata sinant, iam turn tenditque fovetque. 
Progeniem sed enim Troiano a sanguine duei 
Audierat, Tyrias olim quae verteret arces ; 20 

Hine populum late regem belloque superbum 
Venturum exeidio Libyae : sie volvere Pareas. 
Id metuens veterisque memor Saturnia belli, 
Prima quod ad Troiam pro ear is gesserat Argis — 
Needum etiam eausae irarum saevique dolores 25 
of^irritation Exeiderant animo ; manet alta mente repostum 
ludieium Paridis spretaeque iniuria formae, 
Et genus invisum, et rapti Ganymedis honores — 
His aecensa super iactatos aequore toto 
Troas, reliquias Danaum atque immitis Achilli, 30 
Arcebat longe Latio, multosque per annos 
Errabant, acti fatis, maria omnia eircum. 
Tantae molis erat Romanam eondere gentem. 

Vix e conspectu Siculae telluris in altum 
Vela dabant laeti et spumas salis aere ruebant, 35 



10. pietate, " filial piety," was the 28. rapti Ganymedis honores. Gany- 

special characteristic of Aeneas. mede was stolen by Jupiter, carried 

16. Samo, fern. The double pause to Olympus, and was made cup-bearer 
of the pointing (;) and the caesura to the gods in place of Hebe, Juno's 
prevent the elision of o before the hie. daughter. 

17. regnum esse gentibus, "this she 29. aecensa, subj. of arcebat, 1. 31. 
watches and cherishes to become the 30. reliquias, " the leavings of the 
ruling state over nations." Greeks and of the cruel Achilles." 

22. venturum, " was to come." sic The phrase implies that the Greeks 

volvere Pareas, " so spun the Fates." were weary of the massacre at Troy. 

27. spretae iniuria formae, " the in- 33. Note the toil expressed by the 

suit to her despised beauty." spondees. 



VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER I. 



77 



Juno's solilo- 
quy. 



Her Tisit to 
the cave of 
the winds. 



40 



45 



Cum luno, aeternum servans sub pectore vulnus, 
Haec secum : ' Mene incepto desistere victam, 
Nee posse Italia Teucrorum avertere regem ? 
Quippe vetor fatis. Pallasne exurere classem 
Argivum atque ipsos potuit submergere ponto, 
Unius ob noxam et furias Aiacis Oilei ? 
Ipsa, lovis rapidum iaculata e nubibus ignem, 
Disiacitque rates evertitque aequora ventis ; 
Ilium exspirantem transfixo pectore flammas 
Turbine corripuit scopuloque infixit acuto. 
Ast ego, quae divom incedo regina lovisque 
Et soror et coniunx, una cum gente tot annos 
Bella gero. Et quisquam numen lunonis adorat 
Praeterea, aut suplex aris imponet honorem ?' 

Talia flammato secum dea corde volutans, 50 

Nimborum in patriam, loca feta furentibus austris, 
Aeoliam venit. Hie vasto rex Aeolus antro 
Luetantis ventos tempestatesque sonoras 
Imperio premit, ac vinclis et carcere frenat. 
Illi indignantes, magno cum murmure montis, 55 
Circum claustra fremunt ; celsa sedet Aeolus arce 
Sceptra tenens, mollitque animos et temperat iras ; 
Ni faciat, maria ac terras caelumque profundum 
Quippe ferant rapidi secum verrantque per auras. 
Sed pater omnipotens speluncis abdidit atris, 60 

Hoe metuens, molemque et montis insuper altos 
Imposuit, regemque dedit, qui foedere eerto 
Et premere et laxas sciret dare iussus habenas. 
Ad quern tum luno supplex his vocibus usa est : 



37. liaec secum. Vergil introduces 
Juno muttering to herself. 

38. Italia. Supply db, § 173, E. and 
remark. 

40. Argivum, gen. plu., ^24, r. 4. 

42. ipsa, "she," Jove's daughter, 
can do these acts. Ast ego (1. 46), 
"But I, the queen of the gods," 
etc. 

49. honorem, " the honor " of a sac- 



rifice. The student will observe that 
it occurs frequently in this sense 
throughout the Aeneid. 

51. patriam, loca, Aeoliam, are in 
apposition and ace. after in. 

61. Both molem and montis altos 
insujjer are used to imply the vast 
weight needed to confine the winds. 

62. foedere certo, " who, directed by 
a fixed compact, knows both," etc. 



78 



VEROILI AENEIS— LIBER I. 



Will not Aeo- 
lus smite Ae- 
neas' fleet 
with a storm? 



Her offer. 



Aeolus, 



The storm. 



Aeneas. 



'Aeole, namque tibi clivom pater atque hominum 
rex 65 

Et mulcere dedit fluctus et tollere vento, 
Gens inimica mihi Tyrrhenum navigat aeqiior, 
Ilium in Italiam portans victosque Penatis : 
Incute vim ventis submersasque obrue piippis, 
Aut age diversos et disice corpora ponto. 70 

Sunt mihi bis septem praestanti corpore Nymphae, 
Quarum quae forma pulcherrima Deiopea, 
Conubio iungam stabili propriamque dicabo, 
Omnis ut tecum meritis pro talibus annos 
Exigat, et pulchra faciat te prole parentem/ 75 

Aeolus haec contra : ' Tuus, o regina, quid optes, 
Explorare labor ; mihi iussa capessere fas est. 
Tu mihi, quodcumque hoc regni, tu sceptra lovemque 
Concilias, tu das epulis accumbere divom, 
Nimborumque facis tempestatumque potentem.' 80 

Haec ubi dicta, cavum conversa cuspide montem 
Impulit in latus : ac venti, velut agmine facto, 
Qua data porta, ruunt et terras turbine perflant. 
Incubuere mari, totumque a sedibus imis 
Una Eurusque Notusque ruunt creberque procellis 85 
Africus, et vastos volvunt ad litora fluctus. 
Insequitur clamorque virum stridorque rudentum. 
Eripiunt subito nubes caelumque diemque 
Teucrorwm ex oculis ; ponto nox incubat atra. 
Intonuere poli, et crebris micat ignibus aether, 90 
Praesentemque viris intentant omnia mortem. 
Extemplo Aeneae solvuntur frigore membra ; 



72. quarum qxiae . . . Deiopea. Prop- 
erly, Deiopea should be in the ace, 
but is attracted into the case of quae 
by an old Latin idiom : " Of whom 
Deiopea (she!) is most lovely in 
form — (her) will I give in firm wed- 
lock, and declare her thine." 

73. Notice that iungo and dico are 
both used as official and ritual terms. 

77. Supply esi before e.Tj>?or«re. fas 



implies religious duty and obliga- 
tion. 

81. conversa cuspide, " with the butt 
of the spear." Aeolus was within 
the cave. The scanning of this 
whole passage to 1. 123 repays study. 

85. ruunt, "' rush forth." The sec- 
ond ruunt = ohruunt, " the whole sea." 
The rhythmic effect is heightened by 
the skilful repetition of que. 



VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER I. 



79 



Ingemit, et duplicis teiidens ad sidera palmas 
Talia voce refert : ' O terqiie quaterque beati, 
Quis ante ora patrum Troiae sub moenibus altis 95 
Contigit oppetere ! o Danaum fortissime gentis 
Tydide ! mene Iliacis occumbere campis 
Non potuisse, tuaque animam banc efFundere dextra ? 
Saevus ubi Aeacidae telo iacet Hector, ubi ingens 
Sarpedon, ubi tot Simois correpta sub undis 100 

Scuta virum galeasque et fortia corpora volvit.' 

Talia iactanti stridens Aquilone procella 
Velum adversa ferit, fluctusque ad sidera toliit. 
Franguntur remi ; turn prora avertit, et undis 104 
Dat latus ; insequitur cumulo praeruptus aquae mons. 
Hi summo in fluctu pendent ; his unda dehiscens 
Terram inter fluctus aperit ; furit aestus arenis. 
Tris Notus abreptas in saxa latentia torquet — 
Saxa vocant Itali, mediis quae in fluctibus, Aras — 
Dorsum immane mari summo: tris Eurus ab alto 110 
In brevia et syrtis urget, miserabile visu, 
Inliditque vadis atque aggere cingit arenae. 
One foundered. Unam, quac Lycios fidumque vehebat Oronten, 
Ipsius ante oculos ingens a vertice pontus 
In puppim ferit : excutitur pronusque m agister 115 
Volvitur in caput ; ast illam ter fluctus ibidem 
Torquet agens circum, et rapidus vorat aequore vor- 
tex. 
Apparent rari nantes in gurgite vasto ; 
Arma virum, tabulaeque, et Troia gaza per undas. 
lam validam Ilionei navem, iam fortis Achatae, 120 
Et qua vectus Abas, et qua grandaevus Aletes, 
Vicit hiems ; laxis laterum compagibus omnes 
Accipiunt inimicum imbrem, rimisque fatiscunt. 



The storm 
increases. 



Three ships 
wrecked. 



Three on a 
sand-bauk. 



95, qiiis = quels, dat. plu., depends 
on contigit. 

97. mene. Compare 1. 37: "Why 
could not I have fallen . . . and 
poured out?" 

102. Aquilone, " a roaring blast 



from the south wind." iactanti, " ut- 
tering." 

104. prora avertit, "the bows fall 
off." 

112. inlidit, "dashes." 

114. ipsius, " of Aeneas himself." 



80 VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER L 

Interea magno misceri murmure pontum, 
Neptune rises. Emissamque hiemeiu sensit Neptunus et imis 125 
Stagna refusa vadis, graviter commotus ; et alto 
Prospiciens, summa placidum caput extulit unda. 
Disiectam Aeneae toto videt aequore classem, 
Fluctibus oppresses Troas caelique ruina. 
Nee latuere doli fratrem lunonis et irae. 130 

Eiirum ad se Zephyrumque vocat, dehinc talia fatur : 
* Tantane vos generis tenuit fiducia vestri ? 
Quells the lam caelum terramque meo sine numine, Venti, 

Miscere, et tantas audetis toll ere moles? 134 

Qiios ego — ! Sed motos praestat componere fluctus. 
Post mihi non simili poena commissa luetis. 
Maturate fugam, regique haec dicite vestro : 
Non illi imperium pelagi saevumque tridentem, 
Sed raihi sorte datum. Tenet ille immania saxa, 
Vestras, Eure, domos ; ilia se iactet in aula 140 

Aeolus, et clauso ventorum carcere regnet.' 
Sic ait, et dicto citius tumida aequora placat, 
The sea-deities CollectasQue fuffat uubcs solcmque reducit. 

relieve the • ^ ^\^ ' • 

ship. Cymothoe simul et Triton adnixus acuto 

Detrudunt navis scopulo ; levat ipse tridenti ; 145 
Et vastas aperit syrtis, et temperat aequor, 
Atque rotis summas levibus perlabitur undas. 
Ac veluti magno in populo cum saepe coorta est 
Seditio, saevitque animis ignobile vulgus ; 149 

lamque faces et saxa volant, furor arma ministrat ; 
Tum, pietate gravem ac meritis si forte virum quem 
Conspexere, silent, arrectisque auribus adstant; 



126. stagna refusa, " the still depths 136. post, " next time." 

were stirred up." refusa, from re- 139. immania saxa, " huge and sav- 

fundo. The waves, tide, and blasts age rocks." immanis = monstrous, 

were poured back and forth, as it both in a physical and in a moral 

were, into the lower quiet depths. view. 

130. latuere, "escape the know- 144. acZniajMS, "aiding;" lit., " striv- 

ledge of her brother." c?oZi, " wiles." ing." 

135. quos ego ! " whom I — !" Nep- 145. ipse, Neptune himself, 
tune is too angry to find words. 



VEBGILI AENEIS— LIBER I. 81 

Ille regit dictis animos, et pectora mulcet : 
Sic cunctus pelagi cecidit fragor, aequora postquam 
Prospiciens genitor, caeloque invectus aperto, 155 
Flectit equos curruque volans dat lora secundo. 
Defessi Aeneadae, quae proxima litora, cursu 
Contendunt petere et Libyae vertuntur ad oras. 
Est in secessu longo locus : insula portum 
Efficit obiectu laterum, quibus omnis ab alto 160 
Frangitur inque sinus scindit sese unda reductos. 
beateTTTojans Hiuc atquB hiuc vastae rupes geminique minantur 
find a harbor, jjj caelum scopuH, quorum sub vertice late 

Aequora tuta silent : turn silvis scaena coruscis 164 
Desuper horrentique atruni nemus imminet umbra ; 
Fronte sub adversa scopulis pendentibus antrum ; 
Intus aquae dulces vivoque sedilia saxo, 
Nympharum domus. Hie fessas non vincula navis 
Ulla tenent, unco non alligat ancora morsu. 
Hue septem Aeneas collectis navibus omni 170 

Ex numero subit ; ac magno telluris amore 
Egressi optata potiuntur Troes arena, 
Et sale tabentis artus in litore ponunt. 
Ac primum silici scintillam excudit Achates, 
Suscepitque ignem foliis atque arida circum 175 

Nutrimenta dedit, rapuitque in fomite flammam. 
Tum Cererem corruptam undis Cerealiaque arma 
Expediunt fessi rerum, frugesque receptas 
Et torrere parant flammis et frangere saxo. 
Aeneas obtains Acucas scopulum iutcrca cousceudit et omnem 180 

food for them. ^ 

Prospectum late pelago petit, Anthea si quern 
lactatum vento videat Phrygiasque biremis, 
Aut Capyn, aut celsis in puppibus arma Caici. 

160. oftiecfit, etc., "by theopposition 176. nutrimenta, "dry wood." fo- 

of its sides." The island acts as a mite, " in the fuel." 

breakwater. 179. frangere saxo, "crush it with 

171. subit, " enters " under the over- the stone." It is usual even now in 

hanging cliffs. Neptune had lifted many places — e, g. in Mexico — to rub 

them out of the quicksands, and Tri- the soaked grain into a coarse meal 

ton had taken them off the reef. by hand. 
6 



82 



VEBOILI AENEIS— LIBER I. 



His words of 
encourage- 
ment. 



They refresh 
themselves. 



Navem in conspectu nullam ; tris litore cervos 
Prospicit errantis ; hos tota arnienta sequuntur 185 
A tergo, et longum per vallis pascitur agmen. 
Constitit hie, arcumque manu celerisque sagittas 
Corripuit, fidus quae tela gerebat Aehates ; 
Ductoresque ipsos primum, capita alta ferentis 
Cornibus arboreis, sternit, turn vulgus, et omnem 190 
Miscet agens telis nemora inter frondea turbam ; 
Nee prius absistit, quam septem ingentia victor 
Corpora fundat humi et numerum cum navibus 

aequet. 
Hinc portum petit, et socios partitur in omnis. 
Vina bonus quae deinde cadis onerarat Acestes 195 
Litore Trinacrio, dederatque abeuntibus heros, 
Dividit, et dictis maerentia pectora mulcet : 

' O socii — neque enim ignari sumus ante malo- 

rum — 
O passi graviora, dabit deus his quoque finem. 
Vos et Scyllaeam rabiem penitusque sonantis 200 
Accestis scopulos, vos et Cyclopia saxa 
Experti : revocate animos, maestumque timorem 
Mittite ; forsan et haec olim raeminisse iuvabit. 
Per varies casus, per tot discrimina rerum 
Tendimus in Latium, sedes ubi fata quietas 205 

Ostendunt ; illic fas regna resurgere Troiae. 
Durate, et vosmet rebus servate secundis.' 

Talia voce refert, curisque ingentibus aeger 
Spem voltu simulat, premit altum corde dolo- 

rem. 
Illi se praedae accingunt dapibusque futuris : 210 



186. longum agmen, " straggling 
herd." The grazing deer were 
like a straggling column on the 
inarch. 

190. vulgus, n. ace. vulgus and turha 
describe the wayward herd follow- 
ing their leaders. 



191. miscet agens telis, " scatters by 
shooting." telis = sagittis. 

194. partitur is probably used as a 
deponent — "divides with his own 
hand" — like cingitur (Bk. II. 511), 
where Priam girds himself. 

206. fas (as in 1. 77) means " of di- 
vine obligation." 



VEBGILI AENEIS— LIBER I. 83 

Tergora deripiunt costis et viscera nudant ; 
Pars in frusta secant veribusque trementia figunt ; 
Litore aena locant alii, flammasque ministrant. 
Turn victu revocant viris, fusique per herbam 
Implentur veteris Bacchi pinguisque ferinae. 215 
Postquam exempta fames epulis mensaeque remotae, 
Amissos longo socios sermone requirunt, 
Spemque metumque inter dubii, seu vivere cre- 

dant, 
Sive extrema pati nee iam exaudire vocatos. 
Praecipue pius Aeneas nunc acris Oronti, 220 

Nunc Amyci casum gemit et crudelia secum 
Fata Lyci, fortemque Gyan, fortemque Cloanthum. 

Meantime Venus complains to Jupiter of Aeneas' hardships compared 
with those of others, and the delays in fulfilling his destiny. Jupiter un- 
folds to her the unchangeable decrees regarding Latium, Alba Longa, and 
Eome, with its future glories, crowned in Augustus. He sends Mercury to 
warn Dido at Carthage to receive the shipwrecked strangers; while Venus, 
equipped as a huntress, goes to conduct Aeneas thither and to inform 
him about Dido's career. She bids him take courage and present himself 
to Dido, and gives him an auspicious omen. He recognizes his mother as 
she vanishes. Concealed by a cloud, he, with Achates, makes his way into 
Carthage, astonished at its rapid building, and to see pictured upon the 
walls of the temple the tale of the siege. While he is gazing amazed 
(11. 223-493), 

DIDO APPEARS WITH HER GUARDS. 

Haec dum Dardanio Aeneae miranda videntur, 
Dum stupet, obtutuque haeret defixus in uno, 495 
Regina ad templum, forma pulcherrima Dido, 
Incessit, magna iuvenum stipante caterva. 
sbe is com- Qualis in Eurotae ripis aut per iuga Cyntlii 
Diana. Exercct Diana choros, quam mille secutae 

212. pors, " some of them." themselves with old wine and fat 

213. alii, " others." venison." Cf. partitur, ^ 135 (d) 
215. implentur, etc., " they fill and remark. 



495. in uno obtutu, " in fixed gaze," one long look. 



84 VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER I. 

Hinc atque hinc glomerantur Oreades; ilia phare- 

tram 500 

Fert umero, gradiensque deas supereminet om- 

nis; 
Latonae taciturn pertentant gaudia pectus : 
Talis erat Dido, talem se laeta ferebat 
Per medios, instans operi regnisque futuris. 
Turn foribus divae, media testudine templi, 505 

Saepta armis, solioque alte subnixa, resedit. 
lura dabat legesque viris, operumque laborem M 

Partibus aequabat iustis, aut sorte trahebat : 1 

Suddenly some Cum subito Acueas coucursu accedere maffno 509 

of the other o 

crews appear. Autliea Scrgestumque videt fortemque Cloanthum, 
Teucrorumque alios, ater quos aequore turbo 
Dispulerat penitusque alias avexerat oras. 
Obstipuit simul ipse, simul percussus Achates 
Laetitiaque metuque ; avidi coniungere dextras 
Ardebant, sed res animos incognita turbat. 515 

Dissimulant, et nube cava speculantur amicti, 
Quae fortuna viris, classem quo litore linquant, 
Quid veniant ; cunctis nam lecti navibus ibant, 
Orantes veniam, et templum clamore petebant. 



Ilioneus appeals for protection and relief, and tells of their hardships 
and toils of the storm and of their dreaded loss. Dido replies kindly, and 
offers not only aid, but also to take them as subjects, with equal rights. 
(11. 519-578.) As she utters the words 



Tros Tyriusque mihi nullo discrimine agetur !' 



500. glomerantur, "circling wheel 508. sorte, for sortem, the "lot," 

hither and thither," glomero is was often used by the Eomans in 

chosen with reference to the drill determining offices, 

implied in exercet. The globus was a 515. res incognita may refer to 

military formation. themselves, or to the reception of 

503. laeta, "joyous," in happy, ea- their comrades, or to Dido's con- 
ger, and proud superintendence of duct, 
the works. 518. lecti, etc., "chosen men from 

506. subnixa, " resting upon." all the ships." 



VEBGILI AENEIS— LIBER I. 85 

AENEAS SUDDENLY APPEARS. 

His animum arrecti dictis et fortis Achates 
Et pater Aeneas iamdudum erumpere nubem 580 
Ardebant, Prior Aenean compellat Achates : 
* Nate dea, quae nunc animo sententia surgit ? 
Omnia tuta vides, classem sociosque receptos. 
Unus abest, medio in fluctu quern vidimus ipsi 
Submersum ; dictis respondent cetera matris.' 585 
Vix ea fatus erat, cum circumfusa repente 
Scindit se nubes et in aethera purgat apertum. 
Restitit Aeneas claraque in luce refulsit, 
Os umerosque deo similis ; nam que ipsa decoram 
Caesariem nato genetrix lumenque iuventae 590 

Purpureum et laetos oculis adflarat honores : 
Quale -manus addunt ebori decus, aut ubi flavo 
Argentum Pariusve lapis circumdatur auro. 
Tum sic reginam adloquitur, cunctisque repente 
Improvisus ait : ' Coram, quem quaeritis, adsum, 595 
Troius Aeneas, Libycis ereptus ab undis. 
O sola infandos Troiae miserata labores, 
Quae nos, reliquias Danaum, terraeque marisque 
Omnibus exhaustos iam casibus, omnium egenos 
Urbe domo socias grates persolvere dignas 600 

dre°s to Dido "^^^ ^P^® ^^^ uostrac, Dido, ucc quidquid ubique est 
Gentis Dardaniae, magnum quae sparsa per orbem. 
Di tibi, si qua pios respectant numina, si quid 
Usquam iustitia est et mens sibi conscia recti, 604 
Praemia digna ferant. Quae te tam laeta tulerunt 

579. arrecti animum, " encouraged," 600. socias, etc., " grantest us to 

for animum, ^ 155, E. xxv., r. 2. share in your city and your homes — 

581. compellat, "urges." us, the leavings of the Greeks." 

587. purgat, " disappears." 601. non opis est nostrae, " it is 

591. adflarat, " had breathed upon not in our resources," in our power, 
her son." honores, " beauty." ^ 133, E. vii. ubique, tliough at- 

592. mantts, " skilful hands." The tached to est, belongs to sparsa. 
old artists often used ivory, gold, sil- quidquid, adverbial, " nor is it at 
ver, and color in their statues. all in the power of the Dardanian 

595. improvisus, "suddenly;" lit., race." 
unforeseen. 605. ferant, etc., " may the gods 



86 



VERGIL I AENEIS— LIBER L 



Dido's wel- 
come. 



She orders 
sacrifices, 
and seuds a 
feast to the 
crews. 



Saecula ? Qui tanti talem genuere parentes ? 
In freta dum fiuvii current, dum montibus umbrae 
Lustrabunt, convexa polus dum sidera pascet, 
Semper honos nomenque tuum laudesque manebunt, 
Quae me cumque vocant terrae.' Sic fatus, ami- 
cum 610 

Ilionea petit dextra, laevaque Serestum, 
Post alios, fortemque Gyan, fortemque Cloanthum. 

Obstipuit primo aspectu Sidonia Dido, 
Casu deinde viri tanto, et sic ore locuta est : 
* Quis te, nate dea, per tanta pericula casus 615 

Insequitur ? quae vis immanibus applicat oris ? 
Tune ille Aeneas, quem Dardanio Anchisae 
Alma Venus Phrygii genuit Simoentis ad undam ? 
Atque equidem Teucrum memini Sidona venire 
Finibus expulsum patriis, nova regna petentem 620 
Auxilio Beli ; genitor turn Belus opimam 
Vastabat Cyprum, et victor dicione tenebat. 
Tempore iam ex illo casus mihi cognitus urbis 
Troianae nomenque tuum regesque Pelasgi. 
Ipse hostis Teucros insigni laude ferebat, 625 

Seque ortum antiqua Teucrorum ab stirpe volebat. 
Quare agite, o tectis, iuvenes, succedite nostris. 
Me quoque per multos similis fortuna labores 
lactatam hac demum voluit consistere terra. 
Non ignara mali miseris succurrere disco.' 630 

Sic memorat ; simul Aenean in regia ducit 
Tecta, simul divum templis indicit honorem. 
Nee minus interea sociis ad litora mittit 



bear to thee fit rewards if," etc. 
Notice Vergil's frequent use of lae- 
tus. The repeated t in 11. 605-607 
is intentional. 

608, polus sidera pascet. The sky 
(polus) was supposed to supply to 
the stars their fires. 

610. quae me cumque vocant terrae. 
Note the tmesis of quae cumque, 
"what lands soever summon me." 



616. applicat, " drives you back." 
The storm drove Aeneas southward 
from Italy. 

622. dicione. Supply suh. 

623. casus, fall of the Trojan city. 
627. agite, imperative, " forward." 
632. indicit honorem, " directs a 

thank-offering," etc. Cf. honorem, 
1. 49. 



VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER I. 87 

Viginti tauros, magnorum horrentia centum 
Terga suum, pinguis centum cum matribus aguos, 635 
Munera laetitiamque dii. 
Her palace. At domus interior regali splendida luxu 

Instruitur, mediisque parant convivia tectis : 
Arte labbratae vestes ostroque superbo, 
Ingens argentum mensis, caelataque in auro 640 

Fortia facta patrum, series longissima rerum, 
Per tot ducta viros antiqua ab origine gentis. 

Aeneas sends for Ascanius and for some rare gifts. Meanwhile Venus 
persuades Cupid to aid her by personating Ascanius (whom she takes 
asleep to Mount Ida) to inspire Dido with a passion for Aeneas. Cupid 
promptly accedes to the request. (11. 643-694.) 

CUPID (as ascanius) accompanies achates. 

lamque ibat dicto parens et dona Cupido 695 

Regia portabat Tyriis, duce laetus Achate. 
Cum venit, aulaeis iam se regina superbis 
Dido's feast. Aurea composuit sponda mediamque locavit ; 
lam pater Aeneas et iam Troiana inventus 
Conveniunt, stratoque super discumbitur ostro. 700 
Dant manibus famuli lymphas, Cereremque canistris 
Expediunt, tonsisque ferunt mantelia villis. 
Quinquaginta intus famulae, quibus ordine longam 
Cura penum struere, et flammis adolere Penates, 
Centum aliae, totidemque pares aetate ministri, 705 
Qui dapibus mensas onerent et pocula ponant. 
Nee non et Tyrii per limina laeta frequentes 

636. dii = diet, the old genitive 639. ostro, "with royal purple." 
form. Vergil left several lines un- ostrum, the shell-fish, put for the 
finished. color obtained from it. 



695. dicto parens, "obeying her 703. longam pemm, "the long ar- 

word," ^ 142, E. xiii. ray of dishes." penus = larder. The 

698. aurea sponda, abl. of place. Penates, as household genii, were wor- 

sponda, the side of the couch, by shipped. Compare penus with Pe- 

which the guest placed himself upon 7iates as keepers of the penus. 
it. aulaeum was the canopy over it. 



88 VERGTLI AENFAS— LIBER I. 

Convenere, toris iussi discumbere pictis. 
Mirantur dona Aeneae, mirantur lulum, 
Flagrantisque dei vultus simulataque verba, 710 
Pallamque et pictum croceo velamen acantho. 
Dido'wHifSre ^^^^^^ipue infelix, pesti devota futurae, 
fatal passion. Expleri mentem nequit ardescitque tuendo 

Phoenissa, et pariter puero donisque movetur. 
Ille ubi complexu Aeneae colloque pependit 715 
Et magnum falsi implevit genitoris amorem, 
Reginam petit. Haec oculis, haec pectore toto 
Haeret et interdum gremio fovet, inscia Dido 
Insidat quantus miserae deus. At memor ille 
Matris Acidaliae paulatim abolere Sychaeum 720 
Incipit, et vivo tentat praevertere amore 
lam pridem resides animos desuetaque corda. 

Postquam prima quies epulis, mensaeque remotae, 
Crateras magnos statuunt et vina coronant. 
Fit strepitus tectis, vocemque per ampla volutant 725 
Atria ; dependent lychni laquearibus aureis 
Incensi, et noctem flammis funalia vincunt. 
Hie regina gravem gemmis auroque poposcit 
Implevitque mero pateram, quam Belus et omnes 
Dido's libation A Belo soliti ; turn facta silentia tectis : 730 

to Jove and 

Juno. ' luppiter, hospitibus nam te dare iura loquuntur, 

710. flagrantis vultus, "the glowing 725. fit strepitus tectis, etc.," the ap- 

features." plause rises to the domes, and these 

712. infelix Phoenissa, "the hapless echo it through the ample halls." 
Phoenician." The intervening par- 727. funalia, "torches" twisted, 

enthetic line between infelix and like ropes, of papyrus, and smeared 

Phoenissa has a fine efi'ect. devota, with resinous gums, 
"doomed to a coming woe." 728. poposdf, " calls for a massy pa- 

716. falsi, "deceived," for Cupid tera," etc. The crafer was the howl out 

personated lulus. of which the wine was dipped into the 

718. inscia Dido, etc., " unsuspect- saucer-like patera with a cyathus. 
ing Dido ! What a mighty god was 730. soliti, " were wont to use." 
entering her miserable self!" 731. luppiter. He was the god 

723. epulis, dat. after sequitur, or of hospitality, and fixed the rights 
some similar verb to be supplied. (jura) between host and guest, fas 

724. statuunt magnos crateras, "set is divine, and jus human, right; 
out mighty bowls." lex is the written right. 



VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER I. 89 

Hunc laetum Tyriisque diem Troiaque profectis 
Esse velis, nostrosque huius meminisse minores. 
Adsit laetitiae Bacchus dator, et bona luno ; 
Et vos, 0, coetum, Tyrii, celebrate faventes.' 735 

Dixit, et in mensam laticum libavit honorem, 
Primaque, libato, summo tenus attigit ore ; 
Turn Bitiae dedit increpitans ; ille impiger hausit 
Spumantem pateram, et pleno se proluit auro ; 
The song of Post alii proccres. Cithara crinitus lopas 740 

lopas. ^ , . * 1 

rersonat aurata, docuit quern maximus Atlans. 

Hie canit errantem lunam solisque labores ; 

Unde liominum genus et pecudes ; unde iraber et 

ignes ; 
Arcturum pluviasque Hyadas geminosque Triones ; 
Quid tantum Oceano properent se tingere soles 745 
Hiberni, vel quae tardis mora noctibus obstet. 
Ingeminant plausu Tyrii, Troesque sequuntur. 
Nee non et vario noctem sermone trahebat 
Infelix Dido, longumque bibebat amorem, 749 

Multa super Priamo rogitans, super Hectore multa ; 
Dido's request. Nuuc, quibus Aurorae venisset filius armis, 

Nunc, quales Diomedis equi, nunc, quantus Achilles. 
'Imrao age, et a prima, die, hospes, origine nobis 
Insidias,' inquit, ' Danaum, casusque tuorum, 
Erroresque tuos ; nam te iam septima portat 755 
Omnibus errantem terris et fluctibus aestas.' 



733. velis, "mayst thou will the ara. As queen, Dido performed a 

day to be." volo is used of divine solemn duty, 

will. 740. crinHus lopas personal, "the 

736. libavit in mensam. The rite long-locked lopas plays upon his 

was sacrificial and not merely fes- golden lyre." For a somewhat sim- 

tal, and the mensa became properly ilar festal scene, see Scott's " Lay of 

at the dedication of the palace an the Last Minstrel," canto vi. 



90 VERGILI AENEIS—LIBEB IT. 



LIBER II. 

Aeneas, reluctantly complyiBg with Dido's request, recounts the sor- 
rowful tale of the fatal ruse of the wooden horse, and of the portents 
which decided the Trojans to admit it within the walls. At midnight 
Hector's ghost rouses him and bids him escape with the sacred Penates he 
puts into his hands, for the last hour has befallen doomed Troy. Aeneas 
starts up, and, hearing the clash of swords, seizes his own arms and makes 
what efforts are possible, with a few comrades, to save the city. He reaches 
Priam's palace in time to witness the murder of the aged king and the 
firing of the palace. Venus then opens his eyes to see the gods themselves 
mingling in the sack. He rushes back to rescue his family. In the escape 
Creusa is lost. He returns to seek her, and is met by her ghost, which tells 
him something of the future. He returns to the party without the walls, 
and they, with a large band of fugitives, find a retreat under Mount Ida 
till Aeneas can equip a fleet for their transport to another home. 

thTs^tfSt'"^ CoNTicuERE omnes, intentique ora tenebant. 

tale ever told. Inde toro pater Aeneas sic orsus ab alto : 

' Infandum, Regina, iubes renovare dolorem, 
Troianas ut opes et lamentabile regnum 
Eruerint Danai ; quaeque ipse miserrima vidi, 5 

Et quorum pars magna fui. Quis talia fando 
Myrmidonum Dolopumve aut duri miles Ulixi 
Temperet a lacrimis ! Et iam nox umida caelo 
Praecipitat, suadentque cadentia sidera somnos. 
Sed si tantus amor casus cognoscere nostros 10 

Et breviter Troiae supremum audire laborem, 
Quamquam animus meminisse horret, luctuque re- 

fugit, 
Incipiam. 

' Fracti bello fatisque repulsi 
Ductores Danaum, tot iam labentibus annis, 

1. conticuere, "kept perfect si- 8. fem^^eref, "restrain himself ;" ^or 

lence." tenebant, imperf. of contin- subj. with quis, ^240, E. Ixxxii. 
ued action. 10. tantus amor. Supply sit tibi. 

3. infandum, "unutterable pain." cognoscere, the infinitive, is used in- 
Cf. fando, 1. 6. stead of the usual gerundive, cognos- 

4. ut, " how," expressing man- cendi, ^ 181, rem. 2. 

ner or mode. It takes the indica- 14. ductores, not merely the gen- 
tive. erals, but the advisers also. 



VERGIL I AENETS— LIBER IL 



91 



The woodeu 
horse. 



The Greeks 
retreat to 
Tenedo8. 



We visit the 
deserted camps 
and debate 
over the horse. 



Laocoon's 
warning. 



Instar montis eqiium divina Palladis arte 15 

Aedificant, sectaque iutexunt abiete costas ; 
Votum pro reditu simulant ; ea fama vagatur. 
Hue delecta virum sortiti corpora furtim 
Includuut caeco lateri, penitusque cavernas 
Ingentis uterumque armato milite complent. 20 

' Est in conspectu Tenedos, notissima fama 
Insula, dives opum, Priami dum regna manebant, 
Nunc tantum sinus et statio male fida carinis. 
Hue se proveeti deserto in litore condunt. 
Nos abiisse rati et vento petiisse Mycenas. 25 

Ergo omnis longo solvit se Teucria luctu ; 
Panduntur portae ; iuvat ire et Dorica castra 
Desertosque videre locos litusque relictum. 
"Hie Dolopum manus, hie saevus tendebat Achilles; 
Classibus hie locus ; hie acie certare solebant." 30 
Pars stupet innuptae donum exitiale Minervae, 
Et molem mirantur equi ; primusque Thymoetes 
Duci intra muros hortatur et arce locari, 
Sive dolo, seu iam Troiae sic fata ferebant. 
At Capys, et quorum melior sententia menti, 35 

Aut pelago Danaum insidias suspectaque dona 
Praecipitare iubent, subiectisque urere flammis, 
Aut terebrare cavas uteri et tentare latebras. 
Scinditur incertum studia in contraria vulgus. 39 

' Primus ibi ante omnis, magna comitante caterva, 
Laocoon ardens summa decurrit ab arce, 
Et procul : " O miseri, quae tanta insania, cives ? 
Creditis avectos hostis ? aut ulla putatis 



16. abiete, trisyllable, ie = y. 

17. votum. Supply esse, simulant, 
" they pretend it." 

18. Arrange, sortiti corpora delecta 
virum hue, includunt (ea) caeco lateri. 

23. statio male fida, "a roadstead 
unsafe for ships." 

26. longo luctu, abl. of separation, 
§ 160, R. 

27. iuvat, § 115, iv. 



29. tendebat, "pitched his tents." 
31. stupet, " is amazed at," intran- 
sitive used transitively, ^ 150, r. 4. 

35. v7ieHii, " to whose mind." Sup- 
ply fuit. 

36. aut . . . aut mark two classes 
of suggestions, each containing two 
propositions, que and et have subor- 
dinately the meaning of " or," Note 
the aut in Laocoon's appeal. 



92 VEBGILI AENEIS— LIBER 11. 

Dona carere dolis Danaum ? sic notus Ulixes ? 
Aut hoc inclusi ligno occultantur Achivi, 45 

Aut haec in nostros fabricata est machina muros, 
Inspectura domos venturaque desuper urbi, 
Aut aliquis latet error ; equo ne credite, Teucri. 
Quidquid id est, timeo Danaos et dona ferentis." 
Sic fatus validis ingentem viribus hastam 50 

In latus inque feri curvam compagibus alvum 
Contorsit. Stetit ilia tremens, uteroque recusso 
Insonuere cavae gemitumque dedere cavernae. 
Et, si fata deum, si mens non laeva fuisset, 
Impulerat ferro Argolicas foedare latebras, 55 

Troiaque nunc stares, Priamique arx alta maneres. 
sinoST^found * Eccc, mauus iuvcncm interea post terga revinctum 
and brought to Pastorcs maguo ad reejem clamore trahebant 

Pnam and the , ° , ^ ® 

chiefs. Dardanidae, qui se ignotum venientibus ultro, 59 

Hoc ipsum ut strueret Troiamque aperiret Achivis, 
Obtulerat, fidens animi, atque in utrumque paratus, 
Seu versare dolos, seu certae occumbere morti. 
Undique visendi studio Troiana inventus 
Circumfusa ruit, certantque inludere capto. 
Accipe nunc Danaum insidias, et crimine ab uno 65 
Disce omnis. 

Namque ut conspectu in medio turbatus, inermis, 
Constitit atque oculis Phrygia agmina circumspexit : 
" Heu, quae nunc tellus," inquit, " quae me aequora 

possunt 
Accipere? aut quid iam misero mihi denique restat, 70 

50. validis viribus, " with mighty naum., Argolicas, local names, are used 

force." for the Greeks. 

52. ilia. Supx)ly machina. 56. stares maneres, ^ 201. It is an 

54. si fata deum, si mens non laeva example of Versjil's pathos. 

fuisset. " If the fates of the gods — 57. vianus, f 155, E. xxv. 

ay, if our own mind — had not been 60. lioc ipsum, " this plot," depends 

infatuated." Aeneas pauses in the on ohtulerat. 

midst of his sentence, as if, despite 64. inludere capto, ^ 143, E. xiv. 

the Fates, even yet Troy might have 66. omnis — i.e. Danaos. Note the 

survived but for their own infatua- caution expressed by the spondee 

tion. Note that Mycenas, Dorica, Da- circum || spexit, 1. 68. 



VEBGILI AE^EIS— LIBER II. 93 

Cui neque apud Danaos usquam locus, et super ipsi 
Dardanidae infensi poenas cum sanguine poscunt." 
Quo gemitu conversi animi, compressus et omnis 
Impetus. Hortamur fari, quo sanguine cretus, 
Quidve ferat ; memoret, quae sit fiducia capto. 75 

Siuon tells a woeful tale of Ulysses's enmity and its effects ; and as a 
human sacrifice is demanded for a safe return, through Ulysses (and 
Chalchus under his threats) Sinon is selected. He escapes; and now, as 
he can never return to Argos, he solemnly vows allegiance to Troy, and 
explains the oflering of the wooden horse to Minerva. (11. 76-198.) 

laocoon's tereible fate for the warning he gave. 
* Hie aliud mains miseris multoque tremendum 
Obicitur magis, atque improvida pectora turbat. 200 
Laocoon, ductus Neptuno sorte sacerdos, 
Sollemnis taurum ingentem mactabat ad aras. 
Ecce autem gemini a Tenedo tranquilla per alta — 
Horresco referens — immensis orbibus angues 
Incumbunt j^elago, pariterque ad litora tendunt ; 205 
Pectora quorum inter fluctus arrecta iubaeque 
Sanguineae superant undas, pars cetera pontum 
Pone legit sinu atque immensa volumine terga. 
Fit sonitus spumante salo ; iamque arva tenebant, 
Ardentisque oculos suffecti sanguine et igni, 210 

Sibila lambebant linguis vibrantibus ora. 

74. quo sanguine cretus, § 161, E. sit fiducia capto, " what trust he had 
xxviii. in giving himself up as a captive," 

75. memoret. The construction is for Sinon had surrendered himself 
changed, hortamur {ut) memoret, quae voluntarily. 



199. Mc, *' now." aliud. Supply 205. panYer, " side by side." Ver- 
portentum. gil's exquisite taste and ear are 

200. turbat, "upsets our heedless well shown in this passage by the 
minds." frequent half-suggested allitera- 

201. ductus sorte sacerdos Xeptuno, tions. 

" priest for Neptune," § 146, E. xvii., 207. pars cetera, "the remainder 

r. 3. behind" sweeps the sea and pushes 

203. ecce, etc. Aeneas' horror is in sinuous way their huge backs by 

marked by the distance of angues its volume " — i. e. the hinder parts 

from gemini. guided their crested shoulders. 



94 VEROILI AENEIS— LIBER IL 

Diffiigimus visu exsangues. Illi agmine certo 
Laocoonta petunt ; et primum parva duorum 
Corpora natorum serpens amplexus uterque 
Implicat, et miseros morsu depascitur artus ; 215 
Post ipsum, auxilio subeuntem ac tela ferentem, 
Corripiunt, spirisque ligant ingentibus ; et iam 
Bis medium amplexi, bis collo squamea circum 
Terga dati, superant capite et cervicibus altis. 
Ille simul manibus tendit divellere nodos, 220 

Perfusus sanie vittas atroque veneno, 
Clamores simul horrendos ad sidera tollit, 
Qualis mugitus, fugit cum saucius aram 
Taurus et incertam excussit cervice securim. 
At gemini lapsu delubra ad summa dracones 225 
EfFugiunt saevaeque petunt Tritonidis arcem, 
Sub pedibusque deae clipeique sub orbe teguntur. 
Tum vero tremefacta novus per pectora cunctis 
Insinuat pavor, et scelus expendisse merentem 
Laocoonta ferunt, sacrum qui cuspide robur 230 
Laeserit et tergo sceleratam intorserit hastam. 
Ducendum ad sedes simulacrum orandaque divae 
Numina conclamant. 

This terrible omen decides them. The wall is torn down, and the horse 
is toilfully gotten within the citadel. Four times it stumbled on the gate- 
way. The arms of the concealed Greeks clashed. Cassandra uttered her 
rejected warnings. The Trojans, exultant and weary, went to rest.(ll. 234- 
267.) But— 

212. exsangues visu, "pale at the his medium et dati terga squamea Us 

sight," § 186, R. 1. B. agmine certo, circum collo, superant capite et cervici- 

" in steady course." Vergil uses bus altis. 

military terms throughout. 221. vittas, accusative of limita- 

215. morsu depascitur artus. de- tion, § 155. 

pasc.o, in the active is used of the 224. excussit, etc., " has shaken off 

shepherd, in the passive as here it his neck the ill-aimed axe." 

is used of the cattle. Translate, 230. ferunt, etc., " they declare 

" (each) feeds upon their wretched that Laocoon deservedly has paid 

limbs." the penalty." 

216. Arrange, post corripiunt ipsum, 232. divae, " the powers of the 
subeuntem auxilio ac tela ferentem, que goddess (Minerva) must be entreat- 
ligant spiris ingentibus et iam amplexi ed." 



VEROILr AENEIS— LIBER 11. 95 

hector's manes rouses AENEAS. 

S^wake^hinf™ ' Tempus erat, quo prima quies mortalibus aegris 
Incipit et dono divom gratissima serpit. 
In somnis, ecce, ante oculos maestissimus Hfector 270 
Visus adesse raihi, largosque effundere fletus, 
Raptatus bigis, ut quondam, aterque cruento 
Pulvere, perque pedes traiectus lora tumentis. 
Hei mihi, qualis erat ! quantum mutatus ab illo 
Hectore, qui redit exuvias indutus Achilli, 275 

Vel Danaum Phrygios iaculatus puppibus ignis ! 
Squalentem barbam et concretos sanguine crinis 
Vulneraque ilia gerens, quae circum plurima muros 
Accepit patrios. Ultro flens ipse videbar 
Compellare virum et maestas expromere voces : 280 
" O lux Dardaniae, spes o fidissima Teucrum, 
Quae tantae tenuere morae ? quibus Hector ab oris 
Exspectate venis ? ut te post multa tuorum 
Funera, post varios hominumque urbisque labores, 
Defessi aspicimus ! quae causa indigna serenes 285 
Foedavit vultus ? aut cur haec vulnera cerno ?" 
Ille nihil, nee me quaerentem vana moratur, 
Sed graviter gemitus imo de pectore ducens, 
"Heu fuge, nate dea, teque his," ait, "eripe flam- 
mis. 

Hector bids . Hostis habct muros : ruit alto a culmine Troia. 290 

him escape 

with the Sat patriae Priamoque datum : si Pergama dextra 

Defendi possent, etiam hac defensa fuissent. 
Sacra suosque tibi commendat Troia Penatis ; 
Hos cape fatorum comites, his moenia quaere. 
Magna pererrato statues quae denique ponto." 295 

271. visus, etc., " seemed to ap- 283. exspectate^ voc., " O longed-foi* 

proach me." Hector!" ut, "how," with ind., as- 

273. traiectus, etc., ''pierced through picimus. 

his swelled feet as to the thongs." 292. hac, etc., "they would have 

lora, § 155. been defended by this right hand." 

278. gerens, "having." The accu- 293. sacra, etc., "Troy entrusts to 

satives depending on it are harham, thee her sacred (statues) and her 

crinis, vulnera. Penates." 



96 



VEEGILI AENEIS— LIBER IT. 



delivers them gj(> ^it, et Hianibus vittas Vestamque potentem 
Aeternumque adytis efFert penetralibus ignem. 
' Diverso interea miscentur moenia luctu, 

Sckrises^*^^^ Et magis atque magis, quamquam secreta parentis 

clearly. Anchisae domus arboribusque obtecta recessit, 300' 

Clarescunt sonitus, armorumque ingruit horror. 
Excutior somno, et summi fastigia tecti 
Ascensu supero, atque arrectis auribus adsto : 

From the roof j^ geffetem veluti cum flamma furentibus austris 

the names are ~ 

seen every- Incidit, aut rapidus moiitauo flumine torrens 305 

where. ^ 

Stern it agros, sternit sata laeta boumque labores, 
Praecipitisque trahit silvas ; stupet inscius alto 
Accipiens sonitum saxi de vertice pastor. 
Turn vero manifesta fides, Danaumque patescunt 
Insidiae. lam Deiphobi dedit ampla ruinam 310 
Vulcano exsuperante domus, iam proximus ardet 
Ucalegon ; Sigea igni freta lata relucent. 
Exoritur clamorque virum clangorque tubarum. 
Arma amens capio ; nee sat rationis in armis ; 314 
Sed glomerare manum bello et concurrere in arcem 
Cum sociis ardent animi ; furor iraque mentem 
Praecipitant, pulcbrumque mori succurrit in armis. 
Panthus the ' Ecco autem telis Panthus elapsus Achivum, 
oth?rsacmf Pauthus Othrjades, arcis Phoebique sacerdos, 
news. ^'^^ ^ Sacra manu victosque deos parvumque nepotem 320 



296. Vestam, the goddess of the sa- 
cred hearth of the city and of each 
household ; so her fire was aeternum. 

298. diverso luctu, "by wailings 
from different sides." 

301. horror, "terrifying sound of 
armed men," 

302. excutior, " I shake off sleep 
from myself," a deponent use of the 
passive. 

304. furentibus austris. This is to 
be joined to flamma, as montano flu- 
mine is descriptive of rapidus torrens 
in next line. 



307. inscius. He is so amazed that 
he cannot perceive whence the 
sound is. 

309. fidus, " our confidence " in Si- 
non ; bitterly sarcastic. 

310. dedit, "yielded." * 

312. Sigea freta, "the broad Sigean 
roadstead (freta) gleams with the 
fire." igni, ^ 46, iv,, ii. 

317. pulchrum,que mori succurrit in 
armis, "it rushed into my mind how 
glorious to die in arms." 

320. sacra. Panthus' appearance 
tells that the citadel is lost. 



VERQILI AENEIS— LIBER II. 97 

Ipse trahit, cursuque amens ad limina tendit. 

" Quo res summa loco, Panthu ? quam prendimus 

arcem ?" 
Vix ea fatus eram, gemitu cum talia reddit : 
" Venit summa dies et ineluctabile tempus 
Dardaniae. Fuimus Troes, fuit Ilium, et ingens 325 
Gloria Teucrorum ; ferus omnia luppiter Argos 
Transtulit : incensa Danai dominantur in urbe. 
Arduus armatos mediis in moenibus adstans 

hoidthrdt Fundit equus, victorque Sinon incendia miscet 

Insultaus. Portis alii bipatentibus adsunt, 330 

Milia quot magnis umquam venere Mycenis ; 
Obsedere alii telis angusta viarum 
Oppositi ; Stat ferri acies mu crone corusco 
Stricta, parata neci ; vix primi proelia tentant 
Portarum vigiles, et caeco Marte resistunt." 335 

Talibus Othryadae dictis et numine divom 
In flammas et in arma feror, quo tristis Erinys, 
Quo fremitus vocat et sublatus ad aethera clamor. 
Addunt se socios Ripheus et maximus armis 339 
Epytus, oblati per lunam, Hypanisque Dymasque, 
Et lateri agglomerant nostro, iuvenisque Coroe- 

bus, 
Mygdonides. Illis ad Troiam forte diebus 
Venerat, insano Cassandrae incensus amore, 
Et gener auxilium Priamo Phrygibusque ferebat, 

fugitives ar"^ lufclix, qui uou spousac praecepta furentis 345 

formed for a » -i • • , 
rescue. -A-UQierit. 

322. quo snmma res loco, " in what drawn." Note the antithesis be- 

quarter is it worst? what citadel do tween oppositi and stat stricta. 

we hold?" 334. neci, " for slaughter." 

326. ferns, " savage, cruel." Pan- 337. feror, " I am carried away," 

thus, in his wild despair, uses a dar- by the fury of the moment, into the 

ing epithet. flames and the fight. 

329. miscef, "scatters." 345. praecepta, "the biddings of 

3.30. portis, probably the half-open his mad bride." Cassandra was 

Scaean gates. given by Apollo a gift of prophecy, 

333. acies, etc., "the edge of the with the curse of never being be- 

sword, with flashing point, is lieved. 
7 



98 VERGILI AENEI8— LIBER II. 

Quos ubi confertos audere in proelia vidi, 

Incipio super his : " luvenes, fortissima frustra 

Pectora, si vobis audentem extrema cupido 

Certa sequi, quae sit rebus fortuna videtis ; 350 

Excessere omnes, adytis arisque relictis, 

Di, quibus imperium hoc steterat ; succurritis urbi 

Incensae : moriamur, et in media arma ruamus. 

Una salus victis, nullam sperare salutem." 

Sic animis iuvenum furor additus. Inde, lupi 

ceu 355 

Raptores atra in nebula, quos improba ventris 
Exegit caecos rabies, catulique relicti 
Faucibus exspectant siccis, per tela, per hostis 
Vadimus hand dubiam in mortem, mediaeque tene- 

mus 
Urbis iter ; nox atra cava circumvolat umbra. 360 
Quis cladem illius noctis, quis funera fando 
The horror of Explicct, aut possit lacrimis aequare labores ? 
Urbs antiqua ruit, multos dominata per annos ; 
Plurima perque vias sternuntur inertia passim 
Corpora, perque domos et religiosa deorum 365 

Limina. Nee soli poenas dant sanguine Teucri ; 
Quondam etiam victis redit in praecordia virtus, 
Victoresque cadunt Danai. Crudelis ubi que 
Luctus, ubique pavor, et plurima mortis imago. 

They succeed in killing some of the Greeks and alarming the others, for 
a space, by taking the arms of those they slew. This leads to their discom- 
fiture in the end (11. 370-401), when— 

351. excessere omnes di, *' all the 356. improba rabies, " cruel mad- 
gods have abandoned us, their ness of hunger." 

shrines and altars being deserted" 357. catiili, "whelps." 

by them. 364. inertia corpora, " motionless 

352. succurritis, ye aid a burning corpses." 

city." sJiCcurH^is takes up the broken 367. quondam, etc., "once and 

thought of certa sequi. again courage returns to the hearts 

354. una salus victis, nullam sperare of even the conquered." victis is 

salutem. The subject is the inf. and really a genitive, ^ 148, note. 
its ace, § 180, E. xliv. 



I 



VEBGILI AENEIS— LIBER IT. 99 

COROEBUS TRIES TO RESCUE CASSANDRA. 

* Heu nihil invitis fas quemquam fidere divis ! 
Ecce trahebatur passis Priameia virgo 
Crinibus a templo Cassandra adytisque Miner- 

vae, 
Ad caelum tendens ardentia lumina frustra— 405 
Lumina, nam teneras arcebant vincula palmas. 
Non tulit banc speciem furiata mente Coroebus, 
Et sese medium iniecit periturus in ^gmen. 
Consequimur cuncti et densis incurrimus armis. 
Hie primum ex alto delubri culmine telis 410 

Nostrorum obruimur, oriturque miser rima caedes 
Armorum facie et Graiarum errore iubarum. 
Tum Danai, gemitu atque ereptae virginis ira, 
Undique collecti invadunt — acerrimus Aiax, 414 
Et gemini Atridae, Dolopumque exercitus omnis ; 
Adversi rupto ceu quondam turbine venti 
Confligunt, Zephyrusque Notusque et laetus Eois 
Eurus equis ; stridunt silvae, saevitque tridenti 
Spumeus atque imo ISTereus ciet aequora fundo. 
TheTrojaus UK etiam, si Quos obscura uocte per umbram 420 

are routed ^ .... . . 

with loss. Fudimus insidiis totaque agitavimus urbe, 
Apparent ; primi clipeos mentitaque tela 
Agnoscunt, atque ora sono discordia signant. 
Ilicet obruimur numero ; primusque Coroebus 
Penelei dextra divae armipotentis ad aram 425 

Procumbit ; cadit et Ripheus, iustissimus unus 
Qui fuit in Teucris et servantissimus aequi — 
Dis aliter visum — pereunt Hypanisque Dymasque 

402. heu nihil, etc., "alas! let no 417. Vergil imitates his own de- 
one trust at all to divine justice scription of the storm in Bk, I., 11. 
when the gods are angry," referring 85, 86. 
to the sad lot of Cassandra. 420. illi, etc., " even they — if we 

409. densis incurrimus armis, "we had routed any — appear also." 

rush upon the serried arms." 423. ora sono discordantia signant, 

413. ereptae virginis ira, "wrath " they mark the different accents," 

over the rescued maiden," objective for the Greeks and Trojans spoke 

genitive, g 131, E. v., r. 2. dialects of one tongue. 



100 VEBGILI AENEIS— LIBER II. 

Confixi a sociis ; nee te tua plurima, Panthu, 
Labentem pietas nee Apollinis infula texit. 430 

Aeneas is parted from his band, with two companions, and pushes for 
Priam's palace, where the pillagers are gathering. The defence is stout, 
but vain ; the interior is thrown open to the foe. Pyrrhus, glistening 
like a huge serpent, with his comrades bursts in to ravish and to plunder. 
(11. 431-498.) 

AENEAS DESCRIBES THE SCENE. 

' Vidi ipse furentem 
Caede Neoptolemum geminosque in limine Atri- 
das ; 500 

Vidi Heeubam centumque nurus, Priamumque per 

aras 
Sanguine foedantem, quos ipse sacraverat, ignis. 
Quinquaginta illi thalami, spes tanta nepotum, 
Barbarico postes auro spoliisque superbi, 
Procubuere ; tenent Danai, qua deficit ignis. 505 

The storming < Forsitan et, Priami fuerint quae fata, requiras. 

palace. Urbis uti captae easum convulsaque vidit 

Limina tectorum et medium in penetralibus hostem, 
Arma diu senior desueta trementibus aevo 
Circumdat nequiquam umeris, et inutile ferrum 510 
Cingitur, ae densos fertur moriturus in hostis. 
Aedibus in mediis, nudoque sub aetheris axe, 
Ingens ara fuit iuxtaque veterrima laurus, 
Ineumbens arae atque umbra complexa Penates. 
Hie Heeuba et natae nequiquam altaria eircum, 515 
Praecipites atra ceu tempestate columbae, 
Condensae et divom amplexae simulacra sedebant. 
Ipsum autem sumptis Priamum iuvenalibus armis 

501. centumque nurus, "her hun- 505. tenent has no objective case 
dred daughters-in-law." after it. locum is understood. 

502. quos sacraverat ignis, "pollut- "Where the conflagration spent it- 
ing with his blood the fires he had self, there the Greeks were." 
sanctified." 510. circumdat nequiquam, " in vain 

504. postes, etc., "those pillars throws over his trembling shoulders." 
superbly adorned lay prostrate." 511. cingitur, used as a deponent, 

"girds himself." 



VERGILI AENETS— LIBER 11, 



101 



Pyrrhus slays 
Polites before 
Priam. 



Priam's bold 
words. 



Ut vidit, " Quae mens tain dira, miserrime coniunx, 

Impulit his cingi telis ? aut quo ruis ?" inquit. 520 

" Non tali auxilio nee defensoribus istis 

Tempus eget ; non, si ipse mens nunc adforet Hector. 

Hue tandem concede ; haec ara tuebitur omnis, 

Aut moriere simul." Sic ore effata recepit 

Ad sese et sacra longaevum in sede locavit. 525 

' Ecce autem elapsus Pyrrhi de caede Polites, 
Unus natorum Priami, per tela, per hostis 
Porticibus longis fugit, et vacua atria lustrat, 
Saucius. Ilium ardens infesto vulnere Pyrrhus 529 
Insequitur, iam iamque manu tenet et premit hasta. 
Ut tandem ante oculos evasit et ora parentum, 
Concidit, ac multo vitam cum sanguine fudit. 
Hie Priamus, quamquam in media iam morte tenetur, 
Non tamen abstinuit, nee voci iraeque pepercit : 534 
" At tibi pro scelere," exclamat, " pro talibus ausis, 
Di, si qua est caelo pietas, quae talia curet, 
Persolvant grates dignas et praemia reddant 
Debita, qui nati coram me cernere letum 
Fecisti et patrios foedasti funere vultus. 
At non ille, satum quo te mentiris, Achilles 540 

Talis in hoste fuit Priamo ; sed iura fidemque 
Supplicis erubuit, corpusque exsangue sepulcro 
Reddidit Hectoreum, meque in mea regna remisit." 
Sic fatus senior, telumque imbelle sine ictu 
Coniecit, rauco quod protinus acre repulsum 545 
Et summo clipei nequiquam umbone pependit. 
Cui Pyrrhus : " Referes ergo haec et nuntius ibis 



519. id vidit, etc., "when Hecuba 
saw Priam himself." 

521. tali, I 59, r. 2. 

522. eget takes the ablative, ^ 160, 
E. xxvii., r. 2. 

529. infesto vulnere Pyrrhus insequi- 
tur, "fierce Pyrrhus follows (to in- 
flict) the fatal wound;" literally, 
with the fatal wound, as if it were 
the weapon he wielded. 



531. evasit^ "swooned." 

538. coram me cernere, "hast forced 
me (face to face) to witness the death 
of my son." coram, used subjectively 
for me ipsum, but stronger. 

540. meyitiris, "you lyingly say 
you are descended." 

546. summo umhone, "and uselessly 
hung on the boss of the shield," abl. 
of place where. 



102 VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER 11. 

Pelidae genitori ; illi mea tristia facta 
Pyrrhus slays Degeneremque Neoptolemum narrare memento, 
altar. Nunc morere." Hoc dicens altaria ad ipsa tremen- 

tem 550 

Traxit et in multo lapsantem sanguine nati, 
Implicuitque comam laeva, dextraque coruscum 
Extulit ac lateri capulo tenus abdidit ensem. 
Haec finis Priami fatorum ; hie exitus ilium 554 
Sorte tulit, Troiam incensam et prolapsa videntem 
Pergama, tot quondam populis terrisque superbum 
Regnatorem Asiae. lacet ingens litore truncus, 
Avulsumque umeris caput, et sine nomine corpus. 
* At me turn primum saevus circumstetit horror. 
Obstipui ; subiit cari genitoris imago, 560 

Ut regem aequaevum crudeli vulnere vidi 
Vitam exhalantem ; subiit deserta Creiisa, 
Et direpta domus, et parvi casus luli. 
Respicio, et, quae sit me circum copia, lustro. 
Deseruere omnes defessi, et corpora saltu 565 

Ad terram misere aut ignibus aegra dedere. 

He sees Helen crouching by the altar of Vesta, and wrathfully questions 
whether he ought to slay the causer of this terror and slaughter. Venus 
appears, and bids him hurry home, for his family are in great danger. The 
gods are against the city. Neptune, Juno, Pallas, Jove himself, are present, 
mingling in the fray, and she opens his eyes to see them. Troy, like a 
huge ash under the woodman's axe, is tottering to its fall. (11. 567-633.) 

AENEAS RESCUES ANCHISES. 

*Atque ubi iam patriae perventum ad limina 
sedis 
Antiquasque domos, genitor, quem tollere in altos 635 
Optabam primum montis primumque petebam, 
Anchises at Abuce^at cxcisa vitam producere Troia 

first refuses to ^ ^ 

go, and Exsiliumque pati. " Vos o, quibus integer aevi 

Sanguis," ait, " solidaeque suo stant robore vires, 
Vos agitate fugam. 640 

Me si caelicolae voluissent ducere vitam, 



VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER II. 103 

Has milii servassent sedes. Satis una superque 
Vidimus excidia et caj)tae suj^eravimus urbi. 

ouThe'^nd. ^^^» ^ ^^^^ positum adfati discedite corpus. 

Ipse manu mortem inveniam ; miserebitur hostis 645 
Exuviasque petet. Facilis iactura sepulcri. 
lam pridem invisus divis et inutilis annos 
Demoror, ex quo me divom pater atque hominum rex 
Fulminis adflavit ventis et contigit igni." 

' Talia perstabat memorans, fixusque manebat. 650 
Nos contra efiusi lacrimis, coniunxque Creiisa 
Ascaniusque omnisque domus, ne vertere secum 

Aeneas threat- Cuncta pater fatoQuc urffcnti incumbere vellet. 

ens to return ^ , ^ ^ ^ 

to the fi-ay. Abncgat, inceptoquc et sedibus haeret in isdem. 654 
Rursus in arma feror, mortemque miserrimus opto. 
Nam quod consilium aut quae iam fortuna dabatur ? 
" Mene efFerre pedem, genitor, te posse relicto 
Sperasti, tantumque nefas patrio excidit ore ? 
Si nihil ex tanta Superis placet urbe relinqui, 
Et sedet hoc animo, perituraeque addere Troiae 660 
Teque tuosque iuvat, patet isti ianua leto, 
lamque aderit multo Priami de sanguine Pyrrhus, 
Gnatum ante ora patris, patrem qui obtruncat ad 

aras. 
Hoc erat, alma parens, quod me per tela, per ignis 
Eripis, ut mediis hostem in penetralibus, utque 665 
Ascanium patremque meum iuxtaque Creiisam 
Alterum in alterius mactatos sanguine cernam ? 
Arma, viri, ferte arma ; vocat lux ultima victos. 
Reddite me Danais ; sinite instaurata revisam 669 
Proelia. Numquam omnes hodie moriemur inulti." 
' Hinc ferro accingor rursus clipeoque sinistram 

642. una excidia, "one sacking," 656. dabatur, "was to be given." 
^64, r. 4(6). Note the hesitating action in the 

644, a(i/afi, etc., "uttering the r'a?e imperfect. 

over my corpse, thus laid, depart." 660. Arrange, et hoc sedet, animo, 

645. manu, " of a foe." que iuvat teque tuosque addere, etc. 
652. ne vertere. Supply orantes or 662. iamque aderit Pyrrhus, " Pyr- 

some such word. rhus will soon be here." 



104 



VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER 11. 



Creiisa inter- 
cedes. 



Then comes a 
wondrous 



iDsertabam aptans, meque extra tecta ferebam : 
Ecce autem complexa pedes in limine coniunx 
Haerebat, parvumque patri tendebat lulum : 
" Si periturus abis, et nos rape in omnia tecum ; 675 
Sin aliquam expertus sumptis spem ponis in armis, 
Hanc primum tutare domum. Cui parvus lulus, 
Cui pater et coniunx quondam tua dicta relin- 
quor?" 

Talia vociferans gemitu tectum omne replebat, 
Cum subitum dictuque oritur mirabile monstrum. 680 
Namque manus inter maestorumque ora parentum 
Ecce levis summo de vertice visus luli 
Fundere lumen apex, tactuque innoxia mollis 
Lambere flamma comas et circum tempora pasci. 
Nos pavidi trepidare metu, crinemque flagrantem 685 
Excutere et sanctos restinguere fontibus ignis. 
At pater Anchises oculos ad sidera laetus 
further proof. ExtuHt, et caclo palmas cum voce tetendit : 

" luppiter omnipotens, precibus si flecteris ullis, 
Aspice nos ! hoc tantum ; et, si pietate meremur, 690 
Da deinde augurium, pater, atque haec omina firma." 

' Vix ea fatus erat senior, subitoque fragore 
Intonuit laevum, et de caelo lapsa per umbras 
Stella facem ducens multa cum luce cucurrit. 
Illam, summa super labentem culmina tecti, 695 

Cernimus Idaea claram se condere silva 
Signantemque vias ; tum longo limite sulcus 
Dat lucem, et late circum loca sulfure fumant. 
Hie vero victus genitor se tollit ad auras, 
Adfaturque deos et sanctum sidus adorat. 700 



Anchises 
pleads for 



Second omen. 



674. parvumque patri tendebat Iti- 
liim, "and held out the little lulus 
to his father." 

680. dictuque mirabile. For the su- 
pine, see ^ 186, E. 1., B. 

682. levis apex, visus est . . . que 
flamma innoxia tactu . . . mollis comas, 
tactu is a supine. 



685. pavidi metu trepidare . . . excu- 
tere . . . restinguere. Supply coepimus. 

693. laevum. The left of the ob- 
server, but the right of the portent, 
was the auspicious side. 

699, ad auras — i. e. Anchises, who 
had thrown himself on the ground 
(1. 644), stands up. 



VEBGILI AENEIS— LIBER 11. 105 

"lam iam nulla mora est; sequor, et, qua ducitus, 

adsum. 
Di patrii, servate domum, servate nepotem. 
Vestrum hoc augurium, vestroque in numine Troia 

est. 
Cedo equidem, nee, nate, tibi comes ire recuse." 

* Dixerat ille ; et iam per moenia clarior ignis 705 
Auditur, propiusque aestus incendia volvunt. 

Aeneas directs " Ergo age, care patcr, cervici imponere nostrae ; 
Ipse subibo umeris, nee me labor iste gravabit ; 
Quo res cumque cadent, unum et commune periclum, 
Una salus ambobus erit. Mihi parvus lulus 710 
Sit comes, et longe servet vestigia coniunx. 
Vos, famuli, quae dicam, animis advertite vestris. 
Est urbe egressis tumulus templumque vetustum 
Desertae Cereris, iuxtaque antiqua cupressus 
Religione patrum multos servata per annos. 715 

Hanc ex diverse sedem veniemus in unam. 
Tu, genitor, cape sacra manu patriosque Penatis ; 
Me, bello e tanto digressum et caede recenti, 
Attrectare nefas, donee me flumine vivo 
Abluero/' 720 

Haec fatus, latos umeros subiectaque colla 
Veste super fulvique insternor pelle leonis, 

In the hurry Succcdoque oucri ; dextrae se parvus lulus 

and alarm ... 

Implicuit, sequiturque patrem non passibus aequis ; 
Pone subit coniunx. Ferimur per opaca locorum ; 725 
Et me, quem dudum non ulla iniecta movebant 
Tela neque adverse glomerati ex agmine Grai, 
Nunc omnes terrent aurae, sonus excitat omnis 
Suspensum et pariter comitique onerique timentem. 
lamque propinquabam portis, omnemque videbar 730 
Evasisse viam, subito cum creber ad auris 

707. imponere, pass, imp., with re- 711. lomje servet, "follow afar" — 
flexive, for the older Latin passive i. e. to escape notice, 
was like the Greek middle : I act for 719. nefas, " it would be sacrile- 
myself, " place yourself." gious for me to touch," etc. 

728. onmes aurae, "every puff of air." 



106 VE'RGTLI AENEIS— LIBER II. 

Visus adesse pedum sonitus, genitorque per umbram 
Prospiciens, " Nate," exclamat, " fuge, nate ; propin- 

quant. 
Ardentis clipeos atque aera micantia cerno." 734 
Hie mihi nescio quod trepido male numen amicum 
Confusam eripuit mentem. Namque avia cursu 
Dum sequor et nota excedo regione viarum, 

Cretisa is lost. Heu ! misero coniunx fatone erepta Creiisa 
Substitit erravitne via seu lassa resedit ? 
Incertum ; nee post oculis est reddita nostris. 740 
Nee prius amissam respexi animumve reflexi, 
Quam tumulum antiquae Cereris sedemque sacratam 
Venimus ; hie demum collectis omnibus una 
Defuit, et comites natumque virumque fefellit. 744 
Quem non incusavi amens hominumque deorumque, 
Aut quid in eversa vidi crudelius urbe ? 
Ascanium Anchisenque patrem Teucrosque Penatis 
Commendo sociis et curva valle recondo ; 

He goes back Ipse urbem repeto et cingor fulgentibus armis. 

Stat casus renovare omnis, omnemque reverti 750 
Per Troiam, et rursus caput obiectare periclis. 
Principio muros obscuraque limina portae, 
Qua gressum extuleram, repeto, et vestigia retro 
Observata sequor per noctem, et lumine lustro. 
Horror ubique animo, simul ipsa silentia terrent. 755 
Inde domum, si forte pedem — si forte ! — tulisset, 
Me refero. Inruerant Danai, et tectum omne tene- 

bant. 
Ilicet ignis edax sum ma ad fastigia vento 
Volvitur; exsuperant flammae, furit aestus ad auras. 
Procedo, et Priami sedes arcemque reviso. 760 

Et iam porticibus vacuis lunonis asylo, 

739. snhstit erravitne. ne belongs to 748. curva valle, " in a dell," abl. of 
both verbs: "did she not hesitate, place, ^170, E. xxxvii., r. 4 and 5. 
and then mistake the way? or did 750. stat sententia, "I resolve." 
she sit down aweary ?" 754. lumine lustro, " I scan with my 

741. reflexi, "remembered." eyes." 

755. animo, dative. 



VEBGILI AENEIS— LIBER 11. 107 

Custodes lecti, Phoenix et dirus Ulixes 
Praedam adservabant. Hue undique Troia gaza 
Incensis erepta adytis mensaeque deorum, 
Crateresque auro solidi, captivaque vestis 765 

Congeritur. Pueri et pavidae longo ordine matres 
Stant circum. 

Ausus quin etiam voces iactare per umbram 
Implevi clamore vias, maestusque Creiisam 769 

Nequiquara ingeminans iterumque iterumque vocavi. 
Quaerenti et tectis urbis sine fine furenti 
Infelix simulacrum atque ipsius umbra Creiisae 
Visa mihi ante oculos et nota maior imago. 
Obstipui, steteruntque comae et vox faucibus haesit. 
Tum sic adfari et curas his demere dictis : 775 

Her ghost ap- " Quid tantum insano iuvat indulgere dolori, 
him of her O dulcis coniunx ? Non haec sine numine divom 
Eveniunt ; nee te comitem hinc portare Creiisam 
Fas, aut ille sinit superi regnator Olympi. 779 

Longa tibi exsilia, et vastum maris aequor arandum. 
Et terram Hesperiam venies, ubi Lydius arva 
Inter opima virum leni fluit agmine Thybris : 
Illic res laetae regnumque et regia coniunx 
Parta tibi ; lacrimas dilectae pelle Creiisae. 784 

Non ego Myrmidonum sedes Dolopumve superbas 
Aspieiam, aut Grais servitum matribus ibo, 
Dardanis, et divae Veneris nurus ; 
Sed me magna deum Genetrix his detinet oris, 
lamque vale, et nati serva communis amorem." 
Haec ubi dicta dedit, lacrimantem et multa volen- 
tem 790 

Dicere deseruit, tenuisque recessit in auras. 
Ter conatus ibi collo dare brachia circum ; 

762. P/ioeni.r, the successor to Achil- 785. non ego, must be joined to et 

les over the Myrmidons. ,divae Veneris nnrns : "not I, the 

768. quin etiam, "even, as far as I daughter-in-law of the goddess Ve- 

could venture, I dared," etc. nus, shall go," etc. 

773. nota, abl. after major, §163, 786. seri'i^Miu, supine, matribus, ahl. 
E. XXX. 



108 VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER IL, III. 

Ter frustra comprensa manus effugit imago, 
Par levibus ventis volucrique simillima somno. 
Sic demum socios consumpta nocte reviso. 795 

' Atque hie ingentem coraitum adfluxisse novorum 
Invenio admirans numerum, matresque, virosque, 
Collectam exsilio pubem, miserabile vulgus. 
Undique convenere, animis opibusque parati, 
He carries In Quascumque velim pelago deducere terras. 800 

the fugitives ^ . / 1 XX -P Ti 

to Mouut Ida. iamque lugis summae surgebat Ijuciier idae 
Ducebatque diem, Danaique obsessa tenebant 
Limina portarum, nee spes opis ulla dabatur. 
Cessi et sublato montes genitore petivi. 



LIBER III. 

Aeneas, with a fleet of twenty ships, sails to Thrace. There, while 
founding a city, he is warned by the ghost of Polydorus to abandon it. 
He sails to Delos, where the oracle gives him directions which Anchises 
interprets to refer to Crete ; but he is forced by ill omens to give up the 
attempt to build there. The sacred Penates give him the true meaning of 
the oracle, and he steers at once for Italy. In the remainder of the book 
he relates his various wanderings and adventures. 

' PosTQUAM res Asiae Priamique evertere gentem 
First year. Immeritam visum Superis, ceeiditque superbum 
Ilium et omnis humo fumat Neptunia Troia, 
Diversa exsilia et desertas quaerere terras 
Auguriis agimur divom, elassemque sub ipsa 5 

Antandro et Phrygiae molimur montibus Idae, 
Incerti, quo fata ferant, ubi sistere detur ; 
Coutrabimusque viros. Vix prima ineeperat aestas, 
Et pater Anchises dare fatis vela iubebat ; 
Litora cum patriae laerimans portusque relinquo 10 

2. visum, " it seemed good." G. Antandro, a small state at the 

3. Ilium was the citadel ; Troia, the foot of Mount Ida. 
town itself. 



Aeneas mans 
a fleet. 



VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER III. 



109 



15 



19 



Et campos, ubi Troia fuit. Feror exsul in altum 
Cum sociis natoque, Peiiatibus et magnis dis. 

Second year. ' Terra procul vastis colitur Mavortia campis — 

Founds a city Thraces arant, acri quondam regnata Lycurgo — 
Hospitium antiquum Troiae sociique Penates, 
Dum fortuna fuit. Feror hue, et litore curvo 
Moenia prima loco, fatis ingressus iniquis, 
Aeneadasque meo nomen de nomine fingo. 

with sacrifices. * Sacra Dionaeae matri divisque ferebam 

Auspicibus coeptorum operum, superoque nitentem 
Caelicolum regi mactabam in litore taurum. 
Forte fuit iuxta tumulus, quo cornea summo 
Virgulta et densis hastilibus horrida myrtus. 
Accessi, viridemque ab humo convellere silvam 

An evil omen, Couatus, ramis tcgcrcm ut frondentibus aras, 25 

Horrendum et dictu video mirabile monstrum. 
Nam, quae prima solo ruptis radicibus arbos 
Vellitur, huic atro liquuntur sanguine guttae 
Et terram tabo maculant. Mihi frigidus horror 
Membra quatit, gelidusque coit formidine sanguis. 30 
Rursus et alterius lentum convellere vimen 
Insequor et causas penitus tentare latentis : 
Ater et alterius sequitur de cortice sanguis. 
Multa movens animo Nymphas venerabar agrestis 
Gradivumque patrem, Geticis qui praesidet arvis, 35 
Rite secundarent visus omenque levarent. 
Tertia sed postquam maiore hastilia nisu 



thrice re 
peated. 



12. magnis dis. Macrobius quotes 
authorities to show that they were, 
under another form of their divine 
powers, only the Penates. 

17. prima moenia, " my first city." 
Probably Anus, near the mouth of 
the Hebrus. 

19. Z)/onaeae, Venus. According to 
one legend, Venus was the daughter 
of Dione. 

20. nitentem taurum, " a bull of 
gleaming hide." 



22. quo summo, " on whose top," 
?129, r. 6. 

29. mihi, for mea. It has a possess- 
ive force, ^ 148, note. 

34. multa movens animo, " greatly 
disturbed in mind." 

35. Gradivum, Mars ; from gradior, 
describing the stately, warlike stride 
of Mars. 

36. secitwcZarew^, " prosper." Cf. Bk. 
II., 1. 617. 



110 VEBGILI AENEIS— LIBER III. 

Aggredior genibusque adversae obluctor arenae — 
Eloquar, an sileam ? — gemitus lacrimabilis imo 
Auditur tumulo, et vox reddita fertur ad auris : 40 

manes°s"eaks " Q^id miserum, Aenea, laceras ? iam parce sepulto ; 
Parce pias scelerare manus. Non me tibi Troia 
Externum tulit, aut cruor hie de stipite manat. 
Heu ! fuge crudelis terras, fuge litus avarum. 
Nam Polydorus ego. Hie eonfixum ferrea texit 45 
Telorum seges et iaculis increvit acutis." 
Tum vero ancipiti mentem formidine pressus 
Obstipui, steteruntque comae et vox faucibus haesit. 

whoPoiydo- * Hunc Polvdorum auri quondam cum pondere 

rus had been. ./ x x 

magno 
Infelix Priamus furtim mandarat alendum 50 

Threicio regi, cum iam diffideret armis 
Dardaniae, cingique urbem obsidione videret. 
Ille, ut opes fractae Teucrum, et Fortuna recessit, 
Kes Agamemnonias victriciaque arma secutus, 54 
Fas omne abrumpit ; Polydorum obtruncat, et auro 
Vi potitur. Quid non mortalia pectora cogis, 
Auri sacra fames ! 
They decide to ' Postquam pavor ossa reliquit, 

abandon the -r>, i t i 

city Delectos popuii ad proceres primumque parentem 

Monstra deum refero, et, quae sit sententia, posco. 
Omnibus idem animus, scelerata excedere terra, 60 
Linqui pollutum hospitium, et dare classibus aus- 
tros. 
when due Ergo instauramus Polydoro funus : et ingens 
quieted his Aggcritur tumulo tcllus ; stant Manibus arae, 



manes. 



Caeruleis maestae vittis atraque cupresso, 

Et circum Iliades crinem de more solutae ; 65 

38. obluctor arenae, " I press against 55. atiro vi potitur. auro, abl., § 167, 

the sand," ^ 143. r. vi, abl. of means, potitur, here in 

42, scelerare, "to defile." non me the 3d Con j. 

tibi externum, " I am no foreigner to 61. dare classibus austros is as cor- 

thee." rect as dare austris classem. 

45. hie eonfixum, etc., " covered me 63. aggeritur txmxulo, passive ; re- 
buried here." tains the dative. 



VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER III 111 

Inferimus tepido spumantia cymbia lacte, 
Sanguinis et sacri pateras, animamque sepulcro 
Condimus, et magna supremum voce ciemus. 

The third and fourth years are spent in fruitless wandering. Leaving 
Aenos, they reach the Cyclades. At Ortygia they find in the king, Auius, 
an old friend, and they worship Apollo, asking for a sign. A voice bids 
them seek the Ancient Mother, Anchises decides this to be Crete, After 
the closing sacrifices they set sail for Crete, where they found a second city ; 
but a plague breaks out, and they resolve to question the oracle again. 
(11. 69-146.) But— 

A VISION OP THE PENATES APPEARS. 

* Nox erat, et terris animalia somnus habebat : 
Effigies sacrae divom Phrygiique Penates, 
Quos mecum a Troia mediisque ex ignibus urbis 
Extuleram, visi ante oculos adstare iacentis 150 

In somnis, multo manifesti lumine, qua se 
Plena per insertas fundebat luna fenestras ; 
Turn sic adfari et curas his demere dictis : 
" Quod tibi delato Ortygiam dicturus Apollo est, 
Hie canit, et tua nos en ultro ad limina mittit. 155 
Nos te, Dardania incensa, tuaque arma secuti, 
Nos tumidum sub te permensi classibus aequor, 
Idem ventures tollemus in astra nepotes, 
Imperiumque urbi dabimus. Tu moenia magnis 
Magna para, longumque fugae ne linque laborem. 160 
Mutandae sedes. Non haec tibi litora suasit 
_. , , Delius, aut Cretae iussit considere, Apollo. 

The true place , . . . 

is designated, Est locus, Hespcriam Grai cognomine dicunt, 

QQ. tepido spumantia cymUa lacte, 68, supremum. " We utter the last 
" oval-shaped bowls foaming with vale,'^ the farewell at the funeral, 
warm milk." 



147, terris animalia somnus habebat. 159, tu moenia magnis, " do you 
Note the form of the sentence; in prepare mighty walls for great (de- 
omitted before terris. scendants) ; do not abandon," etc, 

152, fenestras, " windows ;" really Aeneas founded Lavinium, the pre- 

mere apertures (insertas) in the decessor of Eome. 
wall, 161. mutandae sedes, "these homes 

158. idem, "we," emphatic, for must be changed," 
iidem. venturos, "future." 162, Crefae, locative, ^ 176, Eule, 



112 VERGIL I A EN E IS— LIBER III. 

Terra antiqua, potens armis atque ubere glaebae ; 
Oenotri coluere viri ; nunc fama minores 165 

Italiam dixisse ducis de nomine gentem : 
Hae nobis propriae sedes ; hinc Dardanus ortus, 
lasiusque pater, genus a quo principe nostrum. 
Surge age, et haec laetus longaevo dicta parenti 169 
Hand dubitanda refer : Corythum terrasque requirat 
Ausonias. Dictaea negat tibi luppiter arva." 
Talibus attonitus visis et voce deorum — 
Nee sopor illud erat, sed coram agnoscere vultus 
Velatasque comas praesentiaque ora videbar ; 
Turn gelidus toto manabat corpore sudor — 175 

Corripio e stratis corpus, tendoque supinas 
Sank^offer* ^^ caclum cum vocc uiauus, et munera libo 
iog. Intemerata focis. Perfecto laetus honore 

Anchisen facio certum, remque ordine pando. 
Agnovit prolem ambiguam geminosque parentes, 180 
Seque novo veterum deceptum errore locorum. 
Turn memorat : " Nate, Iliacis exercite fatis, 
Sola mihi talis casus Cassandra canebat. 
Nunc repeto haec generi portendere debita nostro, 
Et saepe Hesperiam, saepe Itala regna vocare. 185 
Sed quis ad Hesperiae ventures litora Teucros 
Crederet ? aut quem turn vates Cassandra moveret ? 
Cedamus Phoebo, et moniti meliora sequamur." 
Sic ait ; et cuncti dicto paremus ovantes. 
Hanc quoque deserimus sedem, paucisque relictis 190 
Vela damns, vastumque cava trabe currimus aequor. 

They set sail again, but a storm drives them for three days helplessly. 
The fourth day they reach the Strophades, where the Three Harpies (foul, 

165. nunc fama. Arrange, nunc 173. nee sopor illud, " nor was that 

fama (est) minores dixisse gentem (ap- sleep." coram, " openly." 

pellatam) Italiam, etc. minores, "de- 178. intemerata, "pure." 

scendants." 183. This line is a fine instance of 

168. lasiusque pater. Vergil in- alliteration, 

vents him as a co-ancestor with^ 189. ovantes, "with sacrificial 

Dardanus. rites" = joyfully. *A sheep {ovis) 

was offered. 



VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER III. 113 

defiling, woman-headed birds) had been allowed to settle. The Trojans 
land, and, finding unclaimed flocks, prepare a feast, which the Harpies seize 
upon and defile. This occurs a second time. The Trojans try to slay them, 
but they prove invulnerable. Celaeno foretells to Aeneas that he will 
eventually reach Italy, but will not found the city till he shall in utter 
hunger have eaten the tables. The Trojans leave the foul isle, and, passing 
through the Ionian Sea to Actium, celebrate games there in honor of Jove ; 
thence they proceed to the city Buthrotus. (11. 192-293.) 

NEWS OF HELENUS AND ANDROMACHE. 

* Hie in credi bills rerumfama occupat auris, 
Priamiden Helenum Graias regnare per urbes, 295 
Coniiigio Aeacidae Pyrrhi sceptrisque potitum, 
Et patrio Andromaclien iterum cessisse marito. 
Obstipui, miroque incensum pectus amore, 
Compellare virum et casus cognoscere tantos. 
Progredior portu, classis et litora linquens ; 300 

Sollemnis cum forte dapes et tristia dona 
Ante urbem in luco falsi Simoentis ad undam 
He lands where Libabat cineri Andromache, Manisque vocabat 

Andromache 13 ... 

performing Hcctoreum ad tumulum, viridi quem caespite inanem 

mortuary rites. ^ \ ^ ^ ^ 

Et geminas, causam lacrimis, sacraverat aras. 305 
Ut me conspexit venientem et Troia circun: 
Arma amens vidit, magnis exterrita monstris 
She faints at Dcrio^uit visu in medio, calor ossa reliquit ; 

the sight of ^ ' ^ > 

Aeneas. Labitur, et longo vix tandem tempore fatur : 

" Verane te facies, verus mihi nuntius adfers, 310 
Nate dea ? vivisne ? aut, si lux alma recessit, 
Hector ubi est?" dixit, lacrimasque elFudit et omnem 
Implevit clamore locum. Vix pauca furenti 

297. et patrio Andromachen, "and 303. Manisque voeahat, "and was 

that Andromache had married again, invoking his shade at the cenotaph, 

(and) a fellow-countryman." of Hector." 

300. portu. Supply in, ^ 173, re- 304. quem inanem, " which (ceno- 
mark. taph) of green turf," § 160, r. 4. 

301. cum forte, "just at the time 308. derigiiit visu in medio, "she 
when." fainted at the sight." 

302. falsi Simoentis, "the so-called 311. si recessit lux alma, "if the 
Simois" — i. e. after the Trojan Si- lovely daylight has failed me " — i.e. 
mois. if I am dead. 

8 



114 



VEBGILI AENEIS— LIBER III. 



Subicio, et raris turbatus -vocibus hisco : 314 

"Vivo equidem, vitamque extrema per omnia duco ; 
Ne dubita, nam vera vides. 
Heu ! quis te casus deiectam coniuge tanto 

His questions. Excipit ? aut quae digna satis fortuna revisit ? 

Hectoris Andromache Pyrrhin' conubia servas ?" 
Deiecit vultum et demissa voce locuta est : 320 

" O felix una ante alias Priameia virgo, 
Hostilem ad tumulum Troiae sub moenibus altis 
lussa mori, quae sortitus non pertulit ullos, 

Her sad tale. Ncc victoris cri tetigit captiva cubile ! 

Nos, patria incensa, diversa per aequora vectae 325 
Stirpis Achilleae fastus iuvenemque superbum, 
Servitio enixae, tulimus ; qui deinde, secutus 
Ledaeam Hermionen Lacedaemoniosque hymenaeos, 
Me famulo famulamque Heleno transmisit habendam. 
Ast ilium, ereptae magno inflammatus amore 330 
Coniugis et scelerum Furiis agitatus, Orestes 
Excipit incautum patriasque obtruncat ad aras. 
Morte Neoptolemi regnorum reddita cessit 
Pars Heleno, qui Chaonios cognomine campos 
Chaoniamque omnem Troiano a Chaone dixit, 335 
Pergamaque Iliacamque iugis banc addidit arcem. 
Sed tibi qui cursum venti, quae fata dedere ? 
Aut quisnam ignarum nostris deus appulit oris ? 
Quid puer Ascanius ? superatne ? et vescitur aura. 
Quae tibi iam Troia — ■ 340 

Ecqua tamen puero est amissae cura parentis ? 
Ecquid in antiquam virtutem animosque virilis 



Helenus is 
made king, 



315. duco vitam., etc., '' I pass my life 
amidst the greatest dangers." 

317. deiectam, "cast down" (from 
the rank of) so great a husband. 

319. conuhm. Aeneas courteously 
refers to her being assigned as a 
prize to Pyrrhus. 

321. Priame'ia virgo, i. e. Polyxena, 
whom Pyrrhus sacrificed at Achil- 
les' tomb. 



330. ereptae coniugis. Pyrrhus mar- 
ried Hermione, who had been be- 
trothed to her cousin Orestes. 

332. incautum, "unawares." 

333. cessit Heleno. An assigned 
portion of the kingdom fell to He- 
lenus for his faithfulness. 

341. ecqua. What longing for his 
lost mother! Andromache intui- 
tively knows of Creiisa's death. 



VEBGILI AENEIS—LTBER HI. 115 

Et pater Aeneas et avunculus excitat Hector?" 
Talia fundebat lacrimans longosque ciebat 
Incassum fletus, cum sese a moenibus heros 345 

Heienus re- Priamidcs multis Helenus comitantibus adfert, 

ceivesaiid , ,. . , . 

enteitaius Agnoscltque suos, laetusquc ad iimma ducit, 

Et multum lacrimas verba inter singula fundit. 
Procedo, et parvam Troiam simulataque magnis 
Pergama et arentem Xanthi cognomine rivum 350 
Agnosco, Scaeaeque amplector limina portae. 
Nee non et Teucri socia simul urbe fruuntur. 
Illos porticibus rex accipiebat in amplis ; 
Aulai medio libabant pocula Bacchi, 
Impositis auro dapibus, paterasque tenebant. 355 

On the third day, when they leave, Helenus, at Aeneas' request, gives 
him advice. He will finally reach Italy, but after much wandering. He 
must first visit Sicily and descend to Hades. The omen which will tell 
him he has reached Italy will be the finding of a white sow with a litter 
of thirty pigs. On that spot he is to found a city. Helenus warns him 
that the Greeks hold the southern shores. He must sail farther on. Above 
all, he must placate Juno. He must consult the Sibyl, who will tell him 
more of the future. Loading Aeneas with costly gifts, he dismisses him. 
(11. 356-505.) 

THEY SET SAIL FOR ITALY. 

* Provehimur pelago vicina Ceraunia iuxta, 
Unde iter Italiam cursusque brevissimus undis. 
Sol ruit interea et montes umbrantur opaci. 
Sternimur optatae gremio telluris ad undam, 
Sortiti remos, passimque in litore sicco 510 

Corpora curamus ; fessos sopor inrigat artus. 
Necdum orbem medium Nox Horis acta subibat : 

345. incassMm, *'in vain." Prob- 352. socia ttrS^-, "a common city" — 
ably a supine from careo. i. e. equal rights in it, ^ 167, 1. 

351. amplector, dep. It was a Eo- 354. a7dai medio, ^ 18, r. 2. Hold- 
man custom after a long absence to ing the pateras, they poured their 
salute the door-posts. libations. The dapibus refers to the 

ofi'erings to the gods. 



510. sortiii remos, "have chosen the rowers" as a watch. 

remicjes. 



116 



VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER III. 



Palinurus 
rouses them 
to continue 
the voyage. 



Anchises 
prayers. 



They see four 
steeds. 



The meaning 
of the omen. 



Haud segnis strato surgit Palinurus et oranis 

Explorat ventos, atque auribus aera captat ; 

Sidera cuncta notat tacito labentia caelo, 515 

Arcturum pluviasque Hyadas geminosque Triones, 

Armatumque auro circumspicit Oriona. 

Postquam cuncta videt caelo constare sereno, 

Dat clarum e puppi signum ; nos castra movemus, 

Tentamusque viam et velorum pandimus alas. 520 

lamque rubescebat stellis Aurora fugatis, 

Cum procul obscuros collis bumilemque videmus 

Italian!. " Italiam !" primus conclamat Achates, 

Italiam laeto socii clamore salutant. 

Turn pater Anchises magnum cratera corona 525 

Induit implevitque mero, divosque vocavit 

Stans celsa in puppi : 

" Di maris et terrae tempestatumque potentes, 

Ferte viam vento facilem et spirate secundi." 

' Crebrescunt optatae aurae, portusque patescit 530 
lam propior, templumque apparet in arce Minervae. 
Vela legunt socii, et proras ad litora torquent. 
Portus ab Euroo fluctu curvatus in arcum ; 
Obiectae salsa spumant aspargine cautes ; 
Ipse latet ; gemino demittunt brachia muro 535 

Turriti scopuli, refugitque ab litore templum. 
Quattuor hie, primum omen, equos in gramine vidi 
Tondentis campum late, candore nivali. 
Et pater Anchises: "Bellum, o terra hospita, portas; 
Bello armantur equi, bellum haec afmenta minan- 
tur. 540 

Sed tamen idem olim curru succedere sueti 
Quadrupedes, et frena iugo concordia ferre : 
Spes et pacis," ait. Tum numina sancta precamur 
Palladis armisonae, quae prima accepit ovantis, 



522. humilem Italiam, " low-lying 
Italy." 

529. secundi di, " ye succoring 
gods," 

532. legunt, " thej fnvV The port 



was Portus Veneris, near Hydruntum, 
in Apulia, now Porto Bradisco. 

537. primum omen, "first seen and 
of prime importance." The horse 
was sacred to Juno and to Neptune. 



VEBGILI AENEIS— LIBER III. 



117 



Aetua, 



and pass 
Chaivbdis, 



» 



They land aud j]t Capita ante aras Phrymo velamur amictu ; 545 

secretly offer ^ -' ^ ' _ 

to Juno. Praeceptisque Heleni, dederat quae maxima, rite 

lunoni Argivae iussos adolemus honores. 
Haud mora, continue perfectis ordine votis, 
Cornua velatarum obvertimus antennarum, 549 

Graiugenumque domos suspectaque linquimus arva. 

* Hinc sinus Herculei, si vera est fama, Tarenti 
Cernitur ; attollit se diva Lacinia contra, 
Caulonisque arces et navifragum Scylaceum. 

SIlTreach "" '"^^^^ procul c fluctu Triuacria cernitur Aetna, 

Et gemitum ingentem j^elagi pulsataque saxa 555 
Audimus longe fractasque ad litora voces, 
Exsultantque vada, atque aestu miscentur arenae. 
Et pater Ancliises : "Kimirum haec ilia Charybdis ; 
Hos Helenus scopulos, haec saxa horrenda canebat. 
Eripite, o socii, pariterque insurgite remis." 560 

Haud minus ac iussi faciunt, primusque rudentem 
Contorsit laevas proram Palinurus ad undas ; 
Laevam cuncta cohors remis ventisque petivit. 
Tollimur in caelum curvato gurgite, et idem 
Subducta ad Manis imos desedimus unda. 565 

Ter scopuli clamorem inter cava^ saxa dedere ; 
Ter spumam elisam et rorantia vidimus astra. 
Interea fessos ventus cum sole reliquit, 
Ignarique viae Cyclopum adlabimur oris. 569 

' Portus ab accessu ventorum immotus et ingens 
Ipse ; sed horrificis iuxta tonat Aetna minis, 
Interdumque atram prorumpit ad aethera nubem, 
Turbine fumantem piceo et candente favilla, 
Attollitque globos flammarum et sidera lambit; 
Interdum scopulos avulsaque viscera montis 575 

Erigit eructans, liquefactaque saxa sub auras 
Cum gemitu glomerat, fundoque exaestuat imo. 
Fama est Enceladi semustum fulmine corpus 



Aetna in 
eruption 



545. velamur (used reflexively), 
"we veil for oui-selves our heads" 
— i.e. for the rites. amictu, "the 
Phrygian covering," or cap. 



547. adolemus, "we offer the or- 
dered fuming sacrifices." adoleo = 
to give forth a smell. 



118 VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER III. \ 

Urgeri mole hac, ingentemque insuper Aetnam 
Impositam ruptis flammam exspirare caminis ; 580 
Et fessum quotiens mutet latus, intremere omnem 
Murmure Trinacriam, et caelum subtexere fumo. 
Noctem illam tecti silvis immania monstra 
Perferimus, nee, quae sonitum det causa, videmus ; 
Nam neque erant astrorum ignes, nee lucidus 
aethra 585 

Siderea polus, obscuro sed nubila caelo, 
Et Lunam in nimbo nox intempesta tenebat. 
* Postera iamque dies primo surgebat Eoo, 
Umentemque Aurora polo dimoverat umbram : 
Achae^e'liides ^^™ subito e silvis, macie confecta suprema, 590 
iu wietched Ignoti uova forma viri miserandaque cultu 
Procedit supplexque manus ad litora tendit. 
Kespicimus. Dira inluvies immissaque barba, 
Consertum tegumen spinis ; at cetera Grains, 
Et quondam patriis ad Troiam missus in armis. 595 
Isque ubi Dardanios habitus et Troia vidit 
Arma procul, paulum aspectu conterritus haesit, 
Continuitque gradum ; mox sese ad litora praeceps 
Cum fletu precibusque tulit : " Per sidera testor, 
He begs the Per superos atouc hoc caeli spirabile lumcn, 600 

Trojans to res- . 

cue him, Tollitc me, Teucri ; quascumque abducite terras ; 
Hoc sat erit. Scio me Danais e classibus unum, 
Et bello Iliacos fateor petiisse Penates. 
Pro quo, si sceleris tanta est iniuria nostri, 604 

Spargite me in fluctus, vastoque immergite ponto. 
Si pereo, hominum manibus periisse iuvabit." 
Dixerat, et genua am plexus genibusque volutans 

579. Arrange, ingentemque Aetnam 588.- posf era fZies, ^ 49, r. 2. 
in super impositam. exspirare, etc. 591. miser anda cultu, " pitiably 

581. mutet, "may turn." clad," ? 168, E. xxxv.; ? 155, r. 2. 

582. Trinacriam is subj. of both 594. cetera, "in other respects," 
intremere and suUexere. § 155, E. xxv. 

583. illam noctem, " that whole 605. spargite, " strew my torn 
night," ^153, E, xxiii. monstra, limbs." immergite, " -plunge vne nn- 
"horrid sights." der." 



VERGILT AEyETS— LIBER III. 119 

Haerebat. Qui sit, fari, quo sanguine cretus, 
Hortamur ; quae deinde agitet fortuna, fateri. 609 
Ipse pater dextram Anchises, haud multa moratus, 
Dat iuveni, atque aniraum praesenti pignore firmat. 
Ille haec, deposita tandem formidine, fatur : 
His story. "Sum patria ex Ithaca, comes infelicis Ulixi, 

Nomine Achaemenides, Troiam genitore Adamasto 
Paupere — mansissetque utinam fortuna ! — profectus. 
Hie me, dum trepidi crudelia limina linquunt, 616 
Immemores socii vasto Cyclopis in antro 
Deseruere. Domus sanie dapibusque cruentis, 
Intus opaca, ingens. Ipse arduus, altaque pulsat 
Sidera — Di, talem terris avertite pestem ! — 620 

Nee visu facilis nee dictu adfabilis ulli. 
Visceribus miserorum et sanguine vescitur atro. 
Vidi egomet, duo de numero cum corpora nostro 
Prensa manu magna medio resupinus in antro 
Frangeret ad saxum, sanieque exspersa natarent 625 
Limina ; vidi atro cum membra flueutia tabo 
Manderet, et tepidi tremerent sub dentibus artus. 
Haud impune quidem ; nee talia passus Ulixes, 
Oblitusve sui est Ithacus discrimine tanto. 
Nam simul expletus dapibus vinoque sepultus 630 
Cervicem inflexam posuit, iacuitque per antrum 
Immensus, saniem eructans et frusta cruento 
Per somnum commixta mero, nos, magna precati 
Numina sortitique vices, una undique circum 
Fundimur, et telo lumen terebramus acuto, 635 

Ingens, quod torva solum sub fronte latebat, 
Argolici clipei aut Phoebeae lampadis instar, 
Et tandem laeti sociorum ulciscimAir umbras. 
Sed fugite, o miseri, fugite, atque ab litore funem 
Rumpite. 640 

603. qui sit. gul questious his na- 629. sui, "of himself" — i.e. his 
tionality, etc, resources of escape, ^ 135 (b). 

619. opaca, "dark within," both 639. Trepidation is finely express- 
gloomy aud dark with blood-smears, ed in these four lines. Note the 

effect of omitting tales quantique. 



120 



VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER III. 



Pol j'ph emus 
appears. 



Heariug the 
I'rojans, he 
shouts for his 
Lruthers. 



Nam qualis quantusque cavo Polyphemus in antro 

Lanigeras claudit pecudes atque ubera pressat, 

Centum alii curva haec habitant ad litora vulgo 

Infandi Cyclopes, et altis montibus errant. 

Tertia iam Lunae se cornua Uimine complent, 645 

Cum vitam in silvis inter deserta ferarum 

Lustra domosque traho, vastosque ab rupe Cyclopas 

Prospicio, sonitumque pedum vocemque tremesco. 

Victum infelicem, bacas lapidosaque corna, 

Dant rami, et vulsis pascunt radicibus herbae. 650 

Omnia conlustrans, banc primum ad litora classem 

Conspexi venientem. Huic me, quaecumque fuisset, 

Addixi : satis est gentem efFugisse nefandam. 

Vos animam banc potius quocumque absumite 

leto." 
' Vix ea fatus erat, summo cum monte videmus 655 
Ipsum inter pecudes vasta se mole moventem 
Pastorem Polyphemum et litora nota petentem, 
Monstrum horrendum, informe, ingens, cui lumen 

ademptum. 
Trunca manu pinus regit, et vestigia firmat ; 
Lanigerae comitantur oves ; ea sola voluptas 660 
Solamenque mali. 

Postquam altos tetigit fluctus et ad aequora venit, 
Luminis eiFossi fluidum lavit inde cruorem, 
Dentibus infrendens gemitu, graditurque per aequor 
lam medium, necdum fluctus latera ardua tinxit. 665 
Nos procul inde fugam trepidi celerare, recepto 
Supplice sic merito, tacitique incidere funem ; 
Yerrimus et proni certantibus aequora remis. 
Sensit, et ad sonitum vocis vestigia torsit. 
Verum ubi nulla datur dextra adfectare potestas 670 
Nee potis lonios fluctus aequare sequendo, 



653. addixi, future in force. It 
occurs in the order selling a debtor 
for his debts. 

658. This is a famous example of 



elision, Milton has imitated the 
next line (P. L., i., 284). 

670. dextra adfectare, "to grasp 
with his hand." 

671. poiis, sc. est. 



VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER III., IV. 121 

Clamorem immensum tollit, quo pontus et omnes 
Contremuere undae,. penitusque exterrita tellus 
Italiae, curvisque immugiit Aetna cavernis. 
At genus e silvis Cyclopum et montibus altis 675 
Excitum ruit ad portus et litora complent. 
Cernimus adstantis nequiquam lumine torvo 
Aetnaeos fratres, caelo capita alta ferentis, 
Concilium horrendum : quales cum vertice celso 
Aeriae quercus, aut coniferae cyparissi 680 

Constiterunt, silva alta lovis, lucusve Dianae. 
Praecipitis metus acer agit quocumque rudentis 
Excutere, et ventis intendere vela secundis.' 

Aeneas passes between Scylla and Charybdis, and sails by several well- 
known places in Sicily till he reaches Drepanum, where Anchises dies. 
Here Aeneas ends his recital. (11. 684-718.) 



LIBER IV. 

Dido, now passionately in love with Aeneas, under the advice of her 
sister Anna has decided to consent to a marriage with the Trojan hero. 
Juno and Venus devise the hunt by which to accomplish it. Fame report- 
ing it eveiywhere, Jupiter sends Mercury to order Aeneas to leave Car- 
thage at once for Italy. Dido discovers the preparations Aeneas is making, 
and a stormy interview takes place. In despair she determines on suicide, 
and, under pretext of magical rites by which to be rid of her passion, she 
erects a pyre. When at daybreak she sees the Trojan fleet sailing out of 
the harbor, after uttering a fearful prophecy of woe upon Aeneas she slays 
herself upon the pyre. 

At regina gravi iamdudum saucia cura 
Vulnus alit venis, et caeco carpitur igni. 
Multa viri virtus animo, multusque recursat 
hertist^r"^** Gcntis liouos ; hacrent infixi pectore vultus 

Verbaque, nee placidam membris dat cura quietem. 5 
Postera Phoebea lustrabat lampade terras 
Umentemque Aurora polo dimoverat umbram, 

6. postera Aurora, "the next day- 7. umentem, "dewy." 
dawn." 



122 VEROILI AENEIS— LIBER IV. 

Cum sic unanimam adloquitur male sana sororem : 
* Anna soror, quae me suspensam insomnia terrent ! 
Quis novus hie nostris successit sedibus hospes ! 10 
Quern sese ore ferens ! quam forti pectore et armis ! 
Credo equidem, nee van a fides, genus esse deorum. 
Degeneres animos timer arguit. Heu, quibus ille 
lactatus fatis ! quae bella exhausta canebat ! 
Si mihi non animo fixum immotumque sederet, 15 
Ne cui me vinclo vellem sociare iugali, 
Postquam primus amor deceptam morte fefellit ; 
Si non pertaesum thalami taedaeque fuisset, 
Huic uni forsan potui succumbere culpae. 
Anna — fatebor enim — miseri post fata Sychaei 20 
Coniugis et sparsos fraterna caede Penates, 
Solus hie inflexit sensus, animumque labantera 
Impulit. Agnosco veteris vestigia flammae. 
Sed mihi vel tellus optem prius ima dehiscat, 24 

Vel Pater omnipotens adigat me fulmine ad umbras, 
Pallentis umbras Erebi noctemque profundam, 
Ante, Pudor, quam te violo, aut tua iura resolvo. 
Ille meos, primus qui me sibi iunxit, amores 
Abstulit ; ille habeat secum servetque sepulcro.' 
Sic effata sinum lacrimis implevit obortis. 30 

Anna's advice. Anna rcfcrt : ' O luce magis dilecta sorori, 
Solane perpetua maerens carpere iuventa, 
Nee dulcis natos, Veneris nee praemia noris ? 
Id cinerem aut Manis credis curare sepultos? 
Esto : aegram nulli quondam flexere mariti, 35 

Non Libyae, non ante Tyro ; despectus larbas 
Ductoresque alii, quos Africa terra triumphis 
Dives alit : placitone etiam pugnabis amori ? 

Dido's political Nee venit in mentem, quorum consederis arvis? 

diflBculties. 

Hinc Gaetulae urbes, genus insuperabile bello, 40 

11. qaem ! sese ore ferens. queni is Her tears (1. 30) show her weakness, 

attracted to sese in place of agreeing Cf. culpam (1. 172), 

with ferens. 31. sorori, " to your sister." 

19. culpae. It was her pride to be 35. aegram, "longing for" Sy- 

constant to the memory of Sychaeus. chaeus. 



VEBGILI AENEIS— LIBER IV. 123 

Et Numidae infreni cingunt et inhospita Syrtis ; 

Hinc deserta siti regio, lateque fureiites 

Barcaei. Quid bella Tyro surgentia dicam, 

Germauique miiias ? 

Dis eqiiidem auspicibus reor et lunone secunda 45 

Hunc cursum Iliacas vento tenuisse carinas. 

Quam tu urbem, soror, banc cernes, quae surgere 

regna 
Coniugio tali ! Teucrum comitantibus armis, 
Punica se quantis attollet gloria rebus ! 
Tu modo posce deos veniam, sacrisque litatis 50 

Indulge hospitio, causasque innecte morandi, 
Dum pelago desaevit hiems et aquosus Orion, 
Quassataeque rates, dum non tractabile caelum.' 

Dido, now swept away by her love, offers sacrifices and vows to Ceres, 
Apollo, and, chiefly, to Juno. Then listlessly she attends to her public 
duties, exhibits her treasures to Aeneas, or wanders in solitary musings. 
Venus and Juno now agree that the marriage shall take place, and arrange 
to make it irrevocable. (11. 54-128.) 

THE HUNT. 

Oceanum interea surgens Aurora reliquit. 
It portis iubare exorto delecta iuventus ; 130 

Retia rara, plagae, lato venabula ferro, 
Massyliqae ruunt equites et odora canum vis. 
Reginam thalamo cunctantem ad limina primi 
Poenorum exspectant, ostroque insignis et auro 
Stat sonipes ac frena ferox spumantia mandit. 135 
Tandem progreditur magna stipante caterva, 
Sidoniam picto chlamydem circumdata limbo ; 
Cui pharetra ex auro ; crines nodantur in aurum ; 
Aurea purpuream subnectit fibula vestem. 

50. posce deos veniam, § 151, E. xxi. 



137. Sidoniam, M"'. E. xxv. and 138. cui, ^146, r. 2, 3. 
r. 2. picto limbo, "with an embroi- 
dered border." 



124 VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER IV. 

Nee non et Phrygii comites et laetus lulus 140 

Incedunt. Ipse ante alios pulcherrimus omnis 
Infert se socium Aeneas atque agmina iungit. 
Qualis ubi hibernam Lyciam Xanthique fluenta 
Deserit ac Delum maternam invisit Apollo, 
Instauratque choros, mixtique altaria circum 145 
Cretesque Dryopesque fremunt pictique Agatbyrsi ; 
Ipse iugis Cynthi graditur, mollique fluentem 
Fronde premit crinem fingens atque implicat auro, 
Tela SQTT^^t umeris : baud illo segnior ibat 
Aeneas ; tantum egregio decus enitet ore. 150 

Postquam altos ventum in montis atque invia lustra. 
Ecce ferae, saxi deiectae vertice, caprae 
Decurrere iugis ; alia de parte patentis 
Transmittunt cursu campos atque agmina cervi 154 
Pulverulenta fuga glomerant montisque relinquunt. 
At puer Ascanius mediis in vallibus acri 
Gaudet equo, iamque bos cursu, iam praeterit illos, 
Spumantemque dari pecora inter inertia votis 
Optat aprum, aut fulvum descendere monte leonem. 
Interea magno misceri murmure caelum 160 

Incipit ; insequitur comraixta grandine nimbus ; 
The storm. Et Tyrii comites passim et Troiana inventus 
Dardani usque nepos Veneris diversa per agros 
Tecta metu petiere ; ruunt de montibus amnes. 
Speluncam Dido dux et Troianus eandem 165 

Deveniunt. Prima et Tellus et pronuba luno 
Dant signum ; fulsere ignes et conscius aether 
Conubiis, sumraoque ulularunt vertice Nyraphae. 
Ille dies primus leti primusque malorum 
Causa fuit ; neque enim specie famave movetur, 170 
Nee iam furtivum Dido meditatur amorem ; 
Coniugium vocat ; hoc praetexit nomine culpam. 
Extemplo Libyae magnas it Fama per urbes — 

Description of -,^ , t i i • n 

Fame. b ama malum, qua non aliud velocius ullum ; 

148, fronde, " with a leafy crown." 158, inertia pecora, " dull-moving 
154. transmittunt, for transeunt. herds." 



VEBGILI AENEIS— LIBER IV. ' 125 

Mobilitate viget, viresque adquirit eundo ; 175 

Parva metu primo ; mox sese attollit in auras, 
Ingrediturque solo, et caput inter nubila condit. 
Illam Terra parens, ira inritata deorum, 
Extremam, ut perhibent, Coeo Enceladoque sororem 
Progenuit, pedibus celerem et pernicibus alis, 180 
Monstrum horrendum, ingens, cui, quot sunt corpora 

plumae, 
Tot vigiles oculi subter, mirabile dictu. 
Tot linguae, totidem ora sonant, tot subrigit auris. 
Nocte volat caeli medio terraeque, per umbram 
Stridens, nee dulci declinat lumina somno ; 185 

Luce sedet custos aut summi culmine tecti, 
Turribus aut altis, et magnas territat urbes, 
Tarn ficti pravique tenax, quam nuntia veri. 
Haec turn multiplici populos sermone replebat 
Gaudens et pariter facta atque infecta canebat : 190 
She tells Jar- ' Veuissc Acneau, Troiano sanguine cretum, 

has of the r-i > it . ,. . -r-v i 

rumor. Cui sc pulclira viro dignetur lungere Dido ; 

Nunc hiemem inter se luxu, quam longa, fovere 
Regnorum immemores turpique cupidine captos.' 
Haec passim dea foeda virum difFundit in ora. 195 
Protinus ad regem cursus detorquet larban, 
Incenditque animum dictis atque aggerat iras. 

larbas, son of Jove, who had claimed Dido, appeals to Jove, who sends 
Mercury to warh Aeneas that Italy, not Africa, is his fate. Mercury, 
equipped for his flight, comes to Aeneas as the latter is superintending 
some new building. (11. 198-258.) 



MERCURY S UPBRAIDINGS. 

Ut primum alatis tetigit magalia plantis, 
Aenean fundantem arces ac tecta novantem 260 

Conspicit. Atque illi stellatus iaspide fulva 
Ensis erat, Tyrioque ardebat murice laena 
Demissa ex umeris, dives quae munera Dido 
Fecerat et tenui telas discreverat auro. 
Continuo invadit : ' Tu nunc Carthaginis altae 265 



126 



VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER IV. 



Aeneas' sur- 
prise. 



His resolve. 



The queen, 



Fundamenta locas, pulchramque uxorius urbem 
Exstruis ? heu regni rerumque oblite tuarum ! 
Ipse deum tibi me claro demittit Olympo 
Regnator, caelum et terras qui numine torquet ; 
Ipse haec ferre iubet celeris mandata per auras ; 270 
Quid struis ? aut qua spe Libycis teris otia terris ? 
Si te nulla movet tantarum gloria rerum, 
Nee super ipse tua moliris laude laborem, 
Ascanium surgentem et spes heredis lull 
Respice, cui regnum Italiae Romanaque tellus 275 
Debentur.' Tali Cyllenius ore locutus 
Mortalis visus medio sermone reliquit, 
Et procul in tenuem ex oculis evanuit auram. 

At vero Aeneas aspectu obmutuit amens, 279 

Arrectaeque horrore comae, et vox faucibus haesit. 
Ardet abire fuga dulcisque relinquere terras, 
Attonitus tanto monitu imperioque deorum. 
Heu quid agat? quo nunc reginam ambire furen- 

tem 
Audeat adfatu ? quae prima exordia sumat ? 284 
Atque animum nunc hue celerem, nunc dividit illuc, 
In partisque rapit varias perque omnia versat. 
Haec alternanti potior sententia visa est : 
Mnesthea Sergestumque vocat fortemque Serestum, 
Classem aptent taciti sociosque ad litora cogant, 
Arma parent, et, quae rebus sit causa novandis, 290 
Dissimulent ; sese interea quando optima Dido 
Nesciat et tantos rumpi non speret amores, 
Tentaturum aditus, et quae mollissima fandi 
Tempora, quis rebus dexter modus. Ocius omnes 
Imperio laeti parent ac iussa facessunt. 295 

At regina dolos — quis fallere possit amantem ? — 
Praesensit, motusque excepit prima futuros. 



279. aspectu, supine, ? 186, B. 

283. furentem, "wholly frenzied' 
by her love. 

291. optima, "the royal Dido," re 
ferring to her rank. 



293. sese tentaturum depends on 
visa est (1. 287). 

295. facessunt, old intensive of 
facio; so capessere (1. 346). 



VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER IV. 



127 



Omnia tuta timens. Eadem impia Fama furenti 
Detulit armari classem cursumque parari. 

maddened, Saevit inops aniiiii, totamque incensa per urbem 300 
Bacchatur, qualis commotis excita sacris 
Thyias, ubi audito stimulant trieterica Baccho 
Orgia nocturnusque vocat clamore Cithaeron. 
Tandem his Aenean compellat vocibus ultro : 

' Dissimulare etiam sperasti, perfide, tantum 305 

a^eais to PossB nefas, tacitusquc mea decedere terra ? 

Nee te noster amor, nee te data dextera quondam, 

Nee moritura tenet crudeli funere Dido ? 

Quin etiam hiberno moliris sidere classem, 

Et mediis properas aquilonibus ire per altum, 310 

Crudelis ? Quid ? si non arva aliena domosque 

Her plea. Iguotas peteres, et Troia antiqua maneret, 

Troia per undosum peteretur classibus aequor ? 
Mene fugis? Per ego has lacrimas dextramque 
tuam te ; 314 

Quando aliud mihi iam miserae nihil ipsa reliqui — 
Per conubia nostra, per inceptos hymenaeos. 
Si bene quid de te merui, fuit aut tibi quicquam 
Dulce meum, miserere domus labentis, et istam, 
Oro, si quis adhuc precibus locus, exue mentem. 
Te propter Libycae gentes Nomadumque tyranni 320 
Odere, infensi Tyrii ; te propter eundem 
Exstinctus pudor et, qua sola sidera adibam, 
Fama prior. Cui me moribundam deseris, hospes ? 
Hoc solum nomen quoniam de coniuge restat. 324 
Quid moror ? an mea Pygmalion dum moenia frater 
Destruat, aut captam ducat Gaetulus larbas? 
Saltem si qua mihi de te suscepta fuisset 
Ante fugam suboles, si quis mihi parvulus aula 



302. Thyias, " like some Bacchante 
frenzied by the sacred preparations." 
Thyias is a Greek word for a wild 
worshipper of Bacchus. 

310. mediis aquilonibus, " midst of 
wintry storms." 



318. miserere domus labentis, "pity 
a failing house," ^ 135 (c). 

321. te propter eundem, " because 
thy very self." eundem, emphatic 
after te propter. 



128 VEBGILI AENEIS— LIBER IV. 

Luderet Aeneas, qui te tamen ore referret, 
Non equidem omnino capta ac deserta viderer.' 330 
Dixerat. Ille lovis monitis immota tenebat 

defence LuHiina, et obnixus curam sub corde premebat. 

Tandem pauca refert : ' Ego te, quae plurima fando 
Enuraerare vales, numquam, Regina, negabo 
Promeritam ; nee me meminisse pigebit Elissae, 335 
Dum memor ipse mei, dum spiritus hos regit artus. 
Pro re pauca loquar. Neque ego banc abscondere 

furto 
Speravi, ne finge, fugam, nee coniugis umquam 

Alleges the Praeteiidi taedas aut haec in foedera veni. 

him, ^ ^^^^^ Me si fata meis paterentur ducere vitam 340 

Auspiciis et sponte mea componere curas, 
Urbem Troianam primum dulcisque meorum 
Reliquias colerem, Priami tecta alta manerent, 
Et recidiva manu posuissem Pergama victis. 
Sed nunc Italiam magnam Gryneus Apollo, 345 

Italiam Lyciae iussere capessere sortes ; 
Hie amor, haec patria est. Si te Carthaginis arces, 
Phoenissam, Libycaeque aspectus detinet urbis, 
Quae tandem, Ausonia Teucros considere' terra, 
Invidia est ? Et nos fas extera quaerere regna. 350 

and the visions Me patris Anchisae, quotiens umentibus umbris 

sent to him, -xt • , , , • , ■ 

JN OX operit terras, quotiens astra ignea surgunt, 
Admonet in somnis et turbida terret imago ; 
Me puer Ascanius capitisque iniuria cari, 
Quem regno Hesperiae fraudo et fatalibus arvis. 355 
and Mercury's [^unc ctiam iuterprcs divom, love missus ab ipso — 

message. ^ ^ 

Testor utrumque caput — celeris mandata per auras 
Detulit ; ipse deum manifesto in lumine vidi 
Intrantem muros, vocemque his auribus hausi. 
Desine meque tuis incendere teque querelis ; 360 

Italiam non sponte sequor.' 

332. curam, "his love;" so cura the western kingdom and of the pre- 

referred before to Dido's love for destined fields," ^ 160, E. xxvii. 

him. Z^l. testor utrumque caput/'' lsvfe2iT 

355. quem regno, *' whom I cheat of by your head and mine." 



VERGILT AENEIS— LIBER JV. 129 

Talia dicentem iamdudum aversa tuetur, 
Hue illuc volvens oculos, totumque pererrat 
Luminibus tacitis, et sic accensa profatur : 364 

Dido's bitter * Nec tibi diva parens, generis nee Dardanus auctor, . 
Perfide ; sed duris genuit te cautibus horrens 
Caucasus, Hyrcanaeque admorunt ubera tigres. 
Nam quid dissimulo? aut quae me ad maiora re- 
servo? 
Num fletu ingemuit nostro ? num lumina flexit ? 
Num lacrimas victus dedit, aut miseratus amantera 
est? 370 

Quae quibus anteferam ? lam iam nee maxima luno, 
Nee Saturnius haec oculis pater aspicit acquis. 
Nusquam tuta fides. Eiectum litore, egentem 
Excepi et regni demens in parte locavi ; 
Amissam classem, socios a morte reduxi. 375 

Heu furiis incensa feror ! Nunc augur Apollo, 
Nunc Lyciae sortes, nunc et love missus ab ipso 
Interpres divom fert horrida iussa per auras. 
Scilicet is Superis labor est, ea cura quietos 
Sollicitat. Neque te teneo, neque dicta refello ; 380 
I, sequere Italiam ventis, pete regna per undas. 
Spero equidem mediis, si quid pia numina possunt, 
Supplicia hausurum scopulis, et nomine Dido 
Saepe vocaturum. Sequar atris ignibus absens, 
Et, cum frigida mors anima seduxerit artus, 385 

Omnibus umbra locis adero. Dabis, improbe, poenas. 
Audiam, et haec Manis veniet mihi fama sub imos.' 
His medium dictis sermonem abrumpit, et auras 
Aegra fugit, seque ex oculis avertit et aufert, 389 
Linquens multa metu cunctantem et multa parantem 
Dicere. Suscipiunt famulae, conlapsaque membra 
Marmoreo referunt thalamo stratisque reponunt. 

367. admorunt = admoverunt. 390. cunctantem. Supply sermonem : 

369. num. Note the fine use of "leaving her speech struggling in 

num — "did he?" §81, 3. dread, and yet wishing to say many 

371. quae quibus anteferam^ "what things." 

shall I choose to utter first?" 
9 



130 VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER IV. 

Aeneas hurries forward his preparations. In her grief Dido accuses her 
sister of abetting her love, and sends her to plead with Aeneas ; but he 
may not yield. Dido resolves on death, and secretly performs solemn 
rites. She hears Sichaeus calling her, and she dreams...of Aeneas. She 
madly devises many futile plans. Her final resolve is to die. This out- 
wardly calms her, and she asks her sister to aid in erecting a pyre on 
which to burn, with magic ceremonies, Aeneas' gifts. (11. 393-503.) 

THE RITUAL AT THE PYRE. 

At regina, pyra penetrali in sede sub auras . 
Erecta ingenti taedis atque ilice secta, 505 

Intenditque locum sertis et fronde coronat 
Funerea ; super exuvias ensemque relictum 
Effigiemque toro locat, baud ignara futuri. 
Stant arae circum, et crinis effusa sacerdos 
Ter centum tonat ore deos, Erebumque Chaosque 510 
Tergeminamque Hecaten, tria virginis ora Dianae. 
Sparserat et latices simulatos fontis Averni, 
Falcibus et messae ad Lunam quaeruntur aeuis 
Pubentes herbae nigri cum lacte veneni ; 
Quaeritur et nascentis equi de fronte revulsus 515 
Et matri praereptus amor. 
Ipsa mola manibusque piis altaria iuxta, 
Unum exuta pedem vinclis, in veste recincta, 
Testatur moritura deos et conscia fati 
Sidera ; turn, si quod non aequo foedere amantis 520 
Curae numen habet iustumque memorque, precatur. 

Nox erat, et placidum carpebant fessa soporem 
Corpora per terras — silvaeque et saeva quierant 

510. ter centum tonat deos. She in- mother (could get it), and torn from 

vokes all the deities of the under- the forehead of a young colt." It 

world. was an excrescence of flesh on the 

512. simulatos, "pretended." So forehead of a new-dropped colt which 
the priests of Isis in Eome, using was esteemed as a powerful ingre- 
the water of the Tiber, pretended dient in a love-charm. 

it was from the Nile. 518. unum exuta pedem vinclis/^ one 

513. Arrange, herbae pubentes cum foot bared of a sandal." 

lacte nigri veneni, et messae falcibus 520. Arrange, si quod numen iustum 

aenis ad Lunam, quaeruntur. memorque, habet, curae, amantis non 

516. matri praereptus amor, " the aequo foedere tum {hos) precatur. 
amor (hippomanes) seized before the 



VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER IV. 131 

Aequora — cum medio volvuntur sidera lapsu, .524 
Cum tacet omnis ager ; pecudes pictaeque volucres, 
Quaeque lacus late liquidos, quaeque aspera dumis 
no?esuo°^^ Rura tenent, somno positae sub nocte silenti 
i^i'^*^- I^enibant curas, et corda oblita laborum. 

At non infelix animi Phoenissa, nee umquam 
Solvitur in somnos, oculisve aut pectore noctem 530 
Accipit : ingeminant curae, rursusque resurgens 
Saevit amor, magnoque irarum fluctuat aestu. 
Sic adeo insistit, secumque ita corde volutat : 
Smo'^u^'^ ' ■'^^' ^^^^ ^S^ ^ rursusne procos inrisa priores 

Experiar, Nomadumque petam conubia supplex, 535 

Quos ego sim totiens iam dedignata maritos ? 

Iliacas igitur classis atque ultima Teucrum 

lussa sequar ? quiane auxilio iuvat ante levatos, 

Et bene apud memores veteris stat gratia facti ? 539 

Quis me autem, fac velle, sinet, ratibusve superbis 

Invisam accipiet ? nescis heu, perdita, necdum 

Laomedonteae sentis periuria gentis ? 

Quid tum ? sola fuga nautas comitabor ovantis ? 

An Tyriis omnique manu stipata meorum 

Inferar, et, quos Sidonia vix urbe revelli, 545 

Rursus agam pelago, et ventis dare vela iubebo ? 

Quin morere, ut merita es, ferroque averte dolorem. 

Tu lacrimis evicta meis, tu prima furentem 

His, germ an a, malis oneras atque obicis hosti. 

Non licuit thalami expertem sine crimine vitam 550 

Degere, more ferae, talis nee tangere curas ? 

Non servata fides, cineri promissa Sychaeo !' 

Tantos ilia suo rumpebat pectore questus. 

538. quiane iuvat eos ante levatos 540. fac (me) velle, "suppose I did 

esse, me auxilio, etc., " (shall I follow wish it." 

them) because they were well pleased 545. iw/(?ra,r, " shall follow" to at- 

to be aided by my help, and is the tack. 

gratitude of the deed welcome {stat 549. atque obicis liosti, " didst offer 

fteue) iu old memories?" Her hurried [me) to the foe." 
thoughts are imperfectly muttered 
in broken sentences. 



132 



VERGIL T AEN FAS— LIBER IV. 



Mercury appears to Aeneas and bids him sail at once, for he will be 
attacked by the angry Tyrians at daylight. Aeneas rouses the crews, and 
himself cuts the cables with his sword. (11. 554-583.) 



Dido sees the 
fleet. 



ly calls b 
Tyrians to 
arms. 



DIDO S DEATH. 

Et iam prima novo spargebat lumine terras 
Tithoni croceum linquens Aurora cubile. 585 

Regina e speculis ut primum albescere lucera 
Vidit et aequatis classem procedere velis, 
Litoraque et vacuos sensit sine remige portus, 
Terque quaterque manu pectus percussa decorum 
Flaventisque abscissa comas, ' Pro luppiter ! ibit 590 
Hie,' ait, ' et nostris inluserit advena regnis ? 

She indignant- Non arma expedient, totaque ex urbe sequentur, 
Deripientque rates alii navalibus ? Ite, 
Ferte citi flammas, date tela, impellite remos ! — 
Quid loquor ? aut ubi sum ? Quae mentem insania 
mutat ? 595 

Infelix Dido ! nunc te facta impia tangunt ? 
Tum decuit, cum sceptra dabas. — En dextra fidesque, 
Quem secum patrios aiunt portare Penates, 
Quem subiisse umeris confectum aetate parentem ! — 
Non potui abreptum divellere corpus et undis 600 

Her threats. Spargcrc ? non socios, non ipsum absumere ferro 

Ascanium, patriisque epulandum ponere mensis ? — 
Verum anceps pugnae fuerat fortuna. — Fuisset ; 
Quem metui moritura ? Faces in castra tulissem, 604 
■ Implessemque foros flammis, natumque patremque 
Cum genere exstinxem, memet super ipsa dedissem. — 
Sol, qui terrarum flammis opera omnia lustras. 
Tuque harum interpres curarum et conscia luno, 



591. inluserit, etc.," shall this stran- 
ger make a jest of our realms?" Note 
force of fut. perf. 

597. tum decuit {ut te tetigissent), 
"then ought they to have touched 
thee !" 

598. en. This passage is bitterly 
sarcastic — en quem! 



602. Ascanium. The horrid Thy- 
estean feast flits through her dis- 
torted fancy. 

604. tulissem, implessem . . . dedis- 
sem, a good example of the unreal 
conditional proposition, ^ 208. 

606. Arrange, ipsa dedissem memet 
{in) super in ignes. 



VERGILI AENKIS— LIBER IV. 



133 



She invokes 
the uether 
gods to fulfil 
tier prophetic 
curse. 



» 



The Tyrians 
shall hate his 
race. 



\ 



She dismisses 
her uurse. 



Nocturnisque Hecate triviis ululata per urbes, 

Et Dirae ultrices, et di morientis Elissae, 610 

Accipite haec, meritumque malis advertite numen, 

Et nostras audite preces. Si tangere portus 

Infandum caput ac terris adnare necesse est, 

Et sic fata lovis poscimt, hie terminus haeret : 

At bello audacis populi vexatus et armis, 615 

Finibus extorris, complexu avulsus luli, 

Auxilium imploret, videatque indigna suorum 

Funera ; nee, cum se sub leges pacis iniquae 

Tradiderit, regno aut optata luce fruatur ; 

Sed cadat ante diem mediaque inhumatus arena. 620 

Haec precor, banc vocem extremam cum sanguine 

fundo. 
Tum vos, o Tyrii, stirpem et genus omne futurura 
Exercete odiis, cinerique haec mittite nostro 
Munera. Nullus amor populis, nee foedera sunto. 
Exoriare aliquis nostris ex ossibus ultor, 625 

Qui face Dardanios ferroque sequare colonos, 
Nunc, olim, quocumque dabunt se tempore vires. 
Litora litoribus contraria, fluctibus undas 
Imprecor, arma armis ; pugnent ipsique nepotesque.' 
Haec ait, et partis animum versabat in omnis, 630 
Invisam quaerens quam primum abrumpere lucem. 
Tum breviter Barcen nutricem adfata Sychaei, — 
JSFamque suam patria antiqua cinis ater habebat, — 
* Annam, cara mihi nutrix hue siste sororem ; 
Die corpus properet iluviali spargere lympha, 635 
Et pecudes secura et monstrata piacula ducat ; 
Sic veniat ; tuque ipsa pia tege tempora vitta. 
Sacra lovi Stygio, quae rite incepta paravi, 
Perficere est animus, finemque imponere curis, 
Dardaniique rogum capitis permittere flammae.' 640 



623. mittite haec munera, "let these pres., ''do thou, O avenger!" etc.— 
be the honors paid our ashes." i. e. Hannibal. 

625. exoriare . . sequare, 2d per. sub. 635. die {id) properet, ^ 203, r. 2, 3. 

639. est animus, *' it is my purpose." 



134 VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER IV. 

Sic ait. Ilia gradum studio celerabat anili. 
She ascends ^t trepida, et coeptis immanibus efFera Dido, 

the pyre 7 . . . 

Sanguineam volvens aciem, maculisque trementis 
Interfusa genas, et pallida morte futura, 
Interiora domus inrumpit limina, et altos 645 

Conscendit furibunda rogos, ensemque recludit 
Dardanium, non bos quaesitum munus in usus. 
Hie, postquam Iliacas vestes notumque cubile 
Conspexit, paulum lacrimis et mente morata, 
Incubuitque toro, dixitque novissima verba : 650 
with a funeral ' Dulces exuviae, dum fata deusque sinebat, 

prayer, _ _ \ ^ ' 

Accipite banc animam, meque his exsolvite curis. 
Vixi, et, quern dederat cursum fortuna, peregi ; 
Et nunc magna mei sub terras ibit imago. 
Urbem praeclaram statui ; mea moenia vidi ; 655 
Ulta virum, poenas inimico a fratre recepi; 
Felix, heu nimium felix, si litora tantum 
Numquam Dardaniae tetigissent nostra carinae !' 
Dixit, et, OS impressa toro, ' Moriemur inultae — 659 
Sed moriamur,' ait. ' Sic, sic iuvat ire sub umbras. 
and stabs her- Hauriat huuc oculis iffuem crudelis ab alto 

self with ° 

Aeneas' Dardanus, et nostrae secum ferat omina mortis.' 

sword. T • TO 

Dixerat ; atque lUam media mter tana lerro 
Conlapsam aspiciunt comites, ensemque cruore 664 
Spumantem, sparsasque manus. It clamor ad alta 
Atria ; concussam bacchatur Fama per urbem. 
Lamentis gemituque et femineo ululatu 
• Tecta fremunt ; resonat magnis plangoribus aether : 
Non aliter, quam si immissis ruat hostibus omnis 669 
Carthago aut antiqua Tyros, flammaeque furentes 
Culmina perque hominum volvantur perque deorum. 
Audiit exanimis, trepidoque exterrita cursu 
Unguibus ora soror foedans et pectora pugnis 
Per medios ruit, ac morientem nomine clamat : 



641. ilia — i. e. nurse. 666. bacchatur Fama, " rumor runs 

654. magna mei imago, mei is em- wild," 
phatic. 



VEBGILI AENEIS— LIBER IV. 135 

' Hoc illud, germana, fuit ? me fraude petebas ? 675 
Anna's plaint. Hoc rogus iste mihi, hoc igues araeque parabant ? 
Quid primum deserta querar ? comitemne sororem 
Sprevisti moriens ? Eadem me ad fata vocasses ; 
Idem ambas ferro dolor, atque eadem hora tiilisset. 
His etiam struxi manibus, patriosque vocavi 680 
Voce deos, sic te ut posita crudelis abessem ? 
Exstinxti te meque, soror, populumque patresque 
Sidonios urbemque tuam. Date, vulnera lymphis 
Abluam, et, extremus si quis super halitus errat, 
Ore legam.' Sic fata gradus evaserat altos, 685 

Semianimemque sinu germanam amplexa fovebat 
Cum gemitu, atque atros siccabat veste cruores. 
S?ak!^^"^*° Ilia, gravis oculos conata attollere, rursus 
Deficit ; infixum stridit sub pectore vulnus. 
Ter sese attollens cubitoque adnixa levavit ; 690 

Ter revoluta toro est, oculisque errantibus alto 
Quaesivit caelo lucem, iiigemuitque reperta. 



I 



ids*to free Tum luuo omuipotens, longum miserata dolorem 

hei-^struggiiug Difficilisque obitus, Irim demisit Olympo, 694 

Quae luctautem animam nexosque resolveret artus. 

Nam quia nee fato, merita nee morte peribat, 

kSed misera ante diem, subitoque accensa furore, 
Nondum ilia flavum Proserpina vertice crinem 
Abstulerat, Stygioque caput damnaverat Oreo. 
Ergo Iris croceis per caelum roscida pennis, 700 

__ Mille trahens varies adverso sole colores, 

K Devolat, et supra caput adstitit : ' Hunc ego Diti 

Sacrum iussa fero, teque isto corpore solvo.' 
Sic ait, et dextra crinem secat : omnis et una 
Dilapsus calor, atque in ventos vita recessit. 705 

681. Arrange, ut {ego) crudelis ahes- maiden, to perform the last office — 

sem, te sic posita. i. e. to cut off a lock of the hair of a 

683. date, " bring hither " water. dying person {damnare caput Oreo) — 

689. stridit, "gurgles" with the which belonged to Proserpine. There 

internal bleeding. was a propriety in this, since Dido 

702. ego iussa, fero hunc sacrum, was Juno's special care. 
Diti, etc. Juno bade Iris, her hand- 



136 



VERGILI AENE1&-L1BEB V. 



LIBER V. 

Aeneas, leaving Africa, is driven by a second storm to Sicily. There, with 
tlxe aid of King Acestes, he celebrates the anniversary of Anchises' death 
with games. Juno, angry that her plots have failed, sends Iris to tempt 
the Trojan matrons to fire the ships. This they do, and four are burnt. 
Anchises, in a vision, directs Aeneas to found a city (Acesta) for the use- 
less members of his band, and to sail with the rest for Latium. Venus 
persuades Neptune to grant favoring winds, to which he consents on con- 
dition that one man shall be given him as a ransom for the safety of the 
fleet, and Somuus throws Palinurus overboard. 



They see tJie 
glow of the 
pyre. 



A storm 
threatens. 



Palinurus 
advises to 



Interea medium Aeneas iam classe tenebat 
Certus iter, fluctusque atros aquilone secabat, 
Moenia respiciens, quae iam infelicis Elissae 
Conlucent flammis. Quae tantum accenderit ignem, 
Causa latet ; duri magno sed amore dolores 5 

Polluto, notumque, furens quid femina possit, 
Triste per augurium Teucrorum pectora ducunt. 
Ut pelagus tenuere rates, nee iam amplius ulla 
Occurrit tellus, maria undique et undique caelum : 
Olli caeruleus supra caput adstitit imber, 10 

Noctem hiememque ferens, et inhorruit unda tenebris. 
Ipse gubernator puppi Palinurus ab alta : 
' Heu ! quianam tanti cinxerunt aethera nimbi ? 
Quidve, pater Neptune, paras ?' Sic deinde locutus 
Colligere arma iubet validisque incumbere remis, 15 
Obliquatque sinus in ventum, ac talia fatur : 
* Magnanime Aenea, non, si mihi luppiter aucto 
Spondeat, hoc sperem Italiam contingere caelo. 
Mutati transversa fremunt et vespere ab atro 
Consurgunt venti, atque in nubem cogitur aer. 20 



2. certus, " resolved in heart." 
5. Arrange, duri dolores magno 2>ol- 
luto amore — que notum (est) quid fu- 
rens femina possit — ducunt per triste, 
augurium, pectora Teucrorum. For 
the genitive force of the ablative 
amore, ^ 169, r. 2. polluto is used in 



a sacrificial rather than in a moral 
sense. 

10. olli, old form for illi, from ollus, 
refers to Palinurus. 

15. colligere arma, "to haul in on 
the tackling." 

18. sperem contingere, ^ 200, r. 2 ; 
^ 194, r. 1 (a). 



I 



VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER V. 137 

Nee nos obniti contra, nee tendere tantum 
Suffieimus. Superat quoniam Fortuna, sequamur, 
Quoque voeat, vertamus iter. Nee litora longe 

put in to Fida reor fraterna Erycis portusque Sicanos, 

Si modo rite memor servata remetior astra.' 25 

Turn pius Aeneas : ' Equidem sic poscere ventos 
lamdudum et frustra cerno te tendere contra. 
Flecte viam velis. An sit milii gratior ulla, 
Quove magis fessas optem demittere navis, 
Quam quae Dardanium tellus mihi servat Acesten, 30 
Et patris Anchisae gremio complectitur ossa ?' 
Haec ubi dicta, petunt portus, et vela secundi 
Intendunt Zepliyri ; fertur cita gurgite classis, 
Et tandem laeti notae advertuntur arenae. 

At procul ex celso miratus vertice montis 35 

Acestes meets Advcntum sociasquc rates occurrit Acestes, 
Horridus in iaculis et pelle Libystidis ursae, 
Tro'ia Criniso conceptum flumine mater 
Quern genuit. Veterum non immemor ille paren- 

tum 
Gratatur reduces et gaza laetus agresti 40 

Excipit, ac fessos opibus solatur amicis. 

Postera cum primo Stellas Oriente fugarat 
Clara dies, socios in coetum litore ab omni 

Aeneas insti- Advocat Aencas, tumulique ex apfsrere fatur : 

tntes SMcred _ , ^ ^° 

rites in honor ' Dardauidae magni, genus alto a sanguine divom, 45 
Annuus exactis completur mensibus orbis, 
Ex quo reliquias divinique ossa parentis 
Condidimus terra maestasque sacravimus aras. 
lamque dies, nisi fallor, adest, quem semper acerbum, 
Semper honoratum — sic di voluistis — habebo. • 50 
Hunc ego Gaetulis agerem si Syrtibus exsul, 

24. fida, a guest can trust so " hos- 37. Libystidis, Libyan, horridus, 

pitable shores." "bristling with." 

30. mihi, an ethical dative, ^145, 44. aggere. The agger was the 
r. 1. earthen wall of a siege-work ; here 

31. gremio, abl. of place. used for the top of a mound. 

33. gurgite. Supply super. 51. hunc ego Gaetulis agerem, " I 



138 VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER V. 

Argolicove mari deprensus et urbe Mycenae, 
Annua vota tamen sollemnisque ordine pompas 
Exsequerer, strueremque suis altaria donis. 
Nunc ultro ad cineres ipsius et ossa parentis, 55 

Haud equidem sine mente reor, sine numine divom, 
Adsumus et portus delati intramus amicos. 
Ergo agite, et laetum cuncti celebremus honorem ; 
Poscamus ventos, atque haec me sacra quotannis 
Urbe velit posita templis sibi ferre dicatis. 60 

Bina bourn vobis Troia generatus Acestes 
Dat numero capita in navis ; adhibete Penatis 
and appoints Et patrios cDulis ct Quos colit hospcs Acestes. 

a series of ^ ^ / ti i 

games. Practcrca, si nona diera mortalibus almum 

Aurora extulerit radiisque retexerit orbem, 65 

Prima citae Teucris ponam certamina classis ; 
Quique pedum cursu valet, et qui viribus audax 
Aut iaculo incedit melior levibusque sagittis, 
Seu crudo fidit pugnam committere caestu — 69 

Cuncti adsint, meritaeque exspectent praemia palmae. 
Ore favete omnes, et cingite tempora ramis.' 

He then visits his father's tomb and offers libations with prayer, A ser- 
pent appears and drains the bowls. Aeneas then sacrifices and holds a 
feast. On the ninth day the trumpet summons Trojans and Sicilians to 
the games. Four ships enter for the rowing-match. (11. 72-123.) 

AENEAS SETS THE TURNING-STAKE UPON A ROCK. 

Est procul in pelago saxum spumantia contra 
Litora, quod tumidis submersum tunditur olim 125 
Fluctibus, hiberni condunt ubi sidera Cori ; 

would observe this day, though an 60. velit, "Anchises will wish me 

exile amid the African Getuli." Syr- to offer to him," etc. 

tibus, gnlfs on the coast of Africa, = 61. bina bourn, "two bulls apiece 

African. for each ship." 

54. suis donis, " with its proper 64. nona Aurora, " the ninth 

offerings." dawn." 



125. olim, "sometimes." 126. Cori, " the north-west winds," 

= Cauri. 



VERGILI AENETS— LIBER V. 139 

Tranquillo silet, immotaque attollitur unda 
Campus, et apricis static gratissima mergis. 
Hie viridem Aeneas frondenti ex ilice metam 
Constituit sigiium nautis pater, unde reverti 130 

Scirent et longos ubi circumflectere cursus. 
uldr^phlcesf^^ Tum loca sorte legunt, ipsique in puppibus auro 
trum"ft-biast I-^^^tores longe effulgent ostroque decori ; 
Cetera populea velatur fronde inventus 
Nudatosque umeros oleo perfusa nitescit. 135 

Considunt transtris, intentaque brachia remis ; 
Intenti exspectant signum, exsultantiaque haurit 
Corda pavor pulsans laudumque arrecta cupido. 
Inde, ubi clara dedit sonitum tuba, finibus omnes, 
Hand mora, prosiluere suis ; ferit aethera clamor 140 
Nauticus, adductis spumant freta versa lacertis. 
Infindunt pariter sulcos, totumque dehiscit 
Convulsum remis rostrisque tridentibus aequor. 
Non tarn praecipites biiugo certamine campum 
Corripuere ruuntque effiisi carcere currus, 145 

Nee sie immissis aurigae undantia lora 
Concussere iugis pronique in verbera pendent. 
Tum plausu fremituque virum studiisque faventum 
Consonat omne nemus, vocemque inclusa volutant 
Litora, pulsati coUes clamore resultant. 150 

Effugit ante alios primisque elabitur undis 
iS ^^^ *^^ Turbam inter fremitumque Gyas ; quern deinde Clo- 
anthus 
Consequitur, melior remis, sed pondere pinus 
Tarda tenet. Post hos aequo diserimine Pristis 
Centaurusque locum tendunt superare priorem ; 155 
Et nunc Pristis habet, nunc victam praeterit ingens 
Centaurus, nunc una ambae iunctisque feruntur 
Frontibus et longa sulcant vada salsa carina. 

128. apricis mergis, "basking sea- of sailors and the orders of the 

fowl." captains." adductis lacertis, "with 

135. nudatosque umeros, ace. of liva- their arms brought back" — i.e. in 

itation. the stroke. 

141. nauticHS clamor, " the shouts 



140 



VEBGILI AENEIS— LIBER V. 



which his 

pilot loses. 



Cloanthiis 
passes him. 



Gyas pitches 
the pilot over- 
board. 



lamque propinquabant scopulo metamque tenebant, 
Cum princeps medioque Gyas in gurgite victor 160 
Rectorem navis compellat voce Menoeten : 
' Quo tantum mihi dexter abis ? hue dirige gressum ; 
Litus ama, et laevas stringat sine palmula cautes ; 
Altum alii teneant.' Dixit ; sed caeca Menoetes 
Saxa timens proram pelagi detorquet ad undas. 165 
' Quo diversus abis ?' iterum, ' Pete saxa, Menoete !' 
Cum clamore Gyas revocabat ; et ecce Cloanthum 
Respicit instantem tergo, et propiora tenentem. 
Ille inter navemque Gyae scopulosque sonantis 
Radit iter laevum interior, subitoque priorem 170 
Praeterit et metis tenet aequora tuta relictis. 
Turn vero exarsit iuveni dolor ossibus ingens, 
Nee lacrimis caruere genae, segnemque Menoeten, 
Oblitus decorisque sui sociumque salutis. 
In mare praecipitem puppi deturbat ab alta ; 175 
Ipse gubernaclo rector subit, ipse magister, 
Hortaturque viros, clavumque ad litora torquet. 
At gravis, ut fundo vix tandem redditus imo est, 
lam senior madidaque fluens in veste, Menoetes 
Summa petit scopuli siccaque in rupe resedit. 180 
Ilium et labentem Teucri et risere natantem, 
Et salsos rident revomentem pectore fluctus. 
Hie laeta extremis spes est accensa duobus, 
Sergesto Mnestheique, Gyan superare morantem. 184 
Sergestus capit ante locum scopuloque propinquat. 
Nee tota tamen ille prior praeeunte carina ; 
Parte prior ; partem rostro premit aemula Pristis. 



162. mihi, ethical dative, dexter 
agrees with tu, '^ 128, r. 10. 

163. sine {ut) laevas palmula stringat 
cautes. 

172. iuveni, ^ 148, r. 2, and note. 

176. ipse, etc., "he becomes pilot, 
he becomes master." 

178. fundo, etc., " so that he 
scarcely rose from the depth." 



181. risere rident, etc., " they 

laughed when Gyas threw him over; 

now they laugh at him sputtering 

out the salt water." 

184. morantem, " falling back." 
186. nee tota, etc., "he did not lead 

by a whole length, but only by a 

part." 



VEBOILI AENEIS— LIBER V. 141 

At media socios incedens nave per ipsos 
Mnestheus Hortatur Mnestheus : ' Nunc, nunc insurgite remis, 

urges his men -r-p ^ • •• rp • , 1 qa 

Hectorei socii, iroiae quos sorte suprema iyU 

Delegi comites ; nunc illas promite vires, 
Nunc animos, quibus in Gaetulis Syrtibus usi 
lonioque marl Maleaeque sequacibus undis. 
Non iam prima peto Mnestheus, neque vincere certo ; 
Quamquam o ! — Sed superent, quibus hoc, Neptune, 
dedisti ; 195 

to win. Extremes pudeat rediisse ; hoc vincite, cives, 

Et prohibite nefas.' Olli certamine summo 
Procumbunt ; vastis tremit ictibus aerea puppis, 
Subtrahiturque solum ; tum creber anhelitus artus 
Aridaque ora quatit ; sudor fluit undique rivis. 200 
Attulit ipse viris optatum casus honorem. 
Namque furens animi dum proram ad saxa suburget 

Sergestus' ship Interior spatioque subit Sergestus iniquo, 

is disabled. -_ ^ ,. . . , ., , 

inielix saxis m procurrenti bus naesit. 
Concussae cautes, et acuto in murice remi 205 

Obnixi crepuere, inlisaque prora pependit. 
Consurgunt nautae et magno clamore morantur, 
Ferratasque trudes et acuta cuspide contos 
Expediunt, fractosque legunt in gurgite remos. 
At laetus Mnestheus successuque acrior ipso, 210 
ThePristis Asrmine remorum celeri ventisque vocatis, 

passes ^ . . -^ . 

Prona petit maria et pelago decurrit aperto. 

Qualis spelunca subito commota columba, 

Cui domus et dulces latebroso in pumice nidi, 214 

Fertur in arva volans, plausumque exterrita pennis 

Dat tecto ingentem, mox aere lapsa quieto 

Eadit iter liquidum, celeris neque commovet alas : 

Sic Mnestheus, sic ipsa fuga secat ultima Pristis 

197. prohibite nefas, " avoid this dashed (against the rock\ hung hal- 

disgrace." anced." 

201. ipse casus attulit. Notice in 213. spelunca, " from, its ca,ye,^' ahl. 

1. 203 that interior (dexter in 1. 162) of place. 
agrees with Sergestus. 215. exterrita tecto, " frightened 

2QQ. inlisa prora pependit, ^^tliQho-w, from its home." 



142 VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER V. 

Aequora, sic illam fert impetus ipse volantem. 

Et primum in scopulo luctantem deserit alto 220 
the Centaur Sergestum brevibusque vadis frustraque vocantem 

Auxilia, et fractis discentem currere rerais. 
and the Inde Gvan ipsamque insjenti mole Chimaeram 

Chiniaera, and -^ ^ / ^ ^ 

presses upon Coiisequitur ; cedit, quoniam spoliata magistro est. 

Solus iamque ipso superest in fine Cloanthus : 225 
Quem petit, et summis adnixus viribus urguet. 
Turn vero ingeminat clamor, cunctique sequentem 
Instigant studiis, resonatque fragoribus aether. 
Hi propriura decus et partum indignantur honorem 
Ni teneant, vitamque volunt pro laude pacisci ; 230 
Hos successus alit : possunt, quia posse videntur. 
Et fors aequatis cepissent praemia rostris, 

Cloanthus JsTi palmas ponto tendens utrasque Cloanthus 

vows to the -^ . ^ . 

sea-gods, Fudissctquc preces, divosque m vota vocasset : 

*Di, quibus imperium pelagi est, quorum aequora 
curro, 235 

Vobis laetus ego hoc candentem in litore taurum 
Constituam ante aras, voti reus, extaque salsos 
Porriciam in fluctus et vina liquentia fundam.' 
Dixit, eumque imis sub fluctibus audiit omnis 
Nereidum Phorcique chorus Panopeaque virgo, 240 
Et pater ipse manu magna Portunus euntem 

and he wins. Impulit : ilia Noto citius volucrique sagitta 
Ad terram fiigit, et portu se condidit alto. 
Tum satus Anchisa, cunctis ex more vocatis, 
Victorem magna praeconis voce Cloanthum 245 

Declarat, viridique advelat tempora lauro ; 
Muneraque in navis ternos optare iuvencos 
Vinaque et argent! magnum dat ferre talentum. 
Ipsis praecipuos ductoribus addit honores : 249 

The first Victori chlamydcm auratam, quam plurima circum 

Purpura Maeandro duplici Meliboea cucurrit. 



prize. 



241. pater Portunus, the god of the 251. Meliboea. "Abroad band of 

harbor. ' Meliboean purple, in a double wind- 

243. Note fugit, pres., condidit, ing, passes around it." Meliboea is a 

perf. substantive used as an adjective. It 



VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER V. 



143 



The second 
prize. 



The third 
prize. 



Sergestus, 
crawling in 
like a 
•wounded 
snake, 



255 



260 



Intextusque puer frondosa regius Ida 
Velocis iaculo cervos cursuque fatigat, 
Acer, anlielanti similis ; quern praepes ab Ida 
Sublimem pedibus rapuit lovis armiger uncis — 
Longaevi palmas nequiquam ad sidera tendunt 
Custodes, saevitque canum latratus in auras. 
At qui deinde locum tenuit virtute secundum, 
Levibus huic hamis consertam auroque trilicem 
Loricam, quam Demoleo detraxerat ipse 
Victor apud rapidum Simoenta sub Ilio alto, 
Donat habere viro, decus et tutamen in armis. 
Vix illam famuli Phegeus Sagarisque ferebant 
Multiplicera, conixi umeris ; indutus at olim 
Demoleos cursu palantis Troas agebat. 
Tertia dona facit geminos ex acre lebetas, 
Cymbiaque argento perfecta atque aspera signis. 
lamque adeo donati omnes opibusque superbi 
Puniceis ibant evincti tempora taeniis, 
Cum saevo e scopulo multa vix arte revulsus, 
Amissis remis atque ordine debilis uno, 
Inrisam sine honore ratem Sergestus agebat. 
Qualis saepe viae deprensus in aggere serpens, 
Aerea quem obliquum rota transiit, aut gravis ictu 
Seminecem liquit saxo lacerumque viator, 275 

Nequiquam longos fugiens dat corpore tortus, 
Parte ferox, ardensque oculis, et sibila colla 
Arduus attollens ; pars vulnere clauda retentat 
Nixantem nodis seque in sua membra plicantem : 
Tali remigio navis se tarda movebat ; 280 



265 



270 



was a city in Thessalv, where the 
purple dye was used. TheMaeander 
was proverbially winding. 

259. auro trilicem, "triply woven 
with gold." 

262. donat habere viro, for tit habeat, 
i 181, r. 2. 

269. evincti tempora, ace. of limita- 
tion. 



271. deWis uno ordine, "disabled 
on one side." It is said of Serges- 
tus, though his ship is, of course, 
intended. 

273. viae in aggere, " on the crown 
of the causeway." 

278. vulnere dauda, " with laming 
wound." clauda, adj . used as partici- 
ple. The comparison is admirable. 



144 



V ERG I LI AENEIS—LIBER V. 



The foot-race. 



The competi- 
tors. 



Vela facit tamen, et velis subit ostia plenis. 
Sergestum Aeneas promisso munere donat, 
receives a gift. Servatam ob navem laetus sociosque reductos. 

Olli serva datur, operum baud ignara Minervae, 
Cressa genus, Pholoe, geminique sub ubere nati. 285 

Hoc plus Aeneas raisso certamine tendit 
Gramineum in campum, quern collibus undique 

curvis 
Cingebant silvae, mediaque in valle theatri 
Circus erat ; quo se multis cum milibus heros 
Consessu medium tulit, exstructoque resedit. 290 
Hie, qui forte velint rapido contendere cursu, 
Invitat pretiis animos, et praemia ponit. 
Undique conveniunt Teucri mixtique Sicani ; 
Nisus et Euryalus primi, 

Euryalus forma insignis viridique iuventa, 295 

Nisus amore pio pueri ; quos deinde secutus 
Regius egregia Priami de stirpe Diores ; 
Hunc Salius simul et Patron, quorum alter Acarnan, 
Alter ab Arcadio Tegeaeae sanguine gentis ; 
Turn duo Trinacrii iuvenes, Helymus Panopesque, 300 
Adsueti silvis, comites senioris Acestae ; 
Multi praeterea, quos fama obscura recondit. 
Aeneas quibus in mediis sic deinde locutus : 
' Accipite haec animis, laetasque advertite mentes. 
Nemo ex hoc numero mihi non donatus abibit. 305 
Gnosia bina dabo levato lucida ferro 
Spicula caelatamque argento ferre bipennem ; 
Omnibus hie erit unus honos. Tres praemia primi 
Accipient, flavaque caput nectentur oliva. 
Primus equura phaleris insignem victor habeto ; 310 
Alter Amazonian! pharetram plenamque sagittis 
Threiciis, lato quam circumplectitur auro 



The prizes 
offered. 



282. promisso munere donat, "en- 
dows with the promised gift." 

290. hdit se que resedit consessu ex- 
strncto medium, "mounts up and seats 
himself." 



295. forma insignis viridique iuven- 
ta, ? 162. 

306, lucida, "glittering with pol- 
ished steel." (rHO.sia, "Cretan." Gno- 
sus was a city in Crete. 



VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER V. 145 

Balteus, et tereti subnectit fibula gemma ; 
Tertius Argolica hac galea contentus abito.' 

The start. Haec ubi dicta, locum capiunt, signoque repente 315 
Corripiunt spatia audito, limenque relinquunt, 
Effiisi nimbo similes ; simul ultima signant. 
Primus abit longeque ante omnia corpora Nisus 
Emicat, et ventis et fulminis ocior alls ; 
Proximus liuic, longo sed proximus intervallo, 320 
Insequitur Salius ; spatio post deinde relicto 
Tertius Euryalus ; 
Euryalumque Helymus sequitur; quo deinde sub 

ipso 
Ecce volat calcemque terit iam calce Diores, 
Incumbens umero ; spatia et si plura supersint, 325 
Traiiseat elapsus prior, ambiguumve relinquat. 
lamque fere spatio extremo fessique sub ipsam 

Nisus' fall. Finem adventabant, levi cum sanguine Nisus 

Labitur infelix, caesis ut forte iiivencis 329 

Fusus humum viridisque super madefecerat herbas. 
Hie iuvenis iam victor ovans vestigia presso 
Hand tenuit titubata solo, sed pronus in ipso 
Concidit immundoque fimo sacroque cruore. 

^o^ ?"7'?^"^' ^on tamen Euryali, non ille oblitus amorum : 

sake he trips . . 

Salius. Nam sese opposuit Salio per lubrica surgens ; 335 

Ille autem spissa iacuit revolutus arena. 
Emicat Euryalus, et munere victor amici 
Prima tenet, plausuque volat fremituque secundo. 
Post Helymus subit, et nunc tertia palma Diores. 
Hie totum caveae consessum ingentis et ora 340 

Prima patrum magnis Salius clamoribus implet, 

Thedistribu- Ercptumquc dolo reddi sibi poscit honorem. 

Tutatur favor Euryalum, lacrimaeque decorae, 

313. tereti subnectit fibula gemma, 326. ambiguumve relinquat, "would 

"a clasp (set) with a polished jewel have left him doubtful of success." 

holds it." 330. fusus agrees with sanguis, su- 

317. ultima signant, "they eagerly per, "beside," adv. 

gaze at the goal," mark it with 331. t'icforotJaws, "exulting victor." 

glances. 343. lacrimaeque decorae, nom. 
10 



146 



VEBGILI AENEIS— LIBER V. 



Gratior et pulchro veniens in corpore virtus. 
Adiuvat et magna proclamat voce Diores, 345 

Qui subiit palmae, frustraque ad praemia venit 
Ultima, si primi Salio reddantur honores. 
Tum pater Aeneas, ' Vestra,' inquit, ' munera vobis 
Certa manent, pueri, et palmam movet ordine nemo; 
Me liceat casus miserari insontis amici.' 350 

Sic fatus tergum Gaetuli immane leonis 
Dat Salio, villis onerosum atque unguibus aureis. 
Kiaim ^ ^"^ -^^^ Nisus, ' Si tanta,' inquit, ' sunt praemia victis, 
Et te lapsorum miseret, quae munera Niso 
Digna dabis, primam merui qui laude coronam, 355 
Ni me, quae Salium, fortuna inimica tulisset ?' 
Et simul his dictis faciem ostentabat et udo 
Turpia membra fimo. Risit pater optimus olli, 
Et clipeum efferri iussit, Didymaonis artis, 
Neptuni sacro Danais de poste refixum. 360 

Hoc iuvenem egregium praestanti munere donat. 

Post, ubi confecti cursus, et dona peregit : 
* Nunc, si cui virtus animusque in pectore praesens, 
Adsit, et evinctis attollat brachia palmis.' 
Sic ait et geminum pugnae proponit bonorem, 365 
Victori velatum auro vittisque iuvencum, 
Ensem atque insignem galeam solacia victo. 
Nee mora ; continuo vastis cum viribus effert 
Ora Dares, magnoque virum se murmure tollit ; 
Solus qui Paridem solitus contendere contra, 370 
Idemque ad tumulum, quo maximus occubat Hector, 
Victorem Buten immani corpore, qui se 
Bebrycia veniens Amyci de gente ferebat, 



His gift. 



The boxing- 
match. 



Dares. 



344. virtus gratior et veniens, "and 
his manliness more becoming as pre- 
sented in a beautiful body." 

350. casus, gen. 

358. pater optimus. Comp. optima 
Dido, Bk. IV., 1. 291. 

360. Danais, either an abl. or a 



dat. of disadvantage, wliich is not 
so good. 

371. idemque, emphatic, § 83, r. 2. 

372. victorem Buten immani corpore 
perculit, " smote the victor, Butes, 
vast of body," ^169, E. xxxvi. r. 2. 

373. Bebrycia, from Bebrycia. He 
was of the race of Amycus, its king. 



VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER V. 



147 



Finds no 
opponent, 



and claims 
the prize. 



Acestes 



persuades 

Eutellus 

to contest the 

prize, 



Perculit et fulva moribundum extendit arena. 
Talis prima Dares caput altum in proelia tollit, 375 
Ostenditque umeros latos, alteruaque iactat 
Brachia protendens, et verberat ictibus auras. 
Quaeritur huic alius ; nee quisquam ex agmine tanto 
Audet adire virum manibusque inducere caestus. 
Ergo alacris, cunctosque putans excedere palma, 380 
Aeneae stetit ante pedes ; nee plura moratus 
Turn laeva taurum cornu tenet, atque ita fatur : 
' Nate dea, si nemo audet se credere pugnae, 
Quae finis standi ? quo me decet usque teneri ? 
Ducere dona iube.' Cuncti simul ore fremebant 385 
Dardanidae, reddique viro promissa iubebant. 
Hie gravis Entellum dictis castigat Acestes, 
Proximus ut viridante toro consederat herbae : 
' Entelle, heroum quondam fortissime frustra, 
Tantane tam patiens nullo certamine tolli 390 

Dona sines ? ubi nunc nobis deus ille, magister 
Nequiquam memoratus, Eryx ? ubi fama per omnem 
Trinacriam, et spolia ilia tuis pendentia tectis ?' 
Ille sub haec : ' Non laudis amor, nee gloria cessit 
Pulsa metu ; sed enim gelidus tardante senecta 395 
Sanguis hebet, frigentque effetae in corpore vires. 
Si mihi, quae quondam fuerat, quaque improbus 

iste 
Exsultat fidens, si nunc foret ilia iuventas. 
Hand equidem pretio inductus pulchroque iuvenco 
Venissem ; nee dona moror.' Sic deinde locutus 400 
In medium geminos immani pondere caestus 
Proiecit, quibus acer Eryx in proelia suetus 
Ferre manum duroque intendere brachia tergo. 
Oostipuere animi : tantorum ingentia septem 



378. quaeritur huic alius, " a match 
for him is looked for," ^ 144. 

385. ore fremebant, "muttered as- 
sent." 

391. nobis deus ille magister, etc., 
" shall Eryx, who was our master — 



a very god — he now remembered in 
vain by us?" 

397. quaque, etc., " and with which 
(youthfulness) that braggart ex- 
ults." iste marks Dares' insolence. 

403. tergo, " hide." 



Enteiius i Quid, si quis caestus ipsius et Herculis arma 410 

tory of the Vidisset tristemque hoc ipso in litore pugnam ? 



148 VEBGJLI AENETS—LTBER V. 

Terga bourn plumbo insuto ferroque rigebant. 405 
Ante omnis stupet ipse Dares, longeque recusat ; 
Magnanimusque Anchisiades et pondus et ipsa 
Hue illuc vinclorum immensa volumina versat. 
Turn senior talis referebat pectore voces : 

relates the his- 
tory of 
gloves. 

Haec germanus Eryx quondam tuus arma gerebat ; — 
Sanguine cernis adhuc sparsoque infecta cerebro ; — 
His magnum Alciden contra stetit ; his ego suetus, 
Dum melior viris sanguis dabat, aemula necdum 415 
Temporibus geminis canebat sparsa senectus. 
Sed si nostra Dares haec Tro'ius arma recusat, 
Idque pio sedet Aeneae, probat auctor Acestes, 
Aequemus pugnas. Erycis tibi terga remitto ; 
Solve metus ; et tu Troianos exue caestus.' 420 

Haec fatus duplicem ex umeris reiecit amictum, 
ESteUus stri ^^ Hiaguos mcmbrorum artus, magna ossa lacertosque 
for the fight. Exuit, atquc ingens media consistit arena. 

Tum satus Anchisa caestus pater extulit aequos, 
Et paribus palmas amborum innexuit armis. 425 

Constitit in digitos exteraplo arrectus uterque, 
Brachiaque ad superas interritus extulit auras. 
Abduxere retro longe capita ardua ab ictu, 
Immiscentque manus manibus, pugnamque lacessunt, 
Ille pedum melior motu, fretusque iuventa, 430 

Hie membris et mole valens ; sed tarda trementi 
Genua labant, vastos quatit aeger anhelitus artus. 
Their skilful Multa viri ncquiquam inter se vulnera iactant, 

blows and -n «- i -, . . 

parries. Multa cavo latcri mgeminant et pectore vastos 

Dant sonitus, erratque auris et tempora circum 435 
Crebra manus, duro crepitant sub vulnere malae. 

405. insuto, "sewn in," abl. abs. 430. pedum melior motu, "quicker 

412. germanus Eryx tuus. Eryx was on his feet." 

a half-brother of Aeneas, 1. 23. 435. errat crebra manus, "and the 

418, sedet, " is a firm resolve." quick hand strikes out." Note the 

424. extulit, "produced." vividness of errat and of crebra. 

426. in digitos, "on tiptoe." 436. crepitant, "rattle." 



VEEGILI AENEIS— LIBER V. 



149 



Entellus 
strikes out, 
misses, and 



440 



445 



Stat gravis Entellus uisiiqiie immotus eodem, 
Corpore tela modo atque oculis vigilantibus exit. 
Ille, velut celsam oppugnat qui molibus urbem, 
Aut montana sedet circuin castella sub armis, 
]S"unc hos, nunc illos aditus, omnemque pererrat 
Aite locum, et variis adsultibus inritus urget. 
Ostendit dextram insurgens Entellus et alte 
Ext u lit : ille ictum venientem a vertice velox 
Praevidit, celerique elapsus corpore cessit ; 
Entellus viris in ventum effudit, et ultro 
Ipse gravis graviterque ad terram pondere vasto 
Concidit : ut quondam cava concidit aut Erymantho, 
Aut Ida in magna, radicibus eruta pinus. 
Consurgunt studiis Teucri et Trinacria pubes; 450 
It clamor caelo, primusque accurrit Acestes, 
Aequaevumque ab humo miserans attollit amicum. 
At non tardatus casu neque territus heros 
Acrior ad pugnam redit, ac vim suscitat ira. 
Turn pudor incendit viri^ et conscia virtus, 455 

Praecipitemque Daren ardens agit aequore toto, 
Xunc dextra iugeminans ictus, nunc ille sinistra ; 
Nee mora, nee requies : quam multa grandine nimbi 
Culminibus crepitant, sic densis ictibus heros 
Creber utraque manu pulsat versatque Dareta. 460 
Tum pater xleneas procedere longius iras 
Et saevire animis Entellum baud passus acerbis ; 
Sed finem imposuit pugnae, fessumque Dareta 
Eripuit, mulcens dictis, ac talia fatur : 
* Infelix, quae tanta animum dementia cepit ? 
Kon viris alias conversaque numina sentis ? 
Cede dec' Dixitque et proelia voce diremit. 
Ast ilium fidi aequales, genua aegra trabentem, 
Pares is led off. lactautcmque utroque caput, crassumque cruorem 



He punishes 
Dares 



till Aeneas 
stops the fight. 



465 



439. ille, Dares. 457. ingeminans, " redoubling his 

450. consurgunt studils. " STprmg n-p blows." 

with easrerness." 46S. fidi aequales, " his faithful 

451. it clamor caelo, dat., a poetical comrades." 

construction. 



150 



VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER V. 



Eutellus kills 
tlie bull with 
a blow of his 
caestus. 



Ore eiectantem mixtosque in sanguine dentes, 470 
Ducunt ad navis ; galeamque ensemque vocati 
Accipiunt ; palmam Entello taurumque relinquunt. 
Hie victor, superans animis tauroque superbus : 
' Nate dea, vosque haec/ inquit, ' cognoscite, Teucri, 
Et mihi quae fuerint iuvenali in corpore vires, 475 
Et qua servetis revocatum a morte Dareta.' 
Dixit, et adversi contra stetit ora iuvenci, 
Qui donum adstabat pugnae, durosque reducta 
Libravit dextra media inter cornua caestus, 
Arduus, effractoque inlisit in ossa cerebro. 480 

Sternitur exanimisque tremens procumbit humi bos. 
Ille super talis eiFundit pectore voces : 
*Hanc tibi, Eryx, meliorem animam pro morte 

Daretis 
Persolvo ; hie victor caestus artemque repono.' 



Then follows an archeiy-match, in which Acestes joins. Mnestheus 
cuts the string that holds the dove which is the mark. Eurotion, Panda- 
rus' brother, kills it escaping, and Acestes, having no mark now, shoots his 
arrow with such force that it is set on fire by its flight — a strange omen 
which they accept as propitious. (11. 485-544.) 

THE GAMES CLOSE WITH THE MIMIC FIGHT OF THE LADS. 

At pater Aeneas, nondum certamine misso, 545 
Custodem ad sese comitemque impubis lull 
Epytiden vocat, et fidam sic fatur ad aurem : 
* Yade age, et Ascanio, si iam puerile paratum 
Agmen habet secum, cursusque instruxit equorum. 
Ducat avo turmas, et sese ostendat in armis, 550 
Die,' ait. Ipse omnem longo decedere circo 
Infusum populum, et campos iubet esse patentis. 



477. adversi iuvenci, 
lock opposite him." 



of the bul- 481. Note the effect of the single 
syllable at the end of the line. 



548. Ascanio depends on die, 1. 
551. 

550. avo, "in honor of his grand- 
father." The subj. ducat and osten- 



dat have ut suppressed, § 200, r. 
2, 3. 

552. iuhet esse, iubeo usually takes 
the infinitive, 1. 386. 



VERGILI AEXEIS— LIBER V. 151 

Incedunt pueri, pariterque ante ora parentum 
Frenatis lucent in equis, quos omnis euntis 
Trinacriae mirata fremit Troiaeque iuventus. 555 
Omnibus in morem tonsa coma pressa corona ; 
Cornea bina ferunt praefixa hastilia ferro ; 
Pars levis umero pharetras ; it pectore summo 
Flexilis obtorti per collum circulus auri. 
Tres equitum numero turmae, ternique vagantur 560 
Ductores ; pueri bis seni quemque secuti 
Agmine partito fulgent paribusque magistris. 
Una acies iuvenum, ducit quam parvus ovantem 
Nomen avi referens Priamus, tua clara, Polite, 
Progenies, auctura Italos ; quem Thracius albis 565 
Portat equus bicolor maculis, vestigia primi 
Alba pedis frontemque ostentans arduus albam. 
Alter Atys, genus unde Atii duxere Latini, 
Parvus Atys, pueroque puer dilectus lulo. 
Extremus, formaque ante omnis pulcher, lulus 570 
Sidonio est invQctus equo, quem Candida Dido 
Esse sui dederat monumentum et pignus amoris. 
Cetera Trinacriis pubes senioris Acestae 
Fertur equis. 

Excipiunt plausu pavidos, gaudentque tuentes 575 
Dardanidae, veterumque agnoscunt ora parentum. 
Postquam omnem laeti consessum oculosque suorum 
Lustravere in equis, signum clamore paratis 
Epytides longe dedit insonuitque flagello. 
Olli discurrere pares, atque agmina terni 580 

555. fremit, "applauds." and two magistri. vagantur, "canter 

556. omnibus, dat., § 141, E, xii. hither and thither." 

The tonsd corond was probably a gar- 567. frontem ostentans arduus albam, 

land of mere leaves, without stems, "tossing on high his white fore- 

1.558. Zm5, "polished." head." 

558. Arrange, flexilis circulus ob- 572. esse sui, "as his own," §133, 

torti auri it pectore summo j)er collum, Eule vii. 

" hangs over the full chest." 575. pavidos, "trembling" with 

560. There were three dvctores and the excitement. 

six magistri, apparently. Each troop 578. paratis, dative after dedit. 

was of twelve lads, under one ductor 580. terni, " by threes." 



152 VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER V. 

Diductis solvere choris, rursusque vocati 
Convertere vias infestaque tela tulere. 
Inde alios ineuiit cursus aliosque recursus 
Adversi spatiis, alternosque orbibus orbis 
Impediunt, pugnaeque cient simulacra sub armis ; 585 
Et nunc terga fuga nudant, nunc spicula vertunt 
Infensi, facta pariter nunc pace feruntur. 
Ut quondam Creta fertur Labyrinthus in alta 
Parietibus textum caecis iter, ancipitemque 
Mille viis habuisse dolum, qua signa sequendi 590 
Falleret indeprensus et inremeabilis error ; 
Haud alio Teucrum nati vestigia cursu 
Impediunt, texuntque fugas et proelia ludo, 
Delphinum similes, qui per maria umida nando 
Carpathium Libycumque secant, luduntque per 
undas. 595 

Hunc morem cursus atque haec certamina primus 
Ascanius, Longam muris cum cingeret Albam, 
Eettulit, et Priscos docuit celebrare Latinos, 
Quo puer ipse modo, secum quo Troia pubes ; 
Albani docuere suos ; hinc maxima porro 600 

Accepit Roma, et patrium servavit honorem ; 
Troiaque nunc, pueri Troianum dicitur agmen. 
Hac celeb rata tenus sancto certamina patri. 

But Juno sends Iris to incite the women of the expedition to burn the 
fleet. Iris, in the form of Beroe, who was sick, finds the Trojan matrons 
gathered on the seaside mourning for Anchises. In an artful speech she 
excites them in a fury to burn the fleet. The rumor reaches the audience. 
Ascanius rushes up at full speed. At the sound of his voice the matrons, 
calmed down, slink away. The fire has too strong a hold to be checked, but 

581. diductis choris — i. e. the half each other. The game closes with a 
troops under the magistri convertere ride round in line (pariter). 
vias, " wheel about," perf. .3d plu. A 588. Labyrinthus fertur habuisse. 
little careful study will make plain 591. falleret, "deceived" the wan- 
their manoeiivres. They wheel in derer into losing the guiding marks 
large circles (spatiis orbitus), and of the way (sequendi). 
then cross each other's course with 602. dicitur belongs to Troia ; sup- 
shouts of mimic battle ; then, disen- ply Indus. 
gaging, they gallop in pursuit of 603. hac tenus, " thus." 



VERGILI AENE IS— LIBER V. 153 

at Aeneas' prayer a sudden rain-burst quenches the flames. Aeneas, in 
despair, almost resolves to settle in Sicily, despite the oracle. Acestes 
advises him to found a city for those he cannot carry off, and gives him 
land for that purpose, Anchises appears to him in a dream, and bids him 
not despair, but with a picked band to seek Italy, and first to visit him in 
the Elysian Fields, where much will be explained to him. Aeneas marks 
out the ground for another Ilion (citadel) and another Troy (city) in Sicily, 
and after the solemn feasts of dedication have been held he prepares to set 
sail. Meantime Venus pleads with Neptune to spare Aeneas. To this Nep- 
tune agrees, only one life must be forfeited. For the rest he promises pro- 
tection. (11. 604-826.) 

THEY SAIL WITH PROPITIOUS WINDS. 

Hie patris Aeneae suspensam blanda vicissim 
Gaudia pertentant mentem ; iubet ocius omnis 
Attolli malos, intend! braehia velis. 
Una omnes feeere pedem, pariterque sinistros, 830 
Nunc dextros solvere sinus ; una ardua torquent 
Cornua detorquentque ; ferunt sua flamina classem. 
Princeps ante omnis densum Palinurus agebat 
Agmen ; ad hunc alii cursum contendere iussi. 
lamque fere mediam caeli Nox humida metam 835 
Contigerat ; placida laxabant membra quiete 
Sub remis fusi per dura sedilia nautae : 
Somnus is Cum levis aetheriis delapsus Somnus ab astris 

sent to take _ ^ 

Palinurus. Acra dimovit tcuebrosum et dispulit umbras, 

Te, Palinure, petens, tibi somuia tristia portans 840 

Insonti ; puppique deus consedit in alta, 

Phorbanti similis, funditque has ore loquelas : 

* laside Palinure, ferunt ipsa aequora classem ; 

Aequatae sj)irant aurae ; datur hora quieti. 

Pone caput, fessosque oculos furare labori. 845 

Ipse ego paulisper pro te tua munera inibo.' 

Palinurus Q^[ y[^ attolleus Paliiiurus lumina fatur : 

in vain resents 

thetempta- ' Meue salis placidi vultum fluctusque quietos 
Ignorare iubes ? mene liuic confidere monstro ? 

841. insonti. Notice its peculiar 845. furare labori, " steal from 

position, last in the sentence and first toil." 

in the line. 849. huic monstro. Palinurus calls 

844. aequatae spirant aurae, "the the sea a cruel monster, 
breezes blow steadily." 



154 VEROILI AENEIS— LIBER V, 

Aenean credam quid enim fallacibus auris, 850 

Et caeli totiens deceptus fraude sereni ?' 
Talia dicta dabat, clavumque adfixus et haerens 
Niisquam amittebat, oculosque sub astra tenebat. 
Ecce deus ramum Lethaeo rore madentem 
Vique soporatum Stygia super utraque quassat 855 
Tempora, cunctantique natantia lumina solvit. 
Vix primos inopina quies laxaverat artus : 
Et superincumbens cum puppis parte revolsa 
Cumque gubernaclo liquidas proiecit in undas 859 
Praecipitem, ac socios nequiquam saepe vocantera ; 
Ipse volans tenuis se sustulit ales ad auras. 
Currit iter tutum non setius aequore classis, 
but becomes PromissisQue patHs Neptuni interrita fertur. 

the victim. Mr i 

lamque adeo scopulos Sirenum advecta subibat — 
Difficilis quondam multorumque ossibus albos, 865 
Turn rauca adsiduo longe sale saxa sonabant — 
Cum pater amisso fluitantem errare magistro 
Sensit, et ipse ratem nocturnis rexit in undis, 
Multa gemens, casuque animum concussus amici : 
' O nimium caelo et pelago confise sereno, 870 

Nudus in ignota, Palinure, iacebis arena.' 

850. credam, "can I intrust," etc., 863. interrita, "unharmed." 

"myself so often deceived?" 867. pdtantem ratem errare, "the 

859. cumque gubernaclo. Somnus rolling ship to lose its course." 

throws him overboard, still holding 871. nudus, " uncovered " — i. e. un- 

in his grasp the helm and a part of buried, the greatest loss a pejson 

the stern torn off. could suffer. Cf. Hor. Ode I., 39. 



LIBER VI 



Aeneas seeks the Cumaean Sibyl, who interprets for him the oracular 
response she has delivered to him from Apollo. Eeturning to the fleet, he 
finds that his old trumpeter, Misenus, has died during his absence, and, 
while preparing for the funeral rites, he finds the golden branch which is 
to purchase the permission of Proserpine to visit the shade of his father in 



VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER VI. 



155 



the Elysian Fields, Under the guidance of the Sibyl he crosses the Styx, 
and meets in Tartarus the manes of many former friends. Finally he 
reaches the abode of the blessed, where his father is resting. There An- 
chises, after much discourse, shows him the future of the empire that is to 
spring from the city. 



Aeneas steers for Cumae. They camp on the shore, while Aeneas seeks 
the Sibyl in the cave which Daedalus had constructed after his escape 
from Crete, in fulfilment of his vow. The doors were wrought with scenes 
in which Daedalus had himself some share. They cannot pause to admire 
them, but pass at once into the presence of the priestess. (1. 1-41.) 



The priestess 
is inspired. 



The Trojan's 
supplications 
to Apollo, 



IN THE HUNDRED-GATED CAVE. 

ExcisuM Euboicae latus ingens rupis in antrum, 
Quo lati ducunt aditus centum, ostia centum ; 
Unde ruunt totidem voces, responsa Sibyllae. 
Ventum erat ad limen, cum virgo, ' Poscere fata 45 
Tempus/ ait ; ' deus, ecce, deus !' Gui talia fanti 
Ante fores subito non vultus, non color unus, 
ISTon comptae mansere comae ; sed pectus anhelum, 
Et rabie fera corda tument ; maiorque videri, 
Nee mortale sonans, adflata est numine quando 50 
lam propiore dei. ' Cessas in vota precesque, 
Tros,' ait, ' Aenea ? cessas ? neque enim ante dehiscent 
Attonitae magna ora domus.' Et talia fata 
Conticuit. Gelidus Teucris per dura cucurrit 
Ossa tremor, funditque preces rex pectore ab imo ; 55 
' Phoebe, gravis Troiae semper miserate labores, 
Dardana qui Paridis derexti tela manusque 
Corpus in Aeacidae ; magnas obeuntia terras 
Tot maria intravi, duce te, penitusque repostas 
Massylum gentis praetentaque Syrtibus arva ; 60 



42. Euboicae. Cumae was a Greek 
colony, latus, n. 3d decl. 

43. lati aditus. The approaches 
were also exits — ostia. 

45. poscere fata tempus, "now is the 
moment to question the Fates." 



49. 



videri. Supply coepta, 



maior 
1 180, r. 3. 

50. mortale. Supply verbum. nu- 
mine, the more direct inspiration of 
the god. numen = divine power. 

57. dere.iti for derexisti, from derigo. 



156 



VERGILI AENEIS—LTBER VI. 



and vow. 



The possessed 
priestess 



prophesies 
war, 



lam tandem Italiae fugientis prendimus oras. 
Hac Troiana terms fuerit Fortuna secuta ! 
Vos quoque Pergameae iam fas est parcere genti, 
Dique deaeque omnes, quibus obstitit Ilium et ingens 
Gloria Dardaniae. Tuque, o sanctissima vates, 65 
Praescia venturi, da — non indebita posco 
Regna meis fatis — Latio considere Teucros 
Errantisque deos agitataque numina Troiae. 
Turn Phoebo et Triviae solido de marmore templum 
Instituam, festosque dies de nomine Phoebi 70 

Te quoque magna manent regnis penetralia nostris. 
Hie ego namque tuas sortes arcanaque fata, * 
Dicta meae genti, ponam, lectosque sacrabo, 
Alma, viros. Foliis tantum ne carmina manda. 
Ne turbata volent rapidis ludibria ventis ; 
Ipsa canas oro.' Finem dedit ore loquendi. 

At, Phoebi nondum patiens, immanis in antro 
Bacchatur vates, magnum si pectore possit 
Excussisse deum ; tanto magis ille fatigat 
Os rabidum, fera corda domans, fingitque premendo. 
Ostia iamque domus patuere ingentia centum 
Sponte sua, vatisque ferunt, responsa per auras : 
* O tandem magnis pelagi defuncte periclis — 
Sed terrae graviora manent — in regna Lavini 
Dardanidae venient ; mitte banc de pectore curam ; 85 
Sed non et venisse volent. Bella, horrida bella, 



75 



79 



61. prendimus, " we grasp " — i. e. 
are landed on — the retreating shore 
of Italy. 

63. iam fas est, etc., " it is now but 
divinely just that ye spare." 

64. quibus obstitit, "to whom was 
an offence." Juno, Neptune, and 
Minerva were chiefly adverse to 
Ilium. 

67. meis fatis depends on indebita, 
dat. da, Teucros, errantis deos agita- 
taque numina Troiae considere Latio. 

72. tuas sortes refers to the Sibyl- 



line books, purchased later by Tar- 
quin, (See Eoman history.) (O) 
alma {vates). The temple was built 
by Augustus, B. c. 29. 

76. ipsa canas oro. canas, subj. 
after ut understood. The vo-tes does 
as the god wills, but is appealed to 
as if she were Apollo himself. 

79. excussisse has a present force. 
ille, the god. 

83. defuncte, voc. part, defungor, 
"O thou who hast accomplished," 
^ 167, 1. 



VEBGILI AENEIS— LIBER VI. 



157 



and victory. 



He shrinks 
not, but now 
asks to de- 
scend to 



Et Thybrim multo s^Dumantem sanguine cerno. 
Non Simois tibi, nee Xanthus, nee Dorica castra 
Defuerint ; alius Latio iam partus Achilles, 
Natus et ipse dea; nee Teucris addita luno 90 

Usquam aberit. Cum tu supplex in rebus egenis 
Quas gentis Italum aut quas non oraveris urbes ! 
Causa mali tanti coniunx iterum hospita Teucris, 
Externique iterum thalami. 

Tu ne cede malis, sed contra audentior ito, 95 

Quam tua te Fortuna sinet. Via prima salutis — 
Quod minime reris — Graia pandetur ab urbe.' 

Talibus ex adyto dictis Cumaea Sibylla 
Horrendas canit ambages antroque remugit, 
Obscuris vera involvens : ea frena furenti 100 

Concutit, et stimulos sub pectore vertit Apollo. 
Ut primum cessit furor et rabida ora quierunt, 
Incipit Aeneas heros : " Non ulla laborum, 
O virgo, nova mi facies inopinave surgit ; 
Omnia praecepi atque animo mecum ante peregi. 105 
Unum oro : quando hie inferni ianua regis 
Dicitur et tenebrosa palus Acheronte refuso, 
Ire ad conspectum cari genitoris et ora 
Contingat ; doceas iter et sacra ostia pandas. 
Ilium ego per flammas et mille sequentia tela 110 
Eripui his umeris, medioque ex hoste recepi ; 
Ille meum comitatus iter maria omnia mecum 
Atque omnis pelagique minas caelique ferebat, - 
Invalidus, viris ultra sortemque senectae. 
Quin, ut te supplex peterem et tua limina adirem, 115 



89. partus, "is born." 

90. natus, "descended." For the 
two abl., ^ 161, E. xxviii. Turnus is 
referred to. addita, "heside." 

92. quas gentis, etc., " ah ! ' what 
nations," etc. The Sibyl breaks off 
at egenis. 

97. quod minime reris, " though 
thou wilt least expect it." 



99. ambages, " mysterious predic- 
tions." 

100. After involvens supply quia, 
for Apollo so bridles and curbs the 
priestess that she cannot utter clear 
sentences. 

105. ante, " ere this." 

107. Acheronte refuso, abl. abs., but 
used as abl. of means, " by the over- 
flow of." 



158 



VERGILI AENEJS— LIBER VL 



She sets forth 
its risk, 



its terrors, 



and the condi- 
tions for such 
a journey, 



Idem orans mandata dabat. Gnatique patrisque, 
Alma, precor, miserere ; potes namque omnia, nee te 
Nequiquam lucis Hecate praefecit Avernis. 
Si potuit Manis arcessere coniugis Orpheus, 
Thre'icia fretus cithara fidibusque canoris, 120 

Si fratrem Pollux alterna morte redemit, 
Itque reditque viam totiens. Quid Thesea magnum, 
Quid memorem Alciden? — et mi genus ab love 

summo." 
Talibus orabat dictis, arasque tenebat, 
Cum sic orsa loqui vates : ' Sate sanguine divom, 125 
Tros Anchisiade, facilis descensus Averno ; 
Noctes atque dies patet atri ianua Ditis ; 
Sed revocare gradum superasque evadere ad auras, 
Hoc opus, hie labor est. Pauci, quos aequus 

amavit 
luppiter, aut ardens evexit ad aethera virtus, 130 
Dis geniti potuere. Tenent media omnia silvae, 
Cocytusque sinu labens circumvenit atro. 
Quod si tantus amor menti, si tanta cupido 
Bis Stygios innare lacus, bis nigra videre 
Tartara, et insano iuvat indulgere labori, 135 

Accipe, quae peragenda prius. Latet arbore opaca 
Aureus et foliis et lento vimine ramus, 
lunoni infernae dictus sacer ; hunc tegit omnis 
Lucus et obscuris claudunt convallibus umbrae. 
Sed non ante datur telluris operta subire, 140 



117. alma, " glorious prophetess," 
1.74. 

120. /reftts, passive participle, ^165, 
E. xxxii. and r. 1. 

122. Thesea . . . Alciden. For these 
forms, see f 248, Appendix. 

123. mi, dat. for mihi. 

130. ardens virtus, " some brilliant 
virtue," yet they were of divine 
birth, 1. 131. 

132. Cocytusque, Greek nominative. 



Styx, Acheron, and Cocytus were the 
three rivers of Hades. 

133. menti. Supply inest ; its sub- 
jects are si tanta cupido. 

136. acc?pe, " hearken." arbore opa- 
ca, "on a dusky tree," abl. of place. 
opaca' is transferred to arbore, but 
properly describes latet, "hidden in 
the shade." 

138. hunc — i. e. the ramus. lunoni 
infernae, Proserpine, mistress of 
Hades. 



VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER VL 159 

Auricomos quam qui decerpserit arbore fetus. 
Hoc sibi pulchra suum ferri Proserpina munus 
Instituit. Primo avulso non deficit alter 
Aureus, et simili frondescit virga metallo. 
Ergo alte vestiga oculis, et rite repertum 145 

Carpe manu ; namque ipse volens facilisque sequetur, 
Si te fata vocant ; aliter non viribus ullis 
Vincere, nee duro poteris convellere ferro. 
Praeterea iacet exanimum tibi corpus amici — 
Heu nescis ! — totamque incestat fiinere classem, 150 
prepSe^ ^^"^ ^^^ consulta petis nostroque in limine pendes. 
Sedibus hunc refer ante suis et conde sepulcro. 
Due nigras pecudes ; ea prima piacula sunto. 
Sic demum lucos Stygis et regna invia vivis 
Aspicies.' Dixit, pressoque obmutuit ore. 155 

Aeneas returns to find his old trumpeter, Misenus, dead. Then he goes to 
the grove to seek the golden branch. Two doves sent by his mother lead him 
to it. Eeturning, he buries Misenus with due honors, and then (11. 156-235) 

SEEKS THE CAYEEN OF AYERNUS. 

His actis propere exsequitur praecepta Sibyllae. 
Spelunca alta fuit vastoque immanis biatu, 
Scrupea, tuta lacu nigro nemorumque tenebris, 
Quam super baud ullae poterant impune Yolantes 
At the cavern's Teuderc iter pennis : talis sese halitus atris 240 

gnm month he ■•■ 

sacrifices to the Faucibus effundeus supera ad convexa ferebat: 
Unde locum Grai dixerunt nomine Aornon. 
Quattuor bic primum nigrantis terga iuvencos 
Constituit, frontique invergit vina sacerdos, 

141. Notice the suppressed antece- 149. exanimum corpus. Misenus, 

dent in this line : '' it is not granted Aeneas's trumpeter, had died in his 

anyone." qui = is. /ef»s, 4th decl. absence. 

= ramos. 150. incesfaf, " defiles." 

146. carpe manu, "pluck it with 151. rf^tw, " even now while." 

firm grasp." 152. ante, "first." 



238. tuta, " protected by," ^165. 243. fergo, limiting accusative. 

239. rolantes, " birds." 



160 VEBGILI AENEIS— LIBER VI. 

Et siimmas carpens media inter cornua saetas 245 
Ignibus imponit sacris, libamina prima, 
Voce vocans Hecaten, Caeloque Ereboque potentem. 
Supponunt alii cultros, tepidumque cruorem 
Suscipiunt pateris. Ipse atri velleris agnam 
Aeneas matri Eumenidum magnaeque sorori 250 
Ense ferit, sterilemque tibi, Proserpina, vaccam. 
Tum Stygio regi nocturnas inchoat aras, 
Et solida imponit taurorum viscera flammis, 
Pingue super oleum infundens ardentibus extis. 
Sembies'^the ^cce autem, primi sub lumina solis et ortus 255 

dogs howl. gub pedibus mugire solum, et iuga coepta moveri 
Silvarum, visaeque canes ululare per umbram, 
Adventante dea. ' Procul o, procul este, profani/ 
Conclamat vates, ' totoque absistite luco. 
Tuque invade viam, vaginaque eripe ferrum ; 260 
thTpWes"e^8 Nunc animls opus, Aenea, nunc pectore firmo.' 
pass withiu. Tantum efFata, furens antro se immisit aperto ; 

Ille ducem baud timidis vadentera passibus aequat. 
Di, quibus imperium est animarum, Umbraeque 
silentes, 
Et Chaos, et Phlegethon, loca nocte tacentia late, 265 
Sit mihi fas audita loqui ; sit numine vestro 
Pandere res alta terra et caligine mersas. 

Ibant obscuri sola sub nocte per umbram, 
Perque domos Ditis vacuas et inania regna : 
Quale per incertam lunam sub luce maligna 270 
Est iter in silvis, ubi caelum condidit umbra 
luppiter, et rebus nox abstulit atra colorem. 

245. saetas, "plucking the longest 257. visae canes. The three heads 

hair from between its horns." Com- of Cerberus, at the portal, seemed to 

pare Iris cutting the lock from dying howl, for as yet they were unseen. 

Dido's forehead, IV., 1. 700, sq. 258. dea, i. e. Hecate, profani, "ye 

250. matri Eumenidum — i. e. night, unclean !" spoken to Aeneas' com- 

magnae sorori = earth. rades. 

252. inchoat, " he then erects noc- 261. opus animis, 1 167, 2. 

turnal altars." 268. obscuri, " in the gloom." 

255. ortus, gen., 4th decL, " and (at 270. quale, etc., " as when one jour- 

the point of its) rising." neys through forests," etc. 



VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER VI. 161 

Vestibulum ante ipsum primisque in faucibus Orci 
Luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae; 
The forms that PallentesQue habitant Morbi, tristisque Senectus, 275 

filled the pass- _ ^ ^ , n -r-i • -r-i 

»ge. hji Metus, et malesuada ± ames, ac turpis l^gestas, 

Terribiles visu formae, Letumque, Labosque, 
Turn consanguineus Leti Sopor, et mala mentis 
Gaudia ; mortiferumque adverso in limine Bellum, 
Ferreique Eumenidum thalami, et Discordia de- 
mens, 280 

Vipereum crinem vittis innexa cruentis. 

In medio ramos annosaque brachia pandit 
Ulmus opaca, ingens, quam sedem Somnia vulgo 
Vana tenere ferunt, foliisque sub omnibus haerent. 
Multaque praeterea variarum monstra ferarum, 285 
Centauri in foribus stabulant Scyllaeque biformes 
Et centumgeminus Briareus ac belua Lernae, 
Horrendum stridens, flammisque armata Chimaera, 
Gorgones Harpyiaeque et forma tricorporis umbrae. 

The hero is about to draw his sword, hut the priestess checks him, for 
these are but shadows. They draw near the Styx. He sees the souls of 
all sorts and conditions of men flock like falling leaves to the dreadful 
river, of whom Charon takes but the few that were buried, as the priestess 
explains, together with the souls of unburied heroes. (11. 290-336.) 

PALINURUS' SOUL MEETS HIM. 

Ecce gubernator sese Palinurus agebat, 
Qui Libyco nuper cursu, dum sidera servat, 

286. Centauri, the fabled half-hu- Lycia, and was slain by Bellero- 
man, half-horse sons of Ixion and phon. 

Nephele, monsters who inhabited 589. Gorgones, the three Gorgon 

Thessaly. stabulant is very effective, sisters, Stheno, Euryale, and Medu- 

Scyllae, the plural, implies shadowy sa ; Perseus slew Medusa, who was 

shapes like Scylla. mortal. The three noisome Harpies 

287. Briareus, the hundred-handed (III. 211), Celaeno, Ocypete, and Ael- 
son of Caelus and Terra, the guard lo, daughters of Earth and Neptune, 
over the Titans in Orcus. belua Ler- filthy females, winged and clawed 
nae, the hydra serpent that Her- like vultures. The triple-bodied 
cules slew. shade was Geryon, the triple-bodied 

288. Chimaera, lion-headed, goat- king of Gades, in Spain, whose oxen 
bodied, dragon-tailed, that wasted Hercules drove off after slaying him. 

11 



162 VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER VL 

Exciderat puppi mediis efFusus in undis. 

Hunc ubi vix multa maestum cognovit in umbra, 340 

Sic prior adloquitur : ' Quis te, Palinure, deorum 

Eripuit nobis, medioque sub aequore mersit ? 

Die age. Namque mihi, fallax baud ante repertus, 

Hoc uno response animum delusit Apollo, 

Qui fore te ponto incolumem, finesque canebat 345 

Venturum Ausonios. En haec promissa fides est ?' 

Ille autem : ' Neque te Phoebi cortina fefellit, 

Dux Anchisiade, nee me deus aequore mersit. 

Namque gubernaclura multa vi forte revulsum, 

Cui datus haerebam custos cursusque regebam, 350 

Praecipitans traxi mecum. Maria aspera iuro 

Non ullum pro me tantum cepisse timorem, 

Quam tua ne, spoliata armis, excussa magistro, 

Deficeret tantis navis surgentibus undis. 

Tris Notus hibernas immensa per aequora noctes 355 

Vexit me violentus aqua ; vix lumine quarto 

Prospexi Italiam summa sublimis ab unda. 

Paulatim adnabam terrae ; iam tuta tenebam, 

Ni gens crudelis madida cum veste gravatum 359 

Prensantemque uncis manibus capita aspera mentis 

Ferro invasisset, praedamque ignara putasset. 

Nunc me fluctus habet, versantque in litore venti. 

Quod te per caeli iucundum lumen et auras, 

Per genitorem oro, per spes surgentis luli, 

Eripe me his, invicte, malis. Aut tu mihi terram 365 

Inice, namque potes, portusque require Velinos ; 

Aut tu, si qua via est, si quam tibi diva creatrix 

343. namque mihi, etc., " for never 354. navis. Note the participles 

had I found Apollo deceive my mind agreeing with navis, spoliata and ex- 

before this one response." mihi, § 148, cussa. 

r. 2. 355. Notus violentus aqua, " the 

347. cor^wa, "the tripod" — i.e. the strong south wind with buffeting 
oracle ; lit., the round dish. wave." 

348. deus, any god. 361. ignara, " barbarous," ignorant 
351. maria aspera iuro, " I swear of common humanity. 

by the rough seas." 365. terram inice, "bury me." 

353. armis = helm. 



1 



I 



VEBGTLI AENEIS— LIBER VI. 163 

Ostendit — neque enim, credo, sine numine divom 
Flumina tanta paras Stygiamque innare paludem — 
Da dextram misero, et tecum me toUe per undas, 370 
Sedibus ut saltem placidis in morte quiescam.' 
Talia fatus erat, coepit cum talia vates : 
Unde haec, o Palinure, tibi tarn dira cupido ? 
* Tu Stygias inhumatus aquas amnemque severum 
Eumenidum aspicies, ripamve iniussus adibis ? 375 
Desine fata deum flecti sperare precando. 
Sed cape dicta memor, duri solacia casus. 
Nam tua finitimi, longe lateque per urbes 
Prodigiis acti caelestibus, ossa piabunt, 
Et statuent tumulum, et tumulo sollemnia mit- 
tent, 380 

Aeternumque locus Palinuri nomen habebit/ 
His dictis curae emotae, pulsusque parumper 
Corde dolor tristi ; gaudet cognomine terra. 

Charon hesitates to take them over, inquiring who they are, for other 
living men had crossed over to commit deeds of violence. The priestess 
reassures him, and exhibits the golden branch. Cerberus begins to bark, but 
she throws him a sop, and they twain pass within the abode of infant souls 
and of those who had unjustly died. Minos sits there to judge. There 
too are women noted for their sorrows or their crimes (11. 384-449). 

dido's soul passes before AENEAS. 

Inter quas Phoenissa recens a vulnere Dido 450 

Errabat silva in magna ; quam Troius heros 
Ut primum iuxta stetit agnovitque per umbram 
Obscuram — qualem primo qui surgere mense 
Aut videt, aut vidisse putat per nubila Lunam — 

374. tu! inhumatus ! etc., "you ! yet 377. cape dicta memor, "remember 

unburied! . . . dare to approach un- these words." 

bidden." The unburied dead could 378. Arrange, piabunt tua ossa, 

not approach even the banks of the " pay all sacred rites to." 
Styx. 



453. qualem qui, etc., "when one sees, or thinks he has seen, the moon 

arise through clouds." 



164 



VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER VI. 



Demisit lacrimas, dulcique adfatus amore est : 455 
His protests. ' Infelix Dido, verus mihi nuntius ergo 

Venerat exstinctam, ferroque extrema secutam ? 
Funeris heu tibi causa fui ? Per sidera iuro, 
Per siiperos et si qua fides tellure sub ima est, 
Invitus, regina, tua de litore cessi. 460 

Sed me iussa deum, quae nunc has ire per umbras, 
Per loca senta situ cogunt noctemque profundam, 
Imperiis egere suis ; nee credere quivi 
Hunc tantum tibi me discessu ferre dolorem. 
Siste gradum, teque aspectu ne subtrahe nostro. 465 
Quern fugis ? extremum fato, quod te adloquor, hoc 

est' 
Talibus Aeneas ardentem et torva tuentem 
Lenibat dictis animum, lacrimasque ciebat. 
Her scorn. Ilia solo fixos oculos avcrsa tenebat, 

Nee magis incepto vultum sermone movetur, 470 
Quam si dura silex aut stet Marpesia cautes. 
Tandem corripuit sese, atque inimica refugit 
In nemus umbriferum, coniunx ubi pristinus illi 
Respondet curis aequatque Sychaeus amorem. 
Nee minus Aeneas,. casu concussus iniquo, 475 

Prosequitur lacrimans longe, et miseratur euntem. 

He meets the souls of many of his former companions-in-arms, who pause 
to speak with him,, but shrink back when the shades of the Greek heroes 
appear. He sees his loved Deiphobus, who tells him of his death at the 
sack of the city through Helen. Fiery Tartarus and Phlegethon are seen. 
The Fury Tisiphone sits by them. Aeneas would visit them, but the 
priestess tells him it is not permitted. There are the Titans, the Aloidae, 
Salmoneus, Tityon, Ixion, and Pirithous, the Lapithse, and hapless The- 
seus in punishment for their sins. They now are near (11. 477-636) 



456. verus mihi nuntius ergo, " ah ! 
that were true tidings that came 
telling that," etc. 

457. extrema, "death." 

462. senta situ, " loathsome," rough 
with squalor and neglect. 

463. imperiis egere suis, " have 



driven me by their will." egere, 3d 
pi. perf. ago. 

466. extremum fato, "the last op- 
portunity allowed by fate," abl. of 
agent. 

475. concussus, etc., "shocked by 
her unhappy fate." 



VEBGILI AENEIS— LIBER VL 



165 



The heroes 
there repeat 
their earthly 
pastimes. 



Tlie noble 
priests. 



THE ELYSIAN FIELDS. 

His demum exactis, perfecto munere divae, 
Devenere locos laetos et amoena vi recta 
Fortunatorum nemorum sedesque beatas. 
Largior hie campos aether et lumine vestit 640 

Purpureo, solemque suum, sua sidera norunt. 
Pars in gramineis exercent membra palaestris, 
Contendunt ludo et fulva luctantur arena ; 
Pars pedibus plaudunt choreas et carmina dicunt. 
Nee non Threieius longa cum veste sacerdos 645 
Obloquitur numeris septem discrimina vocum, 
lamque eadem digitis, iam pectine pulsat eburno. 
Hie genus antiquum Teueri, pulcherrima proles, 
Magnanimi heroes, nati melioribus annis, 
Illusque Assaraeusque et Troiae Dardanus auc- 
tor. ' 650 

Arma procul currusque virum miratur inanis 
Stant terra defixae hastae, passimque soluti 
Per campum pascuntur equi. Quae gratia currum 
Armorumque fuit vivis, quae cura nitentis 
Pascere equos, eadem sequitur tellure repostos. 655 
Conspicit, ecce, alios dextra laevaque per herbam 
Vescentis laetumque choro Paeana canentis 
Inter odoratum lauri nemus, unde superne 
Plurimus Eridani per silvam volvitur amnis. 
Hie man us ob patriam pugnando vulnera passi, 660 
Quique sacerdotes casti, dum vita manebat, 
Quique pii vates et Phoebo digna locuti, 
Inventas aut qui vitam excoluere per artis, 
Quique sui memores alios fecere merendo ; 
Omnibus his nivea cinguntur tempora vitta. 665 

Quos circumfusos sic est adfata Sibylla, 



651. miratur — i. e. Aeneas admires. 

653. gratia, " delight." 

655. tellure repostos, " in the under- 
world." 

657. vescentis, "feasting" on the 
sward. 



663. excoluere vitam, '* had spent 
their lives." 

665. omnibus his, dat. for genitive, 
^ 148, r. 2. 

666. est adfata, " addressed." 



166 VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER VL 

Musaeum ante omnis ; medium nam plurima turba 
Hunc habet, atque umeris exstantem suspicit altis : 
* Dicite, felices animae, tuque, optime vates, 
Quae regio Anchisen, quis habet locus? illius ergo 670 
Venimus, et magnos Erebi tranavimus amnis.' 
Atque hie responsum paucis ita reddidit heros : 
Musaeus leads ' Nulli certa domus ; lucis habitamus opacis, 

the Sibyl and ... 

Aeneas to An- Kiparumque toros et prata recentia rivis 

Incolimus. Sed vos, si fert ita corde voluntas, 675 
Hoc superate iugum ; et facili iam tramite sistam.' 
Dixit, et ante tulit gressum, camposque nitentis 
Besuper ostentat; dehinc summa cacumina linquunt. 

At pater Anchises penitus convalle virenti 
Inclusas animas superumque ad lumen ituras 680 
Lustrabat studio recolens, omnemque suorum 
Forte recensebat numerum carosque nepotes, 
Fataque fortunasque virum moresque manusque. 
Isque ubi tendentem adversum per gramina vidit 
Aenean, alacris palmas utrasque tetendit, 685 

EfFusaeque genis lacrimae, et vox excidit ore : 

Their meeting. ' Vcuisti tandem, tuaque exspeetata parenti 
Vicit iter durum pietas ? datur ora tueri, 
Nate, tua, et notas audire et reddere voces ? 
Sic equidem ducebam animo rebarque futurum, 690 
Tempora dinumerans, nee me mea cura fefellit. 
Quas ego te terras et quanta per aequora vectum 
Accipio ! quantis iactatum, nate, periclis ! 
Quam metui, ne quid Libyae tibi regna nocerent !' 
Ille autem : ' Tua me, genitor, tua tristis imago, 695 
Saepius occurrens, haec limina tendere adegit ; 
Stant sale Tyrrheno classes. Da iungere dextram, 

668. suspicit — i. e, the Sibyl saw colens recensebat studio, " was review- 

liim towering a shoulder-height ing with deep solicitude." 

above the rest. 687. exspeetata parenti, dat. of ad- 

675. si fert ita corde voluntas, "if vantage, ?145, r. 1. parenti, for mihi. 

will and heart go together," abl. of 690. rebarque futurum, " I was 

ace, ? 168, r. 2, 3. thinking over the future." 

681. lustrabat, " was Vfsitchmg." re- 693. accipio, " I already know." 



VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER VI. 167 

Da, genitor, teque amplexu ne subtrahe nostro.' 
Sic memorans largo fletu simul ora rigabat. 699 

Aeneas asks the meaning of what he sees there in that blessed valley, 
and Anchises propounds a metaphysical theory of nature and of the prin- 
ciple of life, and of the career of souls in the under-world, and of metem- 
psychosis (11. 700-755). He then points out to Aeneas 

THE FUTUEE KINGS AND HEROES OF ALBA AND OF ROME. 

'Nunc age, Dardaniam prolem quae deinde se- 
quatur 
Gloria, qui maneant Itala de gente nepotes, 
Inlustris animas nostrumque in nomen ituras, 
Expediam dictis, et te tua fata docebo. 
The kings of Hie — vides ? — pura iuvenis qui nititur hasta, 760 
Proxima sorte tenet lucis loca, primus ad auras 
Aetherias Italo commixtus sanguine surget, 
Silvius, Albanum nomen, tua postuma proles, 
Quern tibi longaevo serum Lavinia coniunx 
Educet silvis, regem regumque parentem, 765 

Unde genus Longa nostrum dominabitur Alba. 
Proximus ille Procas, Troianae gloria gentis, 
Et Capys, et Numitor, et qui te nomine reddet 
Silvius Aeneas, pariter pietate vel armis 769 

Egregius, si umquam regnandam acceperit Albam. 
Qui iuvenes ! quantas ostentant, aspice, vires 
Atque umbrata gerunt civili terapora quercu. 
Hi tibi Nomentum et Gabios urbemque Fidenam, 
Hi Collatinas imponent montibus arces, 774 

Pometios, Castrumque Inui, Bolamque, Coramque. 
Haec tum nomina erunt, nunc sunt sine nomine terrae. 

756. Note that the subj. presents and reared in the Alban woods in 

sequatur, maneant, are futures from the troubles after Aeneas' death, 
the force of the indicative future 770. si umquam acceperit, " if he 

expediam-, § 207, E. Ix. shall ever obtain," ^ 206. 

760. pura hasta, " with headless 772. civili quercu. The oak -leaf 

spear." crown was granted for saving a com- 

765. educet silvis, " will educate in rade's life, a high honor obtained by 

woodland craft." Silvius was born few soldiers. 



168 



VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER VL 



Romulus 



and his direct 
descendauts. 



Quin et avo comitem sese Mavortius addet 
Romulus. Assaraci quern sanguinis Ilia mater 
Educet. Viden', ut geminae stant vertice cristae, 
Et pater ipse suo superum iam signat honore ? 780 
En, huius, nate, auspiciis ilia incluta Roma 
Imperium terris, animos aequabit Olynipo, 
Septemque una sibi muro circumdabit arces, 
Felix prole virum : qualis Berecyntia mater 
Invehitur curru Plirygias turrita per urbes, 785 

Laeta deum partu, centum complexa nepotes, 
Omnis caelicolas, omnis supera alta tenentis. 
Hue geminas nunc flecte acies, banc aspice gentem 
Romanosque tuos. Hie Caesar et omnis luli 
Progenies, magnum caeli ventura sub axem. 790 

Hie vir, hie est, tibi quern promitti saepius audis, 
Augustus Caesar, Divi genus, aurea condet 
Saecula qui rursus Latio, regnata per arva 
Saturno quondam, super et Garamantas et Indos 



Proferet imperium ; iacet extra sidera tellus. 
Extra anni solisque vias, ubi caelifer Atlas 
Axem umero torquet stellis ardentibus aptum. 
Huius in adventum iam nunc et Caspia regna 
Responsis horrent divom et Maeotia tellus, 
Et septemgemini turbant trcpida ostia Nili. 
Nee vero Alcides tantum telluris obivit, 
Fixerit aeripedem cervam licet, aut Erymanthi 
Pacarit nemora, et Lernam tremefecerit arcu ; 
Nee, qui pampineis victor iuga flectit habenis, 
Liber, agens celso Nysae de vertice tigris. 



795 



800 



805 



777. quin et, "assuredly." It im- 
plies a preceding non diibium est. 

779. viden', ^ 81, 2, r. geminae cris- 
tae. Eomulus wore, as son of Mars, 
two plumes. 

782. animos aeqnabit, " will rival in 
courage Olympus itself." 

784. Berecyntia mater, Cybele, 
crowned with turrets. 



792. Divi genus. Divus was a title 
of Julius Caesar. He adopted Octa- 
vianus, his sister's son, "descendant 
of a god." 

795. tellies, "his empire." tellus = 
imperium. extra sidera, "beyond the 
ecliptic." 

804. Arrange, nee Liber qui, victor, 
flectit, etc. 



VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER VI. 



169 



A group of 
Roman kings, 



The republi- 
can leaders. 



Pompey and 
Caesar. 



Et dubitamus adhuc virtutem, extender e factis, 
Aut metus Ausonia prohibet consistere terra? 
Quis procul ille autem ramis insignis olivae 
Sacra ferens ? ISTosco crinis incanaque menta 
Regis Romani, primam qui legibus urbem 810^ 

Fundabit, Curibus parvis et paupere terra 
Missus in imperium magnum. Cui deinde subibit, 
Otia qui rumpet patriae residesque movebit 
Tullus in arma viros et iam desueta triumphis 
Agmina. Quern iuxta sequitur iactantior Ancus, 815 
Nunc quoque iam nimium gaudens popularibus 

auris. 
Vis et Tarquinios reges, animamque superbam 
Ultoris Bruti, fascesque videre receptos ? 
Consulis imperium hie primus saevasque secures 
Accipiet, natosque pater nova bella moventis 820 
Ad poenam pulchra pro libertate vocabit, 
Infelix ! Utcumque ferent ea facta minores, 
Vincet amor patriae laudumque immensa cupido. 
Quin Decios Drusosque procul saevumque securi 
Aspice Torquatum et referentem signa Camillum. 825 
Illae autem, paribus quas fulgere cernis in armis, 
Concordes animae nunc et dum nocte premuntur, 
Heu quantum inter se bellum, si lumina vitae 
Attigerint, quantas acies stragemque ciebunt ! 
Aggeribus socer Alpinis atque arce Monoeci 830 

Descendens, gener adversis instructus Eois. 
Ne, pueri, ne tanta animis adsuescite bella, 
Neu patriae validas in viscera vertite viris ; 



807. Ausonia terra, Italy, the land 
of the Ausones. 

814. Tullus is the subject of suli- 
hit. 

818. idtoris Bruti, the avenger of 
Lucretia. 

822. minores, his descendants, or 
"the later Eomans," 

826. illae animae. Anchises points 



out the souls of Pompey and Caesar. 
si (1. 829) = when. 

830. aggeribus Alpinis. Caesar drew 
his legions from their Alpine sta- 
tions and from Monaco, while Pom- 
pey mustered his forces in the East. 
Pompey married Caesar's daughter, 
Tullia, to whom he was deeply at- 
tached. 



170 



VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER VI. 



835 



L. Mummius. 



L. Paulus 
Aemilius. 



C. Attilius. 



Tuque prior, tu parce, genus qui ducis Olympo, 
Proice tela manu, sanguis meus ! — 
Ille triumphata Capitolia ad alta Corintho 
Victor aget currum, caesis insignis Achivis. 
Eruet ille Argos Agamemnoniasque Mycenas, 
Ipsumque Aeaciden, genus armipotentis Achilli, 
Ultus avos Troiae, templa et temerata Minervae. 840 
Quis te, magne Cato, taciturn, aut te, Cosse, relin- 

quat? 
Quis Gracchi genus, aut geminos, duo fulmina belli, 
Scipiadas, cladem Libyae, parvoque potentem 
Fabricium, vel te sulco, Serrane, serentem ? 
Quo fessum rapitis, Fabii ? tu Maximus ille es, 845 
Unus qui nobis cunctando restituis rem. 
Excudent alii spirantia mollius aera — 
Credo equidem — vivos ducent de marmore vultus, 
Orabunt causas melius, caelique meatus 
Describent radio et surgentia sidera dicent : 850 

Tu regere imperio populos, Komane, memento ; 
Hae tibi erunt artes ; pacisque imponere morem, 
Parcere subiectis, et debellare superbos.' 

Sic pater Anchises, atque haec mirantibus addit : 
* Aspice, ut insignis spoliis Marcellus opimis 855 

Ingreditur, victorque viros supereminet omnis ! 
Hie rem Romanam, magno turbante tumultu, 
Sistet eques, sternet Poenos Gallumque rebellem, 
Tertiaque arma patri suspendet capta Quirino/ 
Atque hie Aeneas ; una namque ire videbat 
Egregium forma iuvenem et fulgentibus armis — 



843. parvoque potentem, "mighty in 
his poverty." The history of these 
great men should be read in full by 
the student. It is too long for a note. 

846. unus qui nobis. This famous 
line was one of many which Vergil 
borrowed from Ennius, the old So- 
man poet. 

847. excudent alii refers to the 
Greeks. Macaulay has finely ren- 



dered this line in his ballad of the 
Prophecy of Capys. 

853. parcere subiectis sums up the 
characteristics of Eoman statesman- 
ship. 

859. When Vergil recited this 
passage before Octavia, Marcellus' 
mother, she presented him with 
10,000 sestertia a line for 11. 863-885, 
nearly $9000. 



VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER VL 



171 



Aeneas asks, 
'• Whose is that 
noble shade ?" 



It is the 
young 



Marcellus. 



Sed frons laeta parum, et deiecto luraina vultu : 
' Quis, pater, ille, virum qui sic comitatur euntem ? 
Filius, anne aliquis magna de stirpe nepotum ? 864 
Quis strepitus circa comitum ! quantum instar in ipso ! 
Sed nox atra caput tristi circumvolat umbra/ 
Tum pater Anchises, lacrimis ingressus obortis ; 
* O nate, ingentem luctum ne quaere tuorum ; 
Ostendent terris hunc tantum fata, neque ultra 
Esse sinent. Nimium vobis Romana propago 870 
Visa potens, Superi, propria haec si dona fuissent. 
Quantos ille virum magnam Mavortis ad urbem 
Campus aget gemitus ! vel quae, Tiberine, videbis 
Funera, cum tumulum praeterlabere recentem ! 
Nee puer Iliaca quisquam de gente Latinos 875 

In tantum spe toilet avos, nee Romula quondam 
Ullo se tantum tellus iactabit alumno. 
Heu pietas, heu prisca fides, invictaque bello 
Dextera ! non illi se quisquam impune tulisset 
Obvius armato, seu cum pedes iret in hostem, 
Sen spumantis equi foderet calcaribus armos. 
Heu, miserande puer, si qua fata aspera rumpas, 
Tu Marcellus eris. Manibus date lilia plenis, 
Purpureos spargam flores, animamque nepotis 
His saltem adcumulem donis, et fungar inani 
Munere.' 

Sic tota passim regione vagantur 
•Aeris in campis latis, atque omnia lustrant. 
Quae postquam Anchises natum per singula duxit, 
Incenditque animum famae venientis amore, 
Exin bella viro memorat quae deinde gerenda, 890 



880 



885 



862. sed frons laeta parum, a pre- 
sage of early death. Vergil skilfully 
joins the youth with the elder hero. 

865. quantum instar in ipso I " what 
worth appears in him !" 

871. propria haec si dona fuissent. 
Note the impossibility in the plup. 
subj., §208, E. Ixi. 



872. ille campus aget, "the Campus 
Martins resounds with such wail- 
ings," etc. 

876. Romula tellus. Comp. Dardana 
tela, 1. 57. 

879. Arrange, non quisquam obvius, 
impune tulisset se, illi armato. 



172 VERGILI AENEIS—LIBRI VI., VII 

Laurentisque docet populos urbemque Latini, 
Et quo quern que modo fugiatque feratque laborem. 
Sunt geminae Somni portae, quarum altera fertur 
Cornea, qua veris facilis datur exitus umbris ; 
Altera candenti perfecta nitens elephanto, 895 

Sed falsa ad caelum mittunt insomnia Manes. 
His ubi turn natum Anchises unaque Sibyllam 
Prosequitur dictis, portaque emittit eburna, 
Ille viam secat ad navis sociosque revisit ; 
Turn se ad Caietae recto fert litore portum. 900 

Ancora de prora iacitur ; stant litore puppes. 



LIBER VII. 

Aeneas, leaving Caieta, lands upon the Laurentine territory. Vergil 
pauses to sketch the history of the Latin tribes who occupy it. The omen 
foretold by the Harpy Celaeno is fulfilled by the Trojans, eating the cakes 
on which, in place of dishes, they put what food they had hastily cooked 
upon their landing. By this Aeneas knows that his voyaging is ended. 
He sends an embassy to King Latinus, which is honorably received. Lati- 
nus gives him land on which to build a city, and offers his daughter- 
Lavinia in marriage. But Juno sends the Fury Alecto to rouse her 
mother Amata and her lover Turnus to resist the proposed alliance. 
The irritation passes all bounds, when the accidental killing of a pet 
fawn by a Trojan brings on an affray with fatal consequences. King 
Latinus shrinks from declaring war, and Juno herself throws open the 
gates of the temple of Janus. 

AENEAS'S NURSE, CAIETA, IS BURIED. 

Tu quoque litoribus nostris, Aenei'a nutrix, 
Aeternam moriens famam, Caieta, dedisti ; 
Et nunc servat honos sedem tuus, ossaque nomen 
Hesperia in magna, si qua est ea gloria, signat. 
At pius exsequiis Aeneas rite solutis, 5 

Aggere composito tumuli, postquam alta quierunt 
Aequora, tendit iter velis, portumque relinquit. 
Aspirant aurae in noctem, nee Candida cursus 

1. Aeneia nutrix. Caieta was Aeneas' nurse. Aeneius, adj. 



VERGILI AENEFS— LIBER VIL 173 

Luna negat ; splendet tremulo sub lumine pohtus. 
A fresh gale Proxima Circaeae raduntur litora terrae, 10 

carries tliem _ ^ 

past the island Dives iuaccessos ubi Solis filia lucos 

of Circe. a i • i • i • 

Adsiduo resonat cantu, tectisque superbis 
Urit odoratam nocturna in lumina cedrum, 
Arguto tenuis percurrens pectine telas. 
Hinc exaudiri gemitus iraeque leonum, 15 

Vincla recusantum et sera sub nocte rudentum ; 
Saetigerique sues atque in praesepibus ursi 
Saevire, ac formae magnorum ululare luporum, 
Quos hominum ex facie dea saeva potentibus herbis 
Induerat Circe in vultus ac terga ferarum. 20 

Quae ne monstra pii paterentur talia Troes 
Delati in portus, neu litora dira subirent, 
Neptunus ventis implevit vela secundis, 
Atque fugam dedit, et praeter vada fervida vexit. 

lamque rubescebat radiis mare, et aethere ab alto 25 
Aurora in roseis fulgebat lutea bigis : 
Cum venti posuere, omnisque repente resedit 
Flatus, et in lento luctantur marmore tonsae. 
He lands at Atquc hic Acucas ingeutcm ex aequore lucum 

Prospicit. Hunc inter fluvio Tiberinus amoeno, 30 

Verticibus rapidis, et multa flavus arena, 

In mare prorumpit. Variae circumque supraque 

Adsuetae ripis volucres et fluminis alveo 

Aethera mulcebant cantu, lucoque volabant. 

Flectere iter sociis terraeque advertere proras 35 

Imperat, et laetus fluvio succedit opaco. 

Vergil here relates the mythical history of Latium up to the time of 
Aeneas' arrival. Latinus, the son of Fauniis and the Laurentian nymph 
Marica, was a descendant of Saturn. He had but one child, Lavinia, much 
sought after by many wooers, chiefly by Turnus. But the omen of a swarm 

10. rad!?mfnr, "are sailed by." choppy waves around a promon- 

11. inaccessos, " not to be landed tory. 

upon," for the danger. 26. Znfea, " saffron -hued." 

15. exaudiri, " there were to be 28. tonsae, " the new-trimmed 

heard," historical inf. as an imp., oars." 

^182, E. xlvi. 30. Arrange, inter hunc, Tiberinus, 

24. fervida vada describes well the fluvio amoeno, flavus, etc. 



174 



VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER VII. 



of bees settling upon a sacred laurel which grew by the Laral altar, was in- 
terpreted to mean that she must marry a foreigner. A second omen — she 
was wrapped in the sacred flame when by her father at the altar — portended 
war. Latinus consults the oracle of Faunus, which repeats the warning to 
seek an alien bridegroom. (11. 37-106.) 



AENEAS LANDS. 

Aeneas primique duces et pulcher lulus 
Corpora sub ramis deponunt arboris altae, 
In their hasty Instituuntque dapes, et adorea liba per herbam 

repast -i i ' r 

Subiciunt epulis — sic luppiter ille monebat — 110 
Et Cereale solum pomis agrestibus augent. 
Consumptis hie forte aliis, ut vertere morsus 
Exiguam in Cererera penuria adegit edendi, 
Et violare manu malisque audacibus orbem 
Fatalis crusti, patulis nee parcere quadris : 115 

* Heus, etiam mensas consumimus !' inquit lulus ; 
Nee plura adludens. Ea vox audita laborum 
Prima tulit finem, primamque loquentis ab ore 
Eripuit pater, ac stupefactus numine pressit. 
Continuo, * Salve fatis mihi debita tellus, 120 

Vosque/ ait, * o fidi Troiae salvete Penates : 
Hie domus, haec patria est. Genitor mihi talia 

namque, 
Nunc repeto, Anchises fatorum arcana reliquit : 
Cum te, nate, fames ignota ad litora vectum 
Accisis coget dapibus consumere mensas, 125 

Tum sperare domes defessus ibique memento 
Prima locare manu molirique aggere tecta. 
Haec erat ilia fames ; haec nos suprema manebat, 



the Trojans 
fulfil the 
prophecy of 
Celaeno. 



110. monebat, " had prophesied " 
through Celaeno, the Harpy, III., 
256, though Aeneas did not see that 
he was fulfilling the prophecy. 

111. solum means a foundation or 
support : " so they heaped fruit upon 
the wheaten (cake, solum) support." 

113. penuria edendi, ** scanty sup- 
ply of food." 

114. maZis, "jaws." Theliba which 



vas used as a solum was round, but was 
marked off in quarters, quadris patulis. 

117. nee plura adludens, "nor jest- 
ing any further" — i. e. lulus uttered 
a passing jest. 

119. stupefactus numine pressit, " as- 
tonished at the fulfilled prophecy, 
spake out thus." 

124. vectum belongs to te. 

128. suprema. Supply dies. 



VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER VII. 



175 



Aeneas takes 
possession of 
the soil. 



Exiliis positura modum. 

Quare agite et primo laeti cum lumine solis, 130 
Quae loca, quive habeant homines, ubi moenia gentis, 
Vestigemus, et a portu diversa petamus. 
Nunc pateras libate lovi, precibusque vocate 
Anchisen genitorem, et vina reponite mensis,' 
Sic deinde efFatus frondenti tempora ramo 135 

Implicat, et Geniumque loci primamque deorum 
Tellurem Nymphasque et adhuc ignota precatur 
Flumina ; tum Noctem Noctisque orientia Signa 
His sacrifices. Idaeumque lovem Phrygiamque ex ordine Matrem 
Invocat, et duplicis Caeloque Ereboque parentis. 140 
Hie pater omnipotens ter caelo clarus ab alto 
Intonuit, radiisque ardentem lucis et auro 
Ipse manu quatiens ostendit ab aethere nubem. 
Diditur hie subito Troiana per agmina rumor, 
Advenisse diem, quo debita moenia condant. 145 



On the next morning they explore the place. Aeneas marks out a city, 
and finds Latinus' capital not far off. Latinus receives a deputation from 
the strangers, and considers favorably Ilioneus' address, who, proffering 
alliance, says the fulfilment of a fate brings his master hither, and then 
lays at Latinus' feet rare gifts. (11. 146-248.) 



LATINUS REPLY. 

. Talibus Ilionei dictis defixa Latinus 
Latinus recalls Qbtutu tenet ora, soloque immobilis haeret 250 

the oracle, ^ 

Intentos volvens oculos. Nee purpura regem 
Picta movet, nee sceptra movent Priameia tantum, 
Quantum in conubio natae thalamoque moratur ; 
Et veteris Fauni volvit sub pectore sortem : 
- Hunc ilium fatis externa ab sede profectum 255 

Portendi generum, paribusque in regna vocari 
Auspiciis ; huic progeniem virtute futuram 



144. diditur, an old Latin word, " it is given out " = it is reported. 



249. talibus Ilionei dictis, 
xxxii. 



165, E. 251. intentos oculos, ** thoughtful 

eyes." 



176 VEROILI AENEIS— LIBER VII. 

Egregiam, et totum quae viribus occupet orbem. 
Tandem laetus ait : ' Di nostra incepta secundent 259 
Auguriumque suum ! Dabitur, Troiane, quod optas. 

proposal?^ Munera nee sperno. Non vobis, rege Latino. 
Divitis uber agri Troiaeve opulentia deerit. 
Ipse modo Aeneas, nostri si tanta cupido est, 
Si iungi hospitio properat sociusque vocari, 
Adveniat, vultus neve exborrescat amicos. 265 

Pars mihi pacis erit dextram tetigisse tyranni. 
Vos contra regi mea nunc mandata referte. 
Est mihi nata, viro gentis quam iungere nostrae 
Non patrio ex adyto sortes, non plurima caelo 
Monstra sinunt ; generos externis adfore ab oris, 270 
Hoc Latio restare canunt, qui sanguine nostrum 
Nomen in astra ferant. Hunc ilium poscere fata 
Et reor, et, si quid veri mens augurat, opto/ 

nobi?steeds to ^^^^ cfFatus cquos numcro pater eligit omni. 

*^^''^''oJf"?' Stabant ter centum nitidi in praesepibus altis. 275 

and Bends to •'■ ^ ^ 

Aeneas a Omnibus cxtcmplo Tcucris iubet ordine duel 

cnanot. ^ 

Instratos ostro alipedes pictisque tapetis ; 
Aurea pectoribus demissa monilia pendent; 
Tecti auro, fulvum mandunt sub dentibus aurum ; 
Absenti Aeneae currum geminosque iugalis 280 

Semine ab aetherio, spirantis naribus ignem, 
Illorum de gente, patri quos daedala Circe 

260. augurium suum, "their augu- placed, but of course belong to si- 

ries." nunt. 

262. uher, for uhertas, adj. used as 271. canunt has monstra for its sub- 

a noun, deerit vobis, rege Latino, ject. restare, "await." 

" while Latinus is king." 274. omni numero — i. e. of the Tro- 

266. tyranni, etc., " part of the jan embassy. 

treaty (pads) must be that I will 277. ostro pictisque tapetis, "with 

have taken the right hand of the purple, and embroidered housings." 

king" — i.e. will pledge by joining 278. monilia, "trappings," not 

hands. Note that tetigisse takes its necklaces, its usual meaning, 

time from cHf, ^ 195. tyrannies right- 282. daedala Circe, etc., "whom 

ly used, for Aeneas was an intruder, crafty Circe obtained from spurious 

which was the Greek idea of a tyrant, breed, having stolen them from her 

who might be an admirable ruler. father (Apollo) by a substituted 

269. non . . . non are emphatically mare." 



VEBGILI AENEIS— LIBER VIL 177 

Supposita de matre notlios furata creavit. 

Talibus xleneadae douis dictisque Latini 

Sublimes in equis redeunt, pacemque reportant. 285 

Ecce autem Inachiis sese referebat ab Argis 
Saeva lovis coniunx, aurasque invecta tenebat, 
Et laetum Aenean classemque ex aethere longe 
jimo sees the Dardaniam Siculo prospexit ab usque Pa<3hyno. 

new city. ^ j. ^ 

Moliri iam tecta videt, iam fidere terrae, 290 

Deseruisse rates. Stetit acri fixa dolore. 
Turn quassans caput haec efFundit pectore dicta : 
Her wrathful ' Hcu stirpcm invisam, et fatis contraria nostris 

soliloquy. -^ n- •■ ^ 

lata rmygum! num bigeis occumbere campis, 
Num capti potuere capi ? num incensa cremavit 295 
Troia viros ? Medias acies mediosque per ignis 
Invenere viam. At, credo, mea numina tandem 
Fessa iacent, odiis aut exsaturata quievi — 
Quin etiam patria excussos infesta per undas 
Ansa sequi, et profugis toto me opponere ponto. 300 
Absumptae in Teucros vires caelique marisque. 
Quid Syrtes, aut Scylla mihi, quid vasta Charybdis 
Profuit ? optato conduntur Thybridis alveo, 
Securi pelagi atque mei. Mars perdere gentem 
Immanem Lapithum valuit ; concessit in iras 305 
Ipse deum antiquam genitor Calydona Dianae — 
Quod scelus aut Lapitliis tantum, aut Calydone 
merente ? 



285. sublimes in equis, "mount on six, her struggle to destroy him in 
these steeds." Italy. 

286. Argis. Argos, founded by 299. qitin, etc., in fact, " I, hating 
Inachus, was Juno's favored seat. them, have dared to follow them, 

293. hen stirpem, etc., ace. of ex- driven from their native land, and 
clamation. to oppose the fugitives myself upon 

294. num. The following lines well every sea." 

show its use. 304. Mars destroyed the hated La- 

297. numina. Compare her sim- pithae at the wedding-feast of Hip- 

ilar complaint, I. 49. The first podamia, by means of the Centaurs, 

six books tell of her efibrts to Oeneus, king of Calydon, forgot to 

keep Aeneas from Italy; the last honor Diana when sacrificing to all 



the gods 



12 



178 VEROILI AENEIS— LIBER VII. 

Ast ego, magna lovis coniunx, nil linquere inausum 
Quae potui infelix, quae memet in omnia verti, 
Vincor ab Aeuea. Quod si mea numina non sunt 310 
Magna satis, dubitem baud equidem implorare quod 

usquam est. 
Flectere si nequeo Superos, Acheronta movebo. 
Non dabitur regnis, esto, prohibere Latinis, 
Atque immota manet fatis Lavinia coniunx : 
At trahere, atque moras tantis licet addere rebus ; 315 

Her threat. At licet amborum populos exscindere regum. 

Hac gener atque socer coeant mercede suorum.. 
Sanguine Troiano et Rutulo dotabere, virgo, 
Et Bellona manet te pronuba. Nee face tantum 
Cisseis praegnans ignis enixa iugalis ; 320 

Quin idem Veneri partus suus et Paris alter, 
Funestaeque iterum recidiva in Pergama taedae/ 
Haec ubi dicta dedit, terras horrenda petivit; 

She summons Luctificam Allccto dirarum ab sede dearum 

Infernisque ciet tenebris, cui tristia bella 325 

Iraeque insidiaeque et crimina noxia cordi. 

Odit et ipse pater Pluton, odere sorores 

Tartareae monstrum : tot sese vertit in ora, 

Tarn saevae facies, tot pullulat atra colubris. 

Quam luno his acuit verbis, ac talia fatur : 330 

to do her ' Hunc mihi da proprium, virgo sata Nocte, laborem, 
Hanc operam, ne noster honos infractave cedat 
Fama loco, neu conubiis ambire Latinum 
Aeneadae possint, Italosve obsidere finis. 

312. Notice the rhythm and the no's office, which she transfers to 

caesura of this oft-quoted line, and Bellona. 
the elisions of 1. 311. 320, Cisseis was Hecuba, daughter 

317. hac mercede suorum, "at this of Cisseus, wife of Priam, and mo- 
port of their people," abl. of price, ther of Paris. 

§ 167, 4, 324. Allecto, accusative (gen. Allec- 

318. dotabere, "thou shalt be dow- tUs), |248. 

ered." 329. Arrange, facies tarn saevae 

319. pronuba, " directress of the sunt ; atra ! pullulat tot colubris. 
wedding for the bride." It is Ju- 331. proprium laborem, "fitting la- 
bor." 



VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER VII. 179 

Tu potes unanimos armare in proelia fratres 335 
Atque odiis versare domos, tu verbera tectis. 
Funereasque inferre faces ; tibi nomina mille, 
Mille nocendi artes. Fecundum concute pectus ; 
Disice compositam pacem, sere crimina belli ; 
Arma velit poscatque simul rapiatque iuventus.' 340 

Exin Gorgoneis Allecto infecta venenis 
Principio Latium et Laurentis tecta tyranni 
Celsa petit, tacitumque obsedit limen Amatae, 
Quam super adventu Teucrum Turuique bymenaeis 
Femineae ardentem curaeque iraeque coquebant. 345 
who casts a Huic dca caeruleis unum de crinibus ansruem 

serpent from . , *^ 

her locks into Coiiicit iuQue siuum praecordia ad intima subdit, 
breast. Q,uo luriDunda domum monstro permisceat omnem. 

Ille, inter vestes et levia pectora lapsus, 
Volvitur attactu nuUo, fallitque furentem, 350 

Vipeream spirans animam ; fit tortile coUo 
Aurum ingens coluber, fit longae taenia vittae, 
Innectitque comas, et membris lubricus errat. 
Ac dum prima lues udo sublapsa veneno 
Pertentat sensus atque ossibus implicat ignem, 355 
Necdum animus toto percepit pectore flammam, 
Mollius, et solito matrum de more, locuta est, 
Multa super natae lacrimans Phrygiisque bymenaeis: 
* Exsulibusne datur ducenda Lavinia Teucris, 
Amata's oppo- Q ffenitor ? nee te miseret nataeque tuique ? 360 

Bitionto ^ . . . ., ,. 

Aeneas. Ncc matris uiiserct, quam primo aquilone reJmquet 

^"iS. fecundum concute pectus, tacita) ; fhenil. ^45), ardentem ; nes-t 

"search thy thought, fertile in ex- (1. 348), furibunda, and (1. 350) fu- 

pedients." rentem,. So, too, the way in which 

340. These subjunctives are used the serpent insinuates itself. It 

imperatively, ^ 189, r. 1. becomes the tortile aurum, then it 

344. Tumi liymenaeis ardentem. passes into the taenia and into the 

Queen Amata was Turnus' aunt, comas, and finally lubricus errat mem- 

and so was opposed to giving La- bris. 

vinia to Aeneas. 355. ossibus, dat. after implicat, 

350. Notice the finely -sketched ^ 143, E. xiv. 
gradation of passion; Amata broods 359. ducenda, "to be led in mar- 
in her silent room. First, taciturn (for riage.'' 



180 



VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER VII. 



Tho poison 
working. 



Perfidus, alta petens abducta virgine, praedo ? 
At non sic Phrygius penetrat Lacedaemona pastor 
Ledaeamque Helenam Troianas vexit ad urbes. 
Quid tua sancta fides? quid cura antiqua tuorum 365 
Et consanguineo totiens data dextera Turno ? 
Si gener externa petitur de gente Latinis, 
Idque sedet, Faunique premunt te iussa parentis, 
Omnem equidem sceptris terram quae libera nostris 
Dissidet, externam reor, et sic dicere divos. 370 

Et Turno, si prima domus repetatur origo, 
Inachus Acrisiusque patres mediaeque Mycenae.' 

His ubi nequiquam dictis experta Latinum 
Contra stare videt, penitusque in viscera lapsum 
Serpentis furiale malum, totamque pererrat, 375 

Turn vero infelix, ingentibus excita monstris, 
Immensam sine more furit lymphata per urbem : 
Ceu quondam torto volitans sub verbere turbo, 
Quem pueri magno in gyro vacua atria circum 
Intenti ludo exercent ; ille actus habena 
Curvatis fertur spatiis ; stupet inscia supra 
Irapubesque manus, mirata volubile buxum ; 
Dant animos plagae, Non cursu segnior illo 
Per medias urbes agitur populosque ferocis. 
Quin etiam in silvas, simulato numine Bacchi, 



380 



Clutching La- 
vinia, she 

rushes shriek- Maius adorta nefas maioremque orsa furorem, 

ingtothe T-, 1 n t ' '^ it 

forest, Evolat, ct natam frondosis montibus abdit, 



385 



Quo thalamum eripiat Teucris taedasque moretur, 



362. praedo. She calls Aeneas a 
mere pirate. 

367. Latinis, dat. after externa, 
§144, E. XV. 

369. Arrange, equidem reor omnem 
terram externam, quae libera dissidet 
nostris, etc. 

371. Turno, ? 146, E. xvii. 

373. nequiquam, etc., " despite these 
words." 

374. contra stare, " stands firmly 
opposed." 



377. sine more lymphata, " infuri- 
ated beyond bounds." 

381. inscia impubesque manus, "the 
young and ignorant crowd (of chil- 
dren)." supra, adverb. 

383. dant has pueri for subj. ani- 
mos, " their whole souls." 

384. agitur — i; e. Amata. 

388. quo, "by which act." The 
careful student will mark the devel- 
opment of the insanity in the hap- 
less queen. She confuses the orgies 



I 



VEBGILI AENEIS— LIBER Vll. 181 

' Euhoe Bacche !' fremens, solum te virgine dignum 
Vociferans : etenim mollis tibi sumere thyrsos, 390 
Te lustrare choro, sacrum tibi pascere crinem. 
Fama volat, furiisque accensas pectore mat res 
themationV" ^^^^ omiiis simul ardor agit, nova quaerere tecta. 
Deseruere domos, ventis dant colla comasque ; 
Ast aliae tremulis ululatibus aethera complent, 395 
Pampineasque gerunt incinctae pellibus hastas. 
Ipsa inter medias flagrantem fervida pinum 
Sustinet, ac natae Turnique canit hymenaeos, 
Sanguineam torquens aciem, torvumque repente 
Clamat : ' lo matres, audite, ubi quaeque, Latinae : 400 
Si qua piis animis manet infelicis Amatae 
Gratia, si iuris materni cura remordet, 
Solvite crinalis vittas, capite orgia mecum.' 
Talem inter silvas, inter deserta ferarum, 
Reginam Allecto stimulis agit undique Bacchi. 405 

Allecto in the guise of Calybe, a priestess of Juno, rouses Turnus. His 
reply is cool and wary. She throws off her mask and flings a lighted torch 
at him, whose flame passes into his soul. His whole temper is changed. He 
summons his militia to arms. Allecto next passes into the Trojan camp. She 
tempts Ascanius, while hunting, to slay a tame fawn that was floating on a 
stream. The wounded pet seeks its home to die. On this Allecto rouses the 
peasantry. The party rescuing Ascanius cause a skirmish, in which the 
young Almo and the old herdsman Galaesus are killed. Allecto offers to 
do more mischief, but Juno is content, so she returns to Cocytus. The 
sight of the slain rouses all the Eutuli, despite Latinus' forebodings 
and attempts to allay their fury. The irrevocable step is taken. (11. 
406-600.) 

THE TEMPLE OF JANUS IS OPENED. 

Mos erat Hesperio in Latio, quern protinus urbes 
Albanae coluere sacrum, nunc maxima rerum 602 

of Bacchus with the bridal proces- the half-suppressed use of the t, and 

sions, and makes a wild appeal to the the balance of the caesural pause, 

frenzied mothers who follow her. make this a fine practice in hexame- 

The scansion of the passage repays ter rhythm. 
practice. The broad a and the m, 



602. maxima rerum, "mistress of the world." 



182 VEBGILI AENEIS— LIBER VIL 

Roma colit, cum prima movent in proelia Martem, 
Sive Getis inferre manu lacrimabile bellum 
Hyrcanisve Arabisve parant, seu tendere ad Indos 605 
Auroramque sequi Parthosque reposcere signa : 
Sunt geminae Belli portae, sic nomine dicunt, 
Religione sacrae et saevi formidine Martis ; 
Centum aerei claudunt vectes aeternaque ferri 
Robora, nee custos absistit limine lanus ; 610 

Has, ubi certa sedet patribus sententia pugnae, 
Ipse Quirinali trabea cinctuque Gabino 
Insignis reserat stridentia limina Consul ; 
Ipse vocat pugnas, sequitur turn cetera pubes, 
Aereaque adsensu conspirant cornua rauco. 615 

5re'ev"ii telk "^^ -^^^ ^* *"^ Aeneadis indicere bella Latinus 
More iubebatur tristisque recludere portas. 
Abstinuit tactu pater, aversusque refugit 
Foeda ministeria, et caecis se condidit umbris. 
Tum regina deum caelo delapsa morantis 620 

throw8"wide I^^puHt ipsa mauu portas, et cardine verso 

the gates. Belli ferratos rumpit Saturnia postis. 

Ardet inexcita Ausonia atque immobilis ante ; 
Pars pedes ire parat campis, pars arduus altis 
Pulverulentus equis furit ; omnes arma requirunt. 625 
Pars levis clipeos et spicula lucida tergent 
Arvina pingui, subiguntque in cote secures ; 
Signaque ferre iuvat, sonitusque audire tubarum. 
Quinque adeo magnae positis incudibus urbes 

The whole Tela novant, Atina potens Tiburque superbum, 630 

land musters z-i . • a 

for war. Ardca Crustumerique et turrigerae Antemnae. 

606. reposcere, ^ 151, E. xxi. The ture was the fashion of drawing part 

nations named in these lines warred of the toga round the body into a 

with Augustus. girdle and throwing the loose end 

608. religione sacrae, ** consecrated over the head. The Gabii, surprised 

by religion." on a holiday by their foes, hastily 

611. sedef, " is fixed." Cf. 1. 368. girding themselves thus, repelled 

612. cinctuqtie Gabino. The Quiri- the enemy. The Gabinian cincture 
nal trabea worn by Eomulus was a was used for happy omens. 

robe of white woven with purple 621. ipsa Saturnia. Juno herself 
stripes [trabes). The Gabinian cine- smote the gates. 



I VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER VII. 183 

Tegmina tuta cavant capitum, flectuntque salignas 
Umbonum cratis ; alii thoracas aenos 
Aut levis ocreas lento ducunt argeuto 
Vomeris hue et falcis honos, hue omnis aratri 635 
Cessit amor ; reeoquunt patrios fornaeibus enses. 
Classiea iamque sonant ; it bello tessera signum. 
Hie galeam teetis trepidus rapit ; ille frementis 
Ad iuga eogit equos ; elipeumque auroque trilieem 
Lorieam induitur, fidoque accingitur ense. 640 

Next is given the roll-call of the allies that Turnus summoned against 
the intruder: Mezentius, the "contemptor Divum," and his well-loved 
son Lausus ; Aventinus of Heraclid stock ; the Tiburtine brothers, Catillus 
and Coras; Caeculus of Praeneste ; Messapus, the " equum domitor." These 
led the Aequian, Faliscan, Ciminian, and Fescennian troops (11. 641-705). 
The Sabine Clausus heads 

THE ROLL OF SABINE CONTINGENTS. 

Eeee, Sabinorum priseo de sanguine, magnum 
Agmen agens Clausus, magnique ipse agminis instar, 
Claudia nune a quo diffunditur et tribus et gens 
Per Latium, postquam in partem data Roma Sabinis. 
Una ingens Amiterna eohors priseique Quirites, 710 
Ereti manus omnis oliviferaeque Mutuscae ; 
Qui Nomentum urbem, qui Rosea rura Velini, 
Qui Tetrieae horrentis rupes montemque Severum 
Casperiamque eolunt, Forulosque et flumen Himellae : 
Qui Tiberim Fabarimque bibunt, quos frigida misit 
Nursia, et Ortinae elasses populique Latini ; 716 
Quosque secans infaustum interluit Allia nomen : 
Quam multi Libyco volvuntur marmore fluetus, 
Saevus ubi Orion hibernis eonditur undis ; 
Vel cum sole novo densae torrentur aristae, 720 

632. tegmina tuta capitum — i. e. hel- used as a token, then the word as 

mets. jlectunt, " thej wea,Ye." countersign. 

634. A spondaic line. 638. trepidus, " eager." teetis, 

637. classiea. The classicum was "from the wall." 

the signal for battle given by the 639. trilieem, the triply-woven ar- 

tuba or the cornu. tessera, first a die mor of gold. Cf. III., 457, and V., 

259. 



184 VEBGILI AENEIS— LIBER VIL 

Aut Hermi campo, aut Lyciae flaventibus arvis. 721 
Scuta sonant, pulsuque pedum conterrita tellus. 

Halaesus of Greek race ; Oebalus of Campania ; Ufens of Nersae ; the priest 
Marruvia ; Virbius of Aricia, the son of Theseus ; and last the gallant Tur- 
nus— all muster. (11. 723-802.) 

NAY, CAMILLA THE VOLSCIAN TOO. 

Hos super advenit Volsca de gente Camilla, 
Agmen agens equitum et florentis aere catervas, 
Bellatrix, non ilia colo calathisve Minervae 805 

Femineas adsueta manus, sed proelia virgo 
Dura pati cursuque pedum praevertere ventos. 
Ilia vel intactae segetis per summa volaret 
Gramina, nee teneras cursu laesisset aristas ; 
Vel mare per medium fluctu suspensa tumenti 810 
Ferret iter, celeris nee tingeret aequore plantas. 
Illam omnis tectis agrisque effusa inventus 
Turbaque miratur matrum et prospectat euniem, 
Attonitis inhians animis, ut regius ostro 
Velet honos levis umeros, ut fibula crinem 815 

Auro intern ectat, Lyciam ut gerat ipsa pharetram 
Et pastoralem praefixa cuspide myrtum. 

808. The speed of Camilla is imi- used here for metrical reasons, not 
tated from Homer's description of to imply unreality. The imp. subj. 
the swift steeds of Erichthonius. throughout the passage controls toe- 
Camilla corresponds to the Amazon sisset. 

Penthesilea, who came to aid Priam 814. ut = how. 

in the last year of the siege. 815. levis, ace. plu., from levis, 

809. laesisset. The plup. subj. is "polished." 



LIBER VIII. 



TuRNUS sends to Diomedes for aid against Aeneas. Aeneas goes himself 
to Evander, king of Pallanteum, who receives him hospitably and furnishes 
him with four hundred cavalry under his gallant son, Pallas. Aeneas also 
secures aid from Agylla, a Tyrrhene city that had expelled its king. Me- 



VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER VIII. 



185 



War is pro- 
claimed. 



The levy. 



Ventilns is 
Bent to Dio- 
medes, 



zentius, for his cruelty. Meanwhile, Venus persuades Vulcan to forge for 
Aeneas a suit of armor which rivals in splendid workmanship that which 
he had forged for Achilles. 

Ut belli signum Laureiiti Turnus ab arce 
Extulit, et rauco strepuerunt cornua cantu, 
Utque acris concussit equos, utque impulit arma, 
Extemplo turbati animi, simul omne tumultu 
Coniurat trepido Latium, saevitque iuventus 5 

EfFera. Ductores primi Messapus et Ufens 
Contemptorque deum Mezentius undique cogunt 
Auxilia, et latos vastant cultoribus agros, 
Mittitur et magni Venulus Dioinedis ad iirbem, 
Qui petat auxilium, et, Latio consistere Teucros, 10 
Advectum Aenean classi victosque Penatis 
Inferre et fatis regem se dicere posci, 
Edoceat, multasque viro se adiungere gentis 
Dardanio, et late Latio increbrescere nomen. 
Quid struat his coeptis, quern, si Fortuna sequatur, 15 
Eventum pugnae cupiat, manifestius ipsi, 
Quam Turno regi, aut regi apparere Latino. 

Talia per Latium. Quae Laomedontius lieros 
Cuncta videns magno curarum fluctuat aestu ; 19 
Atque animum nunc hue celerem, nunc dividit illuc, 
In partisque rapit varias perque omnia versat : 
Sicut aquae tremulum labris ubi lumen aenis 
Sole repercussum aut radiantis imagine Lunae 
Omnia pervolitat late loca, iamque sub auras 
Erigitur summique ferit laquearia tecti. 25 

Nox erat, et terras animalia fessa per omnis 
Alituum pecudumque genus sopor altus habebat : 
Cum pater in ripa gelidique sub aetheris axe 



■who is in 
doubt. 



5. coniurat, *' all Latium forms a 
common conspiracy." The muster 
of these forces is given in Bk. 
VII. 

8. vastant cultoribus agros. vastant 
shows how complete the levy was. 



demanded hy the Fates (to be) a 
king," emphatic assertion. 

13. edoceat belongs to qtii in 1. 10. 

25. laquearia, " the panelled ceil- 
ing." suh auras, "upward." The 
comparison is a fine one. 



12. fatis regem, ** he says that he is 27. alituum, poetic form for alitum. 



186 



VEROILI AENEIS— LIBER VIII. 



To Aeneas, in 
deep sleep, 
Father Tiber 
appears, 



who en- 
courages him 
to persevere, 



gives him a 
sign, 



and tells what 
allies he can 
obtain. 



Aeneas, tristi turbatus pectora bello, 
Procubuit seramque dedit per membra quietem. 30 
Huic deus ipse loci fluvio Tiberinus amoeno 
Populeas inter senior se attollere frondes 
Visus ; eum tenuis glauco velabat amictu 
Carbasus, et crinis umbrosa tegebat arundo ; 
Turn sic adfari et curas his demere dictis : 35 

* O sate gente deum, Troianam ex hostibus urbem 
Qui revehis nobis aeternaque Pergama servas, 
Exspectate solo Laurenti arvisque Latin is, 
Hie tibi certa domus, certi, ne absiste, Penates, 
Neu belli terrere minis ; tumor omnis et irae 40 

Concessere deum. 

lamque tibi, ne vana putes haec fingere somnum, 
Litoreis ingens inventa sub ilicibus sus, 
Triginta capitum fetus enixa, iacebit. 
Alba, solo recubans, albi circum ubera nati. 45 

Hie locus urbis erit, requies ea certa laborum, 
Ex quo ter denis urbem redeuntibus annis 
Ascanius clari condet cognominis Albam. 
Hand incerta cano. Nunc qua ratione, quod instat, 
Expedias victor, paucis, adverte, docebo. 50 

Arcades his oris, genus a Pallante profectum. 
Qui regem Euandrum comites, qui signa secuti, 
Delegere locum et posuere in montibus urbem 
Pallantis proavi de nomine Pallanteum. 
Hi bellum adsidue ducunt cum gente Latina ; 55 
Hos castris adhibe socios, et foedera iunge. 
Ipse ego te ripis et recto flumine ducam, 
Adversum remis superes subvectus ut amnem. 



29. tristi hello, abl. of cause, pec- 
tora, § 155, E. XXV. 

32. senior Tiberinus. The river- 
god was usually represented as old 
and wearing horns, 

41. concessere deum. Vergil left 
this verse half finished, probably for 



revision, but its rhythmic effect is 
peculiar: con cess \ er^ cU \ urn. 

54. Pallanteum. The line is spon- 
daic, 

55. ducunt, stronger than gerunt. 
58. subvectus, " going up the 

stream." The word is technically- 
accurate. 



VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER VIII 187 

Surge age, nate dea, primisque cadentibus astris 
and how Juno lunoni fcr rite preces, iramque minasque 60 

must be ap- n, ,. .■, . ^r^^ - • i 

peased. GuppliciDus supera votis. Mini Victor honorem 

Persolves. Ego sum, pleno quern flumine cernis 
Stringentem ripas et pinguia culta secantem, 
Caeruleus Thybris, caelo gratissimus amnis. 
Hie mihi magna domus, celsis caput urbibus, exit.' 65 

Dixit, deinde lacu Fluvius se condidit alto, 
Ima petens ; nox Aenean somnusque reliquit. 
Surgit, et, aetherii spectans orientia Solis 
Lumina, rite cavis undam de flumine palmis 
Sustinet, ac talis efFundit ad aethera voces : 70 

Aeneas' ' Nymphac, Laurentes Nymphae, genus amnibus 

unde est. 
Tuque, Thybri tuo genitor cum flumine sancto, 
Accipite Aenean, et tandem arcete periclis. 
Quo te cumque lacus, miserantem incommoda nostra, 
Fonte tenet, quocumque solo pulcherrimus exis, 75 
Semper bonore meo, semper celebrabere donis, 
Corniger Hesperidum fluvius regnator aquarum. 
Adsis o tantum, et propius tua numina firmes/ 
Sic memorat, geminasque legit de classe biremis, 
Remigioque aptat ; socios simul instruit armis. 80 
Ecce autem subitum atque oculis mirabile mon- 
strum, 
Candida per silvam cum fetu concolor albo 
Procubuit viridique in litore conspicitur sus : 

The sow ia Quam pius Acucas tibi enim, tibi, maxima luno, 

found and -m «- r> • • i o e- 

offered to Mactat, sacra lerens, et cum grege sistit ad aram. oo 
Thybris ea fluvium, quam longa est, nocte tumentem 
Leniit, et tacita refluens ita substitit unda, 

61. supera, "overcome her auger its force on Zacws ;" what lake soever, 

and threats with supplicatory vows." with whatever fount." 

victor, "when you conquer." 77, 78. The repetition of the r is 

65. magna domus — i. e. Eome ; but effective in these two lines. 

Etrurian cities lay about its source. 86. Arrange, Thybris leniit tumentem, 

74. quo te cumque. te by tmesis di- fluvium, ea nocte quam longa est. 
vides quo cumque, throwing part of 



188 



VERGIL I AENEIS— LIBER VIIL 



Mitis ut in morem stagni placidaeque paludis 
Sterneret aequor aquis, remo ut luctamen abesset. 
Ergo iter inceptum celerant rumore secimdo. 90 

Labitur uncta vadis abies ; mirantur et undae, 
The journey. Miratur nemus insuetum fulgentia longe 

Scuta virum fluvio, pictasque innare carinas. 
Olli remigio noctemque diemque fatigant, 
Et longos superant fiexus, variisque teguntur 95 
Arboribus, viridisque secant placido aequore silvas. 
Sol medium caeli conscenderat igneus orbem, 
Cum muros arcemque procul ac rara domorura 
Tecta vident ; quae nunc Komana potentia caelo 
Aequavit ; tum res inopes Euandrus habebat. 100 
Ocius advertunt proras, urbique propinquant. 

Forte die sollemnem illo rex Areas honorem 
Amphitryoniadae magno divisque ferebat 
Ante urbem in luco. Pallas buic filius una, 
Una omnes iuvenum primi pauperque senatus 105 
Tura dabant, tepidusque cruor fumabat ad aras. 
Ut celsas videre rates, atque inter opacum 
Adlabi nemus, et tacitis incumbere remis, 
Terrentur visu subito, cunctique relictis 
Consurgunt mensis. Audax quos rumpere Pallas 110 
Sacra vetat, raptoque volat telo obvius ipse, 
Et procul e tumulo : ' luvenes, quae causa subegit 
Ignotas tentare vias ? quo tenditis ?' inquit. 
' Qui genus ? unde domo ? pacemne hue fertis, an 



The Trojans 
interrupt a 
feast. 



Pallas meets 
them. 



arma ?' 
Tum pater Aeneas puppi sic fatur ab alta, 
Paciferaeque manu ramum praetendit olivae : 



115 



90. secimdo rumore — i. e. the pleas- 
ant-sounding swirl of the water 
against the bows. 

91. uncta, "well pitched." 

96. secant. The forests so overhung 
the banks that the boats cut their 
way through. 

102. Areas, the Arcadian king, 
§ 248. Jionorem, " sacrifice." Cf. I. 49. 



104. tma, adv. 

105. pauper senatus, a suggested 
contrast to the immense wealth of 
the Eoman senate. 

110. audax, "spirited," gallant, 
well expressing Pallas' character. 

114. qui genus, ^ 88, r. 1. qui, adj. 
(adv.?), is used to cover all co-ordi- 
nate questions. 



VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER VIIL 189 

* Troiugenas ac tela vides inimica Latinis, 
Quos illi bello profugos egere superbo. 
Euandrum petimus. Ferte haec, et dicite lectos 
Dardaniae venisse duces, socia arma rogantis.' 120 
Obstipuit tanto percussus nomine Pallas : 

* Egredere o quicumque es/ ait, ' coramque parentem 
Adloquere ac nostris succede penatibus hospes.' 
Excepitque manu, dextramque amplexus inhaesit. 
Progress! subeunt luco, fluviumque relinquunt. 125 

Turn regem Aeneas dictis adfatur amicis : 
^d°re8s'to * Optime Graiugenum, cui me Fortuna precari 
Evander. J^t vitta comptos voliiit practendcrc ramos, 

Non equidem extimui, Danaum quod ductor et Areas 
Quodque ab stirpe fores geminis coniunctus Atridis ; 
Sed mea me virtus et sancta oracula divom, 131 

Cognatique patres, tua terris didita fama, 
Coniunxere tibi, et fatis egere volentem. 
Dardanus, Iliacae primus pater urbis et auctor, 
Electra, ut Grai perhibent, Atlantide cretus, 135 
Adveliitur Teucros ; Electram maximus Atlas 
Edidit, aetlierios umero qui sustinet orbis. 
Vobis Mercurius pater est, quern Candida Maia 
Cyllenae gelido conceptum vertice fudit ; 
At Maiam, auditis si quicquam credimus, Atlas, 140 
Idem Atlas generat, caeli qui sidera tollit. 
Sic genus amborum scindit se sanguine ab uno. 
His fretus non legatos neque prima per artem 
Tentamenta tui pepigi ; me, me ipse meumque 
Obieci caput et supplex ad limina veni. 145 

Gens eadem, quae te, crudeli Daunia bello 

124. amplexus inhaesit, " and his coniunxere et egere. He wishes to 
clasp clung to Aeneas' right hand " prove their kinship. 

in cordial welcome. 135. cretus, ^ 161, E. xxviii. 

125. luco, ^ 143, E. xiv. 141. idem Atlas. He repeats, and 
127. cui precari. precor ought to insists upon Atlas as their common 

have the accusative, and praetendere ancestor. 

be supplied, but Aeneas' speech is 144. pepigi = feci, me, me. Aeneas 

studiously compressed. earnestly pleads that he has come 

131. Note the series of subjects to himself to ask for aid. 



190 VEBGILI AENEIS— LIBER VIII. 

Insequitur ; nos si pellant, nihil afore credunt, 
Quin omnem Hesperiam penitus sua sub iuga mittant, 
Et mare quod supra, teneant, quodque adluit infra. 
Accipe daque fidem. Sunt nobis fortia bello 150 
Pectora, sunt animi et rebus spectata iuventus.' 
Dixerat Aeneas. Ille os oculosque loquentis 
lamdudum et totum lustrabat lumine corpus. 
Turn sic pauca refert : ' Ut te, fortissimo Teucrum, 
Evander's Accipio agnoscoquo libcns ! ut verba parentis 155 
Et vocem Anchisae magni vultumque recordor ! 
Nam memini Hesionae visentem regna sororis 
Laomedontiaden Priamum, Salamina petentem, 
Protinus Arcadiae gelidos invisere finis. 
Tum mihi prima genas vestibat flore iuventa ; 160 
Mirabarque duces Teucros, mirabar et ipsum 
Laomedontiaden ; sed cunctis altior ibat 
Anchises. Mihi mens iuvenali ardebat amore 
Compellare virum, et dextrae coniungere dextram ; 
Accessi, et cupidus Phenei sub moenia duxi. 165 
Ille mihi insignem pharetram Lyciasque sagittas 
Discedens chlamydemque auro dedit intertextam, 
Erenaque bina, mens quae nunc habet, aurea, Pallas. 
Ergo et, quam petitis, iuncta est mihi foedere dextra, 
Et, lux cum primum terris se crastina reddet, 170 
Auxilio laetos dimittam, opibusque iuvabo. 
Interea sacra haec, quando hue venistis amici, 
Annua, quae difFerre nefas, celebrate faventes 
Nobiscum, et iam nunc sociorum adsuescite mensis.* 

The interrupted feast is resumed with the new guests. At its close 
Evander explains that it is in honor of Hercules slaying Cacus, and, 

149. mare quod supra, quod infra, 169. gwam, the right hand, "which 

both the Adriatic and the Tyrrhene you seek." Evander at once grants 

seas. the requested alliance, and he court- 

151. spectata rebus, sc. bellicis, eously invites Aeneas to the sacri- 

" trained in war." ficial feast. 

156. For recordor and memini, with 173. quae differre nefas, " to defer 

accusative for genitive, see ^ 135 (&), which were impiety." 
remark. 



\ 



VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER VIIL 191 

crowning himself, he pours out a libation to the hero. They close the 
evening with (11. 175-279) 

THE SALIC DANCE. 

Devexo interea propior fit Vesper Olympo : 280 
lamque sacerdotes primusque Potitius ibant, 
Pellibus in morem cincti, flammasque ferebant. 
Instaurant epulas, et mensae grata secundae 
Dona ferunt, cumulantque oneratis lancibus aras. 
Turn Salii ad cantus incensa altaria circum 285 

Populeis adsunt evincti tempora ramis, 
Hie iuvenum chorus, ille senum; qui carmine laudes 
Herculeas et facta ferunt : ut prima novercae 
Monstra manu geminosque premens eliserit anguis ; 
Ut bello egregias idem disiecerit urbes, 290 

Troiamque Oechaliamque ; ut duros mille labores, 
Rege sub Eurystheo fatis lunonis iniquae 
Hymn to Pertulcrit. ' Tu nubigenas, invicte, bimembris, 

Hercules. -^-r ^ -r~ki i /-^ • 

Hylaeumque rnolumque, manu, tu Cresia mactas 
Prodigia et vastum Nemeae sub rupe leonem. 295 
Te Stygii tremuere lacus, te iauitor Orci 
Ossa super recubans antro semesa cruento ; 
Nee te ullae facies, non terruit ipse Typhoeus, 
Arduus arma tenens ; non te rationis egentem 
Lernaeus turba capitum circumstetit anguis. 300 
Salve, vera lovis proles, decus addite divis, 
Et nos et tua dexter adi pede sacra secundo.' 

283. mensae secundae, dat., " to the 293. nuhigenas bimembris. The Cen- 
sacred tables." secundae = -propitious, taurs, the children of Ixion and a 
sacred. Cf. 1. 302. cloud. Hercules slew Hylaeus and 

284. lancibus, "with heaped-up Pholus. 

platters." The distinction between 294. Cresia = Cretan, from a Greek 

the ara for fruits and the altaria form, Ores. It was the fire-breathing 

for victims is more clearly kept bull, mactas, "art slaying." Note 

here than elsewhere. Cf. Eel. I., the vivid action of the present 

43; Aen. IV., 453. tense. 

288. novercae, Juno, because she 301. addite, voc. 

attempted to destroy the infant 302. dexter, also vocative, dexter 

Hercules by sending the two ser- adi, " be propitious." 
pents, prima vwnstra. 



192 



VERGILI AENEIS-LIBER VIIL 



Evander and 

Aeneas stroll 
over future 
liistoric sites. 



Talia carminibus celebrant ; super omnia Caci 
Speluncam adiciunt, spirantemque ignibus ipsum. 
Consonat omne nemus strepitu, collesque resultant. 

Exin se cuncti divinis rebus ad urbem 306 

Perfectis referunt. Ibat rex obsitus aevo, 
Et comitem Aenean iuxta natumque tenebat 
Ingrediens, varioque viam sermone levabat. 
Miratur, facilisque oculos fert omnia circum 310 

Aeneas, capiturque locis, et singula laetus 
Exquiritque auditque virum monumenta priorum. 
Tum rex Euandrus Romanae conditor arcis : 
'Haec nemora indigenae Fauni Nymphaeque tene- 

bant, 
Gensque virum truncis et duro robore nata, 315 

Quis neque mos neque cultus erat, nee iungere tauros, 
Aut coraponere opes norant, aut parcere parto, 
Sed rami atque asper victu venatus alebat. 
Primus ab aetherio venit Saturnus Olympo, 
Arma lovis fugiens et regnis exsul ademptis. 320 
Is genus indocile ac dispersum montibus altis 
Composuit, legesque dedit Latiumque vocari 
Maluit, his quoniam latuisset tutus in oris. 
Aurea quae perhibent, illo sub rege fuere 
Saecula : sic placida populos in pace regebat ; 325 
Deterior donee paulatim ac decolor aetas 
Et belli rabies et amor successit habendi. 
Tum manus Ausonia et gentes venere Sicanae. 
Saepius et nomen posuit Saturnia tellus. 
Tum reges asperque immani corpore Thybris, 330 
A quo post Itali fluvium cognomine Thybrim 
Diximus ; amisit verum vetus Albula nomen. 



311. locis, abl. He is attracted by 
the scenery. 

313. conditor, for he built Pallan- 
teum on the site of later Eome. 

316. quis = quibus. mos, " moral 
law." cultus, " comfort of liv- 
ing." 



329. posuit, " often changed its 
name" — i.e. it was called Ausonia, 
Oenotria, Hesperia, or Etruria, at dif- 
ferent dates. 

330. asperque . . . Thybris. The gi- 
gantic Thybris was a king of Etru- 
ria. 



VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER VIII. 193 

Me pulsum patria pelagique extrema sequentem 

Fortima omiiipotens et ineluctabile fatum 

His posuere locis, matrisque egere tremenda 335 

Carmentis Nymphae monita et deus auctor Apollo.' 

Vix ea dicta : dehinc progressus monstrat et aram 

Et Carmentalem Romani nomine portam 

Qiiam memorant, Nymphae priscum Carmentis ho- 

norem, 
Vatis fatidicae, cecinit quae prima futuros 340 

Aeneadas magnos et nobile Pallanteum. 
Hinc lucum ingentem, quern Romulus acer Asylum 
Rettulit, et gelida monstrat sub rupe Lupercal, 
• Parrhasio dictum Panos de more Lycaei. 

Nee non et sacri monstrat nemus Argileti, 345 

Testaturque locum, et letum docet hospitis Argi. 
Hinc ad Tarpeiam sedem et Capitolia ducit, 
Aurea nunc, olim silvestribus horrida dumis. 
lam tum religio pavidos terrebat agrestis 
Dira loci ; iam tum silvam saxumque tremebant. 350 
' Hoc nemus, hunc,' inquit, ' frondoso vertice collem, 
Quis deus incertum est, habitat deus ; Arcades ipsum 
Credunt se vidisse lovem, cum saepe nigrantem 
Aegida concuteret dextra, nimbosque cieret. 
Haec duo praeterea disiectis oppida muris, 355 

Reliquias veterumque vides monumenta virorum. 
Hanc lanus pater, banc Saturnus condidit arcem ; 
laniculum huic, illi fuerat Saturnia nomen.' 
Talibus inter se dictis ad tecta subibant 
Pauperis Euandri, passimque armenta videbant 360 

335. Evander points out to Aeneas tation of Parrhasia," an Arcadian 

sites that became famous in later state. 

Eoman story. 345. Argileti, between the Capito- 

340. quae prima, "who first fore- line and Aventine hills; really the 
told." " clay-fields," but according to a 

341. Pnllanteum, afterward mons legend Argus was here murdered by 
Palatinus. some of Evander's retainers, with 

343. Lupercal, tjie " wolf cave " of his knowledge ; hence it was called 
Pan upon the Pallanteum. Argi-letum. 

344. Parrhasio de more, "in imi- 350. frejne&anf," they trembled at." 

13 



194 VEBGILI AENEIS— LIBER VIII. 

Romanoque foro et lautis inugire Carinis. 
His hospitable XJt ventum ad sedes : ' Haec/ inquit, ' limina victor 

welcome. i i • • ' i. ' 

Alcides subiit, haec ilium regia cepit. 

Aude, hospes, contemnere opes, et te quoque dignum 

Finge deo, rebusque veni non asper egenis.' 365 

Dixit, et angusti subter fastigia tecti 

Ingentem Aenean duxit, stratisque locavit 

EfFultum foliis et pelle Libystidis ursae. 

Venus persuades her husband, Vulcan, to forge armor for her son. He 
sets to work the Cyclops, who were busy forging Jove's thunderbolts in 
their forges under the X-ipari Islands. Evander and his guest have a con- 
fidential conversation early upon the morning following Aeneas' arrival. 
He explains his political difficulties and the revolt of the Etrurians against 
the tyrannies of Mezentius. They had offered the government to Evander, 
but now, as Pallas is too young, Aeneas ought to become their leader. As 
Aeneas is in doubt, a sudden roll of thunder in the clear sky and a long 
echoing trumpet-blast tell him that he is bidden from Olympus itself to 
take this leadership. Again they sacrifice to Hercules, and with this pact 
Evander raises his troops in aid of the Trojans. He parts with his gal- 
lant son with many forebodings from the wrath of Mezentius, and with a 
pathetic prayer to the gods to spare him. (11. 369-584.) 

THE TROOPS SET OUT. 

lamque adeo exierat portis equitatus apertis, 585 
Aeneas inter primos et fidus Achates, 
Inde alii Troiae proceres ; ijDse agmine Pallas 
In medio, chlamyde et pictis conspectus in armis : 
Qualis ubi Oceani perfusus Lucifer unda, 
Quem Venus ante alios astrorum diligit ignis, 590 
Extulit OS sacrum caelo tenebrasque resolvit. 
Stant pavidae in muris matres, oculisque sequuntur 
Pulveream nubem et fulgentis acre catervas. 
Dili per dumos, qua proxima meta viarum, 
Armati tendunt ; it clamor, et agmine facto 595 

361. lautis Carinis. An intentional 365. rebusque veni, " and not dis- 

anachronism. In Vergil's time it was daining poverty enter" my palace. 

a street splendid with the palaces of veni, imperative, rebus, dat. after 

Pompey and Antony. asper, 1 144, E. xv. 



589. undd, 1 170, r. 5. Cf. I. 127, 



VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER VIIL 195 

Quadrupedante putrem sonitu quatit ungula campum. 

Est ingens gelidum lucus prope Caeritis amnem, 
Religione patrum late sacer ; undique colles 
Inclusere cavi et nigra nemus abiete cingunt. 
Silvano fama est veteris sacrasse Pelasgos, 600 

Arvorum pecorisque deo, lucumque diemque, 
Qui primi finis aliquando habuere Latinos. 
Hand procul hinc Tarcho et Tyrrheni tuta tenebant 
Castra locis, celsoque omnis de colle videri 
lam poterat legio, et latis tendebat in arvis. 605 

Hue pater Aeneas et bello lecta inventus 
Succedunt, fessique et equos et corpora curant. 

VENUS BRINGS HIS ARMOR TO AENEAS. 

At Venus aetherios inter dea Candida nirubos 
Dona ferens aderat ; natumque in valle reducta 
Ut procul et gelido secretum flumine vidit, 610 

Talibus adfata est dictis, seque obtulit ultro : 
* En perfecta mei promissa coniugis arte 
Munera ; ne mox aut Laurentis, nate, superbos, 
Aut acrem dubites in proelia poscere Turnum.' 
Dixit et amplexus nati Cytherea petivit ; 615 

Anna sub adversa posuit radiantia quercu. 
Ille, deae donis et tanto laetus honore, 
Expleri nequit atque oculos per singula volvit, 
Miraturque interque manus et brachia versat 
Terribilem cristis galeam flammasque vomentem, 620 
Fatiferumque ensem, loricam ex acre rigentem, 
Sanguineam, ingentem, qualis cum caerula nubes 
Solis inardescit radiis longeque refulget ; 

598. religione patrum late sacer, "fa- 605. legio, not the later legion, but 
mous for sanctity by the reverence a body of men. Cf. levy. 
of our forefathers." 

602. Latinos, "the Latins also con- 
secrated the grove and, appointed a 
day." 

603. Tarcho, who had appealed to 
Evauder. Vide supra. 



610. secretum, ' 


'secluded" for quiet 


thought. 




618. expleri, 


" to satisfy his 


gaze." 




620. terribilem 
xxix. 


cristis, § 162, K. 



196 



VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER VIIL 



The splendid 
shield. 



Turn levis ocreas electro auroque recocto, 
Hastamque, et clipei non enarrabile textuin. G25 
Illic res Italas Romanorumque triumphos, 
Haud vatum ignarus venturique inscius aevi, 

paitmem^'^'" Fecerat Ignipotens ; illic genus omne futurae 
Stirpis ab Ascanio, pugnataque in ordine bella. 
Fecerat et viridi fetam Mavortis- in antro 630 

Procubuisse lupam ; geminos huic ubera circum 
Ludere pendentis pueros, et lambere matrem 
Impavidos ; illam tereti cervice reflexam 
Mulcere alternos, et corpora fingere lingua. 634 

Nee procul hinc Romam et raptas sine more Sabinas 
Consessu caveae, magnis Circensibus actis, 
Addiderat, subitoque novum consurgere bellum 
Romulidis Tatioque seni Curibusque severis. 
Post idem inter se posito certamine reges 
Armati lovis ante aram paterasque tenentes 640 
Stabant et caesa iungebant foedera porca. 
Haud procul inde citae Mettum in diversa quadrigae 
Distulerant — at tu dictis, Albane, maneres ! — 
Raptabatque viri mendacis viscera Tullus 
Per silvam, et sparsi rorabant sanguine vepres. 645 

The fourth. Nec nou Tarquinium eiectum Porsenna iubebat 
Accipere, ingentique urbem obsidione premebat ; 
Aeneadae in ferrum pro libertate ruebant. 
Ilium indignant! similem, similemque minanti 
Aspiceres, pontem auderet quia vellere Codes, 650 
Et fluvium vinclis innaret Cloelia ruptis. 
In summo custos Tarpeiae Manlius arcis 
Stabat pro templo et Capitolia celsa tenebat, 
Romuleoque recens horrebat regia culmo. 



The second. 



The third. 



625. non enarrabile fextum, "the 
unspeakable workmanship of the 
shield." 

627. haud must be repeated with 
inscius. 

635. sine more, " contrary to all 
right." 



638. Romulidis, dative. 

643. maneres, " would have re- 
mained true to thy pledges." 

652. summa. Supply clipei. These 
designs were placed around the broad 
rim of the shield. 



VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER VIII. 197 

The fifth. Atque hie auratis volitans argenteus anser 655 

Porticibus Gallos in limine adesse canebat ; 
Galli per dumos aderant, arcemque tenebant, 
Defensi tenebris et dono noctis opacae ; 
Aurea caesaries ollis, atque aurea vestis ; 
Virgatis lucent sagulis ; turn lactea colla 660 

Auro innectuntur ; duo quisque Alpina coruscant 
Gaesa manu, scutis protecti corpora longis. 

The sixth. Hic cxsultautis Salios, nudosque Lupercos, 
Lanigerosque apices, et lapsa ancilia caelo 
Extuderat ; castae ducebant sacra per urbem 665 
Pilentis matres in mollibus. Hinc procul addit - 

The seventh. Tartareas etiam sedes, alta ostia Ditis, 

Et scelerum poenas, et te, Catilina, minaci 
Pendentem scopulo, Furiarumque ora trementem ; 
Secretosque pios ; his dantem iura Catonem. 670 

The eighth. Haec inter tumidi late maris ibat imago, 

Aurea, sed fluctu spumabant caerula cano ; 
Et circum argento clari delphines in orbem 
Aequora verrebant caudis aestumque secabant. 
In medio classis aeratas, Actia bella, 675 

Cernere erat ; totumque instruct© Marte videres 
Fervere Leucaten, auroque eiFulgere fluctus. 
Hinc Augustus agens Italos in proelia Caesar 
Cum Patribus Populoque, Penatibus et magnis Dis, 
Stans celsa in puppi ; geminas cui tempora flammas 



659. aurea caesaries, " golden seated in which the Eoman matrons 
locks." bore the sacred vessels. 

660. vircjatis sagulis, war -cloaks 671. inter haec, " in the centre," 
striped with gold. amidst the seven which ornamented 

662. gaesa, javelins of Celtic make, the rim. 

the barb being nearly as long as the 672. fluctu cano, " with white- 
shaft, crested waves." 

663. I,?y>ercos, the Lnpercal priests, 676. cernere erat, "there were to 
who at the feast ran through the be seen " — a Greek construction., 
streets half clothed in goats' skins. Note the imp. ind. with the imp. 
The cave, sacred to Pan (1. 343), also subj. in videres, referring the design 
belonged to the god Lupercus. to the reader's imagination. 

666. pilentis, " easy carriages," 680. tempora, the templets of the 



198 VEBGILI AENEIS— LIBER VIII. 

Laeta vomunt, patriumque aperitur vertice sidus. 681 
Parte alia ventis et dis Agrippa secundis 
Arduus agmen agens ; cui, belli insigne superbum, 
Tempora navali fulgent rostrata corona. 
Hinc ope barbarica variisque Antonius armis, 685 
Victor ab Aurorae populis et litore rubro, 
Aegyptum virisque Orientis et ultima secum 
Bactra vehit ; sequiturque, nefas! Aegyptia con- 

iunx. 
Una omnes mere, ac totum spumare, reductis 
Convulsum remis rostrisque tridentibus, aequor. 690 
Alta petunt ; pel ago credas innare revulsas 
Cycladas, aut montis concurrere montibus altos : 
Tanta mole viri turritis puppibus instant. 
Stuppea flamma manu telisque volatile ferrum 
Spargitur ; arva nova Neptunia caede rubescunt. 695 
Kegina in mediis patrio vocat agmina sistro : 
Necdum etiam geminos a tergo respicit anguis. 
Omnigenumque deum monstra et latrator Anubis 
Contra Neptunum et Venerem contraque Minervam 
Tela tenent. Saevit medio in certamine Mavors 700 
Caelatus ferro, tristesque ex aethere Dirae ; 
Et scissa gaudens vadit Discordia palla, 
Quam cum sanguineo sequitur Bellona flagello. 
Actius haec cernens arcum intendebat Apollo 
Desuper : omnis eo terrore Aegyptus et Indi, 705 
Omnis Arabs, omnes vertebant terga Sabaei. 
Ipsa videbatur ventis regina vocatis 

helm, cui, dat,, more emphatic than 694. telis volatile ferrum. telis = 

cuius, § 148, note. telorura. 

681. patrium sidus — i. e. the comet 696. patrio sistro, "with the na- 

that appeared at the time of Caesar's tional sistrum." sistrum, a musical 

death. instrument used in loose revellings. 

684, tempora, " temples." Agrippa Vergil introduces it sarcastically, 

wore a navalis rostrata corona. 697. necdum, " nor did she see he- 

• 692. Cycladas revulsas, "torn anew hind the two asps" of her coming 

from their beds." The Cyclades, death. 

according to the legend, were once 701. Note the slow march of the 

floating islands. spondees in these four lines, 701-704. 



VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER VIII. 199 

Vela dare, et laxos iam iamque immittere funis. 
Illam inter caedes pallentem morte futura 
Fecerat Ignipotens undis et lapyge ferri ; 710 

Contra autem magno maerentem corpore Nilum, 
Pandentemque sinus et tota veste vocantem 
Caeruleum in gremium latebrosaque flumina victos. 
The ninth. At Caesar, triplici invectus Eomana triumpho 

Moenia, dis Italis votum immortale sacrabat, 715 
Maxima ter centum totam delubra per Urbem. 
Laetitia ludisque viae plausuque fremebant ; 
Omnibus in templis matrum chorus, omnibus arae ; 
Ante aras terram caesi stravere iuvenci. 
Ipse, sedens niveo candentis limine Phoebi, 720 

Dona recognoscit populorum aptatque superbis 
Postibus ; incedunt victae longo ordine gentes, 
Quam variae linguis, babitu tarn Testis et armis. 
Hie Komadum genus et discinctos Mulciber Afros, 
Hie Lelegas Carasque sagittiferosque Gelonos 725 
Finxerat ; Euphrates ibat iam mollior undis ; 
Extremique hominum Morini, Ehenusque bicornis ; 
Indomitique Daliae, et pontem indignatus Araxes. 

Talia per clipeum Yolcani, dona parentis, 
Miratur, rerumque ignarus imagine gaudet, 730 

Attollens umero famamque et fata nepotum. 

713. latehrosa flumina, joined to in nations." aptat, " afl3.xes them to the 
gremium by que, is ace. instead of gen. splendid portals." 

plu. 724. Mulciber . . .finxerat, "Vulcan 

714. Eomana moenia, " into the had fashioned," etc. 

Eoman walls," | 154, r. 3. Mark 728. Araxes indignatus pontem, 
the repetition of the long a in "never bridged over" so swift and 
specially finished passages, as 714- powerful a stream. 
719. 731. attollens umero, "throwing over 

721. dona, "the offerings of the his shoulder" — i.e. by the belt at- 
tached to the shield. 



200 VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER IX, 



LIBEK IX. 

While Aeneas is absent upon the embassy, Turnus with his Rutuli at- 
tacks his camp and tries to burn the ships. These, at the prayer of Cybele, 
are transformed by Jupiter into sea-nymphs. At night Turnus sets a 
watch to prevent a sally by the Trojans. Nisus and Euryalus volunteer to 
carry word of their danger to Aeneas. After leaving the camp they stop 
to kill the sleeping Latins as they are passing by their bivouac. The delay 
is fatal ; they are captured and slain. On the next morning Turnus fiercely 
attacks the camp. He succeeds in getting within the gates, but, being alone, 
is forced to retreat. 

Atque, ea diversa penitus dum parte geruntur, 
Iris tells Tur- \Y\m de caelo misit Saturn ia luno 

nus that Ae- 
neas is absent. Audacem ad Turnum. Luco turn forte parentis 

Pilumni Turnus sacrata valle sedebat. 

Ad quern sic roseo Thaumantias ore locuta est : 5 

* Turne, quod optanti divom promittere nemo 
Auderet, volvenda dies, en, attulit ultro. 
Aeneas, urbe et sociis et classe relicta, 
Sceptra Palatini sedemque petit Euandri. 

Nee satis : extremas Corythi penetravit ad urbes, 10 
Lydorumque manum collectos armat agrestis. 
Quid dubitas? nunc tempus equos, nunc poscere 

currus. 
Rumpe moras omnis et turbata arripe castra.' 
Dixit, et in caelum paribus se sustulit alis, 
Ingentemque fuga secuit sub nubibus arcum. 15 

Agnovit iuvenis, duplicisque ad sidera palmas 
Sustulit, ac tali fugientem est voce secutus : 

* Iri, decus caeli, quis te mihi nubibus actam 
Detulit in terras ? unde haec tarn clara repente 
Tempestas ? medium video discedere caelum, 20 
Palantisque polo stellas. Sequor omina tanta., 
Quisquis in arma vocas.' Et sic efFatus ad undam 

4. Pilumnus was one of Turnus' dropped from the clouds to earth, 

ancestors. to me?" 

12. poscere dei^en^ on tempus (est), 22. quisquis, "whatever god thou 

"to summon." art who (through Iris) summonest 

18. quis te, etc., "who sent thee, me to arms." 



VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER IX. 



201 



He gathers 
his troops 



The Trojans 
are on the 

alert. 



Processit, summoque hausit de gurgite lymphas, 
Multa deos orans, oneravitque aethera votis. 

lamque omnis campis exercitus ibat apertis, 25 
Dives equum, dives pictai vestis et auri ; 
Messapus primas acies, postrema coercent 
Tyrrhidae iuvenes ; medio dux agmine Turnus 
Vertitur arma tenens, et toto vertice supra est. 
uke a mighty Qeu septem sui'gens sedatis amnibus altus 30 

stream. ^ o 

Per taciturn Ganges, aut pingui flumine Nilus 
Cum refluit campis et iam se condidit alveo. 
Hie sLibitam nigro glomerari pulvere nubem 
Prospiciunt Teucri, ac tenebras insurgere campis. 
Primus ab adversa conclamat mole Caicus : 35 

* Quis globus, cives, caligine volvitur atra ! 
Ferte citi ferrum, date tela, ascendite muros, 
Hostis adest ; heia !' Ingenti clamore per omnis 
Condunt se Teucri portas, et moenia complent. 
Namque ita discedens praeceperat optimus armis 40 
Aeneas : si qua interea fortuna fuisset, 
Neu struere auderent aciem, neu credere campo ; 
Castra modo et tutos servarent aggere muros. 
Ergo, etsi conferre manum pudor iraque monstrat, 
Obiciunt portas tamen et praecepta facessunt, 45 
Armatique cavis exspectant turribus hostem. 
Turnus, ut ante volans tardum praecesserat agmen, 
Vigintilectis equitum comitatus et urbi 
Improvisus adest ; maculis quern Thracius albis 
Portat equus, cristaque tegit galea aurea rubra. 50 

* Ecquis erit,' mecum, iuvenes, * qui primus in 
hostem — ? 

En,' ait. Et iaculum attorquens emittit in auras, 
Principium pugnae, et campo sese arduus infert. 



The assault. 



30. Arrange, ceu altus Ganges, siir- 
gens {it) per taciturn sedatis amnis aut 
cum. 

31. Nilus, etc. campis, abl. per 
taciturn, ^168, r. 2 (e). 

42. credere campo, ^ 142, E. xiii. 



46. cavis turribus, ^ 170, r. 5. 

53. principium pugnae. The decla- 
ration of war was made by the feti- 
alis, who hurled a spear over the bor- 
der into the enemy's country. So 
Turnus declares war. 



202 VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER IX. 

Clamore excipiunt socii, fremituque sequuntur 
Horrisono ; Teucrum mirantur inertia corda : 55 
Non aequo dare se campo, non obvia ferre 
Turnus, like a Arma viros, sed castra fovere. Hue turbidus atque hue 

prowling wolf, ' ^ 

rides to and Lustrat equo muros, aditumque per avia quaerit. 
Ac, veluti pleno lupus insidiatus ovili 
Cum fremit ad caulas, ventos perpessus et imbris, 60 
Nocte super media ; tuti sub matribus agni 
Balatum exercent ; ille asper et improbus ira 
Saevit in absentis ; collecta fatigat edendi 
Ex longo rabies, et siccae sanguine fauces : 
Hand aliter Rutulo muros et castra tuenti 65 

Ignescunt irae ; duris dolor ossibus ardet, 
Qua tentet ratione aditus, et quae via clauses 
Excutiat Teucros vallo atque efFundat in aequum. 
Classem, quae lateri castrorum adiuncta latebat, 

Sfrffie Shi s ^gg^ribus sacptam circum et fluvialibus undis, 70 
Invadit, sociosque incendia poscit ovantis, 
Atque manum pinu flagranti fervidus implet. 
Tum vero incumbunt ; urget praesentia Turni ; 
Atque omnis facibus pubes accingitur atris. 
Diripuere focos ; piceum fert fumida lumen 75 

Taeda et commixtam Volcanus ad astra favillam. 

Turnus is about to apply the torch, when Cybele beseeches her son, 
Jupiter, to aid her in saving them, for they are built of pine sacred to 
her. Jupiter responds, "Could there be a greater request than that perish- 
able ships should become imperishable? Let them become sea-nymphs." 
So they glide, transformed, into the wave at Cybele's bidding. All the chiefs 
but Turnus are alarmed. He boldly defies the Trojans, and will meet any 
fate to hold his own, confident in the justice of his quarrel. Let them gain 
what allies they may, he will attack the next morning, and bids the chiefs 
prepare. (11. 77-167.) 

THE TROJANS PASS A WATCHFUL NIGHT. 

Haec super e vallo prospectant Trees, et armis 
Alta tenent ; nee non trepidi formidine portas 

68. effundat in aequum, "and can 71. ovantis, "exulting." 
rout them upon the plain." 



VEBGILI AENEIS— LIBER IX. 203 

Explorant, pontisque et propugnacula iungunt, 170 
Tela gerunt. Instant Mnestheus acerque Serestus, 
Quos pater Aeneas, si quando adversa vocarent, 
Kectores iuvenum et rerum dedit esse magistros, 
Omnis per muros legio, sortita periclum, 174 

Excubat exercetque vices, quod cuique tuendum est. 

Eur"aius) Nisus erat portae custos, acerrimus armis, 

Hyrtacides, comitem Aeneae quern miserat Ida 

Venatrix, iaculo celerem levibusque sagittis ; 

Et iuxta comes Euryalus, quo pulchrior alter 

Non fuit Aeneadum Troiana neque induit arma, 180 

Ora puer prima signans intonsa iuventa. 

His amor unus erat, pariterque in bella ruebant ; 

Turn quoque communi portam statione tenebant. 

Nisus ait : ' Dine hunc ardorem mentibus addunt, 

career* *^^ Euryalc, an sua cuique dcus fit dira cupido ? 185 

Rutuii. ^ut pugnam, aut aliquid iamdudum invader e mag- 

num 
Mens agitat mihi, nee placida contenta quiete est. 
, Cernis, quae Rutulos babeat fiducia rerum : 

Lumina rara micant ; somno vinoque soluti 
Procubuere ; silent late loca. Percipe porro, 190 
Quid dubitem, et quae nunc animo sententia surgat. 
Aenean acciri omnes, populusque patresque, 
Exposcunt, mittique viros, qui certa reportent. 

He will voiun- gj ^ij^j quae posco, promittunt — nam mihi facti 

teer to sum- ^ l r ^ r 

mon Aeneas. Eama sat est — tumulo videor reperire sub illo 195 
Posse viam ad muros et moenia Pallantea.' 
Obstipuit magno laudura percussus amore 
Euryalus ; simul his ardentem adfatur amicum : 
* Mene igitur socium summis adiungere rebus, 
Nise, fugis ? solum te in tanta pericula mittam ? 200 
Non ita me genitor, bellis adsuetus Opheltes, 

go with him. Argolicum terrorem inter Troiaeque labores 



179. Arrange, quo non alter Ae- 185. fit deus, etc., " does vehement 
neadum pulchrior fuit neque induit desire become each one's god ?" 
arma. 188. haleat, "possesses." 



204 VERGTLI AENEIS— LIBER IX. 

Sublatum erudiit ; nee teeum talia gessi, 
Magnanimum Aenean et fata extrema secutus : 
Est hie, est animus lucis contemptor, et istum 205 
Qui vita bene credat emi, quo tendis honorem.' 
Nisus ad haec : ' Equidem de te nil tale verebar, 
Nee fas ; non : ita me referat tibi magnus ovantem 
luppiter, aut quicumque oculis haec aspicit aequis. 
Sed si quis — quae multa vides discrimine tali — 210 
Si quis in adversum rapiat casusve deusve, 

Nisus' reply, Te superesse velim ; tua vita dignior aetas. 

Sit, qui me raptum pugna pretiove redemptum 
Mandet humo solita, aut si qua id Fortuna vetabit, 
Absenti ferat inferias, decoretque sepulcro. 215 

Neu matri miserae tanti sim causa doloris, 
Quae te sola, puer, multis e matribus ansa 
Persequitur, magni nee moenia curat Acestae.' 
Ille autem : ' Causas nequiquam nectis inanis, 
Nee mea iam mutata loco sententia cedit. 220 

Acceleremus,' ait. Vigiles simul excitat. Illi 
Succedunt servantque vices ; statione relicta 
Ipse comes Niso graditur, regemque requirunt. 
Cetera per terras omnis animalia somno 

They go to the Laxabaut curas et corda oblita laborum : 225 

council. . . , , . 

Ductores ieucrum primi, delecta inventus, 
Consilium summis regni de rebus habebant, 
Quid facerent, quisve Aeneae iam nuntius esset. 
Stant longis adnixi hastis et scuta tenentes 
Castrorum et campi medio. Turn Nisus et una 230 
Euryalus confestim alacres admittier orant ; 
Rem magnam, pretiumque morae fore. Primus lulus 

203. suhlahim, "having raised me 210, quae miilta vides, "if any ac- 

in his arms." The father had his cident, god-sent — and you see that 

new-horn child laid at his feet. If many such may be in such a fray," 

he did not take it up, the child was 214, solita, "as often happens," 

exposed. It was the act of acknow- 215, ahsenti ferat inferias,^* let hiva. 

ledgment to take it up, erudiit, bring offerings to my cenotaph," 

"trained in arms to be a terror to 217. ausa persequitur, for ausa est, 

the Greeks." te sequi. 



VERGILI AENEIS—LIBEB IX. 



205 



It is joyfully 
accepted. 



Accepit trepidos, ac Nisum dicere iussit. 
Turn sic Hyrtacides : ' Audite o mentibus aequis, 
Aeneadae, neve haec nostris spectentur ab annis, 235 
Their proposal. Quae ferimus. Kutuli somno vinoque soluti 
Conticuere ; locum insidiis conspeximus ipsi, 
Qui patet in bivio portae, quae proxima ponto ; 
Interrupti ignes, aterque ad sidera fumus 
Erigitur ; si fortuna permittitis uti, 240 

Quaesitum Aenean et moenia Pallantea : 
Mox hie cum spoliis, ingenti caede peracta, 
Adfore cernetis. Nee nos via fallit euntis : 
Vidimus ojJscuris primam sub vallibus urbem 
Venatu adsiduo, et totum cognovimus amnem.' 245 
Hie annis gravis atque animi maturus Aletes : 
' Di patrii, quorum semper sub numine Troia est, 
Non tamen omnino Teucros delere paratis, 
Cum talis aniraos iuvenum et tarn certa tulistis 249 
Pectora/ Sic memorans, umeros dextrasque tenebat 
Amborum, et vultum lacrimis atque ora rigabat. 
* Quae vobis, quae digna, viri, pro laudibus istis 
Praemia posse rear solvi ? pulcherrima primum 
Di moresque dabunt vestri ; tum cetera reddet 
Actutum pius Aeneas atque integer aevi 255 

Ascanius, meriti tanti non immemor umquam.' 
' Immo ego vos, cui sola salus genitore reducto/ 
Excipit Ascanius, ' per magnos, Nise, Penatis 
Assaracique Larem et canae penetralia Vestae 
Obtestor ; quaecumque mihi fortuna fidesque est, 260 
In vestris pono gremiis : revocate parentem, 
Reddite conspectum ; nihil illo triste recepto. 
Bina dabo argento perfecta atque aspera signis 
Pocula, devicta genitor quae cepit Arisba, 



Ascanius' 

profuse 

promises. 



233. trepidos, "hurried." 250. umeros dextrasque tenebat, he 

238. qui patet, "the open ground threw one arm over the shoulder of 

at the two ways of the gate." each and clasped his hand, 

241. quaesitum, supine, §186, E. 1. 254. moresque vestri, "your con- 

(A). sciousuess" of well-doing. 

249. certa, "steadfast." 



206 VEROILI AENEIS— LIBER IX. 

Et tripodas geminos, auri duo magna talenta, 265 
Cratera antiquum, quern dat Sidonia Dido. 
Si vero capere Italiam sceptrisque potiri 
Contigerit victori, et praedae dicere sortem : 
Vidisti, quo Turnus equo, quibus ibat in armis 
Aureus ; ipsum ilium, clipeum cristasque rubentis 270 
Excipiam sorti, iam nunc tua praemia, Nise. 
Praeterea bis sex genitor lectissima matrum 
Corpora captivosque dabit, suaque omnibus arraa ; 
Insuper his, campi quod rex habet ipse Latinus. 
Te vero, mea quem spatiis propioribus aetas 275 

Insequitur, venerande puer, iafti pectore toto 
Accipio et comitem casus complector in omnis 
Nulla meis sine te quaeretur gloria rebus ; 
Seu pacem sen bella geram, tibi maxima rerum 
Verborumque fides.' Contra quem talia fatur 280 
TsKhathS^ Euryalus: 'Me nulla dies tam fortibus ausis 
b?cl?e?fOT Dissimilem arguerit ; tantum, fortuna secunda 
Hand adversa cadat. Sed te super omnia dona 
Unum oro ; genetrix Priami de gente vetusta 
Est mihi, quam miseram tenuit non Ilia tellus 285 
Mecum excedentem, non moenia regis Acestae. 
Hanc ego nunc ignaram huius quodcumque pericli est 
Inque salutatam linquo ; Nox et tua testis 
Dextera, quod nequeam lacrimas perferre parentis. 
At tu, oro, solare inopem, et succurre relictae. 290 
Hanc sine me spem ferre tui : audentior ibo 
In casus omnis.' Percussa mente dedere 
Dardanidae lacrimas ; ante omnis pulcher lulus, 
Atque animum patriae strinxit pietatis imago. 
Tum sic efFatur: 295 

Ascanius ' Spoudc diorua tuis ing^entibus omnia coeptis. 

pledges him- -^ f f r^ - 

self to do this. JNamquc erit ista mini genetrix, nomenque Creusae 
Solum defuerit, nee partum gratia talem 
Parva manet. Casus factum quicumque sequentur 

271. excipiam sorti, " should I by 290. Note the di£ferent objectives, 
chance win." 291. sine, imperative. 



VEBGILI AENEIS— LIBER IX. 207 

Per caput hoc iuro, per quod pater ante solebat : 300 
Quae tibi polliceor reduci rebusque secundis, 
Haec eadem matrique tuae generique manebunt.' 
Sic ait inlacrimans ; umero simul exuit ensem, 
Auratum, mira quern fecerat arte Lycaon 
Gnosius atque habilem vagina aptarat eburna. 305 
Dat Niso Mnestheus pellem horrentisque leonis 
Exuvias ; galeam fidus permutat Aletes. 
Protinus armati incedunt ; quos omnis euntis 
Primorum manus ad portas, iuvenumque senumque, 
Prosequitur votis. Nee non et pulcher lulus, 310 
Ante annos animumque gerens curamque virilem, 
Multa patri mandata dabat portanda. Sed aurae 
Omnia discerpunt, et nubibus inrita donant. 

They set forth, but are rashly tempted to slay and spoil some of the 
sleeping Eutuli. The delay and the capture of the spoil betray them. 
(11. 314-366.) 

VOLCENS WITH HIS TEOOP CAPTURES EURYALUS. 

Interea praemissi equites ex urbe Latina, 
Cetera dum legio campis instructa moratur, 
Ibant et Turno regi responsa ferebant, 
Ter centum, scutati omnes, Volcente magistro. 370 
lamque propinquabant castris, muroque subibant, 
Cum procul hos laevo flectentis limite cernunt, 
Et galea Euryalum sublustri noctis in umbra 
Prodidit immemorem radiisque adversa refulsit. 
Hand temere est visum. Conclamat ab agmine Vol- 
cens : 375 

* State, viri ; quae causa viae ? quive estis in armis ? 
Quove tenetis iter ?' Nihil illi tendere contra, 
Sed celerare fugam in silvas et fidere nocti. 
Obiciunt equites sese ad divortia nota 379 



373. SM&?iis«n tmSra, " in the glim- 377. tendere, celerare, fid^r^, his- 
mering shade." torical infinitives. 

375. hand temere est visum, "he is 
plainly seen." 



208 



VERQILI AENETS— LIBER IX. 



sees him a 
prisoner. 



Hinc atque hinc, omnemque abitum custode coronant. 
Silva fuit late dumis atque ilice nigra 
Horrida, quara densi complerant undique sentes ; 
Rara per occultos lucebat semita calles. 
Euryalem tenebrae ramorum onerosaque praeda 
Impediunt, fallitque timor regione viarum. 385 

Eur"aiu7^*°^ Nisus abit ; iamque imprudens evaserat hostis 
Atque locos, qui post Albae de nomine dicti 
Albani, turn rex stabula alta Latinus habebat : 
Ut stetit, et frustra absentem respexit amicum ; 

* Euryale infelix, qua te regione reliqui? 390 
Quave sequar, rursus perplexum iter omne revolvens 
Fallacis silvae ?' Simul et vestigia retro 
Observata legit, dumisque silentibus errat. 

Audit equos, audit strepitus et signa sequentum. 394 
Nee longum in medio tempus, cum clamor ad auris 
Pervenit, ac videt Euryalum ; quem iam manus omnis, 
Fraude loci et noctis, subito turbante tumultu, 
Oppressum rapit et conantem plurima frustra. 
Quid faciat ? qua vi iuvenem, quibus audeat armis 
Eripere ? an sese medios moriturus in enses 400 

Inferat, et pulchram properet per vulnera mortem ? 
Ocius adducto torquens hastile lacerto, 
Suspiciens altum, Lunam sic voce precatur : 

* Tu, dea, tu praesens nostro succurre labor! , 

ffia prayer. Astrorum dccus et nemorum Latonia custos; 405 
Si qua tuis umquam pro me pater Hyrtacus aris 
Dona tulit, si qua ipse meis venatibus auxi, 
Suspendive tholo, aut sacra ad fastigia fixi : 
Hunc sine me turbare globum, et rege tela per auras.' 
Dixerat, et toto conixus corpore ferrum 410 

Conicit. Hasta volans noctis diverberat umbras, 
Et venit aversi in tergum Sulmonis, ibique 
Frangitur, ac fisso transit praecordia ligno. 



386. imprudens, heedless of the hung from thy dome, 

overweighted Euryalus, Nisus had pediments, 

escaped. * 409. rege, "guide." 

408. suspendive tholo, " or have 



fastigia, 



VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER IX. 



209 



Volcens slays 
Euryalus. 



Nisiis rushes 
forth 



and slays 
Volcens, 



He is slain. 



Volvitur ille vomens calidum de pectore flumen 
Frigidus, et longis singultibus ilia piilsat. 415 

Diversi circumspiciunt. Hoc acrior idem 
Ecce aliud summa telum librabat ab aure. 
Dum trepidant, it hasta Tago per tempus utrumque, 
Stridens, traiectoque haesit tepefacta cerebro. 
Saevit atrox Volcens, nee teli conspicit iisquam 420 
Auctorem, nee quo se ardens immittere possit. 

* Tu tamen interea calido mihi sanguine poenas 
Persolves amborum/ inquit ; simul ense recluso 
Ibat in Euryalum. Turn vero exterritus, amens, 
Conclamat Nisus — nee se celare tenebris 425 
Amplius, aut tantum potuit perferre dolorem — 

* Me, me, adsum, qui feci, in me convertite ferrum, 
O Rutuli ! mea fraus omnis ; nihil iste nee ausus, 
Nee potuit ; caelum hoc et conscia sidera testor ; 
Tantum infelicem nimium dilexit amicum.' 430 
Talia dicta dabat ; sed viribus ensis adactus 
Transabiit costas et Candida pectora rumpit. 
Volvitur Euryalus leto, pulclirosque per artus 

It cruor, inque umeros cervix conlapsa recumbit : 
Purpureus veluti cum flos succisus aratro 435 

Languescit moriens lassove papavera collo 
Demisere caput, pluvia cum forte gravantur. 
At Nisus ruit in medios, solumque per omnis 
Volcentem petit ; in solo Volcente moratur. 
Quem circum glomerati hostes hinc comminus atque 
hinc 440 

Proturbant. Instat non setius, ac rotat ensem 
Fulmineum, donee Kutuli clamantis in ore 
Condidit adverso, et moriens animam abstulit hosti. 
Tum super exanimum sese proiecit amicum 
Confossus, placidaque ibi demum morte quievit. 445 



417. librabat ah aure, "he poised 
his telum at the heiglit of his ear." 

418. Tago, dative for gen. tempus 
utrumque, " either temple." 

14 



441. proturbant, "jostle hither and 
thither." 

445. confossus, " stabbed many- 
times" by the Eutuli. 



210 VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER IX. 

Fortunati ambo ! si quid mea carmina possunt, 446 
Nulla dies umquam memori vos eximet aevo, 
Dum domus Aeneae Capitoli immobile saxum 
Accolet, imperiumque pater Romanus habebit. 

The troops come to the camp and find the havoc Nisus and Euryalus 
have made. Fixing their heads on spears, they exhibit them before the 
walls. Euryalus' mother hears the sad tidings, and, dropping her spindle, 
she rushes to the wall, where she sees the horrid sight. With touching 
words she mourns her loss and prays for death. The attack begins in 
fierce earnest, with missiles of all sorts. Mezentius and Messapus com- 
mand in one part. Turnus leads the main assault upon the tower, which 
he succeeds in firing. In its fall it destroys several men. Of those out- 
side, Turnus slays Lycus ; Helenor dies fighting in a crowd. Men fall fast 
on either side. Ascanius slays the shouting Numanus with a well-aimed 
arrow, for which Apollo applauds him, and, under the guise of the ancient 
armor-bearer Butes, tells him so. The assault and defence are carried on 
with energy on either side (11. 450-671), till 



PANDARUS AND BITIAS THROW OPEN THE GATES. 

Pandarus et Bitias, Idaeo Alcanore creti, 
Quos lovis eduxit luco silvestris laera, 
Abietibus iuvenes patriis et montibus aequos, 
Portam, quae ducis imperio commissa recludunt, 675 
Freti armis, ultroque invitant moenibus hostem. 
Ipsi intus dextra ac laeva pro turribus astant, 
Armati ferro et cristis capita alta corusci : 
Quales aeriae liquentia flumina circum, 
Sive Padi ripis, Athesim seu propter amoenum, 680 
The twin Consurs^uut ffemiuae quercus intonsaque caelo 

giants commit . „ . . . . 

great siaugh- Attolluut Capita et sublimi vertice nutant. 

Inrumpunt, aditus Rutuli ut videre patentis. 

Continuo Quercens et pulcher Aquicolus armis 

Et praeceps animi Tmarus et Mavortius Haemon 685 

674. abietibus iuvenes patriis et mon- propter amoenum Athesim, que attol- 
tibus aequos, "youths like the firs of lunt, etc. Atheses, the Adige. 
their native mountains." 684. pulcher armis, " in glittering 

679. Arrange, quales geminae aeriae armor," ^ 162, Eule xxix. 
quercus, sive consurgunt ripis Padi seu 685. praeceps animi, " with head- 
long courage," ^135, E. ix. and r. 



VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER IX. 



211 



till Turnus 
hurries up. 



Agminibus totis aut versi terga dedere, 

Aut ipso portae posuere in limine vitam. 

Turn magis increscunt animis discordibus irae ; 

Et iam collecti Troes glomerantur eodem, 

Et conferre manum et procurrere longius audent. 690 

Ductori Turno, diversa in parte furenti 
Turban tique viros, perfertur nuntius, hostem 
Fervere caede nova, et portas praebere patentis. 
Deserit inceptum, atque immani concitus ira 
Dardaniam ruit ad portam fratresque superbos. 695 
Et primum Antiphaten, is enim se primus agebat, 
Thebana de matre nothum Sarpedonis alti, 
Coniecto sternit iaculo ; volat Itala cornus 
Aera per tenerum, stomachoque infixa sub altum 
Pectus abit ; reddit specus atri vulneris undam 700 
Spumantem, et fixo ferrum in pulmone tepescit. 
Turn Meropem atque Erymanta manu, tum sternit 
Apbidnum ; 
He slays Bitias. Tum Bitian ardentem oculis animisque frementem, 
Non iaculo ; neque enim iaculo vitam ille dedisset ; 
Sed magnum stridens contorta phalarica venit, 705 
Fulminis acta modo ; quam nee duo taurea terga, 
Nee duplici squama lorica fidelis et auro 
Sustinuit ; conlapsa ruunt immania membra. 
Dat tellus gemitum, et clipeum super intonat ingens. 
Talis in Euboico Baiarum litore quondam 710 

Saxea pila cadit, magnis quam molibus ante 
Constructam ponto iaciunt ; sic ilia ruinam 
Prona trahit, penitusque vadis inlisa recumbit ; 



His valor. 



690. procurrere longius, " to rush 
farther out." 

698. ItaJa cornus, the shaft of the 
javeliu is of coruel-wood. Cf. III., 
21, 22. 

700. specus, "the.wouud gapes like 
a cavern." 

705. stridens contorta phalarica, 
" the whirling phalarica, with its 



twisted thong." The phalarica was 
a heavy spear, usually shot from a 
catapult. Its steel head was about 
a cubit long, and it was balanced by 
a heavy leaden ball on the shaft. 
Turnus hurls his phalarica by hand. 
711. saxea pila, " a stone wall." 
Connect ante with ponto, "for a 
breakwater," 



212 VEROILI AENEIS— LIBER IX. 

Miscent se maria, et nigrae attolluntur arenae ; 714 
Turn sonitu Prochyta alta tremit, durumque cubile 
Inarime lovis imperils imposta Typlioeo. 

Hie Mars armipotens animum viresque Latinis 
Addidit, et stimulos acris sub pectore vertit ; 
Immisitque Fugam Teucris atrumque Timorem. 
Undique conveniunt, quoniam data copia pugnae, 720 
Bellatorque animo deus incidit. 
Pandarus, ut fuso germanum corpore cernit, 
Et quo sit fortuna loco, qui casus agat res, 
Portam vi magna converso cardine torquet, 
Pandarus shuts Obiiixus latis umcris, multosque suorum 725 

the gates, -^r •^ ^ • 

with Turnus Mocnibus cxclusos duro in certamine linquit ; 

within. AT 'IT • • • 

Ast alios secum includit recipitque mentis, 
Demens! qui Putulum in medio non agmine 

regem 
Viderit inrumpentem, ultroque incluserit urbi, 
Immanem veluti pecora inter inertia tigrim. 730 

Continuo nova lux oculis effulsit, et arma 
Horrendum sonuere ; tremunt in vertice cristae 
The duel. Sanguiiicae, clipeoque micantia fulmina mittit. 

Agnoscunt faciem invisam atque immania membra 
Turbati subito Aeneadae. Turn Pandarus ingens 735 
Emicat, et mortis fraternae fervidus ira 
Effatur : * Non haec dotalis regia Amatae 
Nee muris eohibet patriis media Ardea Turnum. 
Castra inimica vides ; nulla hinc exire potestas.' 
Olli subridens sedato pectore Turnus : 740 

* Incipe, si qua animo virtus, et consere dextram ; 
Hie etiam inventum Priamo narrabis Achillen.' 

716. Inarime durum cubile. Jupiter darus was so excited that he did not 

cast Typhoeus under this isle ; but see Turnus. 

comp. VIII., 298. 729. ultro, "actually." 

721. The broken dactylic line gives 732, horrendum. Supply sonum. 

a rhythmic force to the passage. Tremunt, mittit ; note change of num- 

725. obnixus, " heaving with his ber. Supply Turnus. 

shoulder." 737. dotalis, the bridal palace prom- 

728. demens qui non viderit. Pan- ised by Amata. 



740. sedato pectore, "coolly." 



I 



VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER IX. 213 

Dixerat. Ille rudem nodis et cortice crudo 
Intorqiiet summis adnixus yiribus hastam ; 
Excepere aurae ; vulnus Saturnia luno 745 

Detorsit veniens, portaeque infigitur hasta. 
'At non hoc telum, mea quod vi dextera versat, 
Effiigies ; neque enim is teli nee vulneris auctor.' 
Sic ait, et sublatiim alte cousurgit in ensem, 
Et median! ferro gemina inter tem^Dora frontem 750 
Dividit impubisque immani vulnere malas. 
Fit sonus ; ingeuti concussa est pondere tellus ; 
hisTi"uif^^^^^^ Conlapsos artus atque arma cruenta cerebro 

Sternit humi moriens, atque illi partibus acquis 
Hue caput atque illuc umero ex utroque pependit. 755 
Diffugiunt versi trepida formidine Troes ; 
Et, si continuo victorem ea cura subisset, 
Rumpere claustra manu sociosque immittere portis, 
Ultimus ille dies bello gentique fiiisset. 
Sed furor ardentem caedisque insana cupido 760 

Egit in adversos. 

Principio Phalerim et succiso poplite Gygen 
Excipit ; hinc raptas fugientibus ingerit hastas 
In tergum ; luno vires animumque niinistrat. 
Addit Halym comitem et confixa Phegea parma 765 
Ignaros deinde in muris Martemque cientis 
Alcandrumque Haliumque Noemonaque Pryta- 

nimque. 
Lyncea, tendentem contra sociosque vocantem, 
Vibranti gladio conixus ab aggere dexter 
Occupat ; huic uno deiectum comminus ictu 770 

Cum galea longe iacuit caput. Inde ferarum 
Vastatorem Amycum, quo non felicior alter 
Ungere tela manu ferrumque armare veneno ; 

743. ille — i. e. Pandarus. 766. The Trojans generally did 

748. is teli, "He who threw yon not know {ignaros') that Turnus was 

telum is not like him who inflicts within the castellum. but Lynceus 

this wound." Xote the compactness {contra\ who opposed him, shouted 

of the Latin. it to the rest. 

757. continuo, "if but now." Cf. 769. dexter, '* skillful." 

L731. 



214 



VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER IX. 



Et Clytium Aeoliden, et amicum Crethea Musis, 
Crethea Musarum comitem, cui carmina semper 775 
Et citharae cordi, numerosque intendere nervis ; 
Semper equos atque arma virum pugnasque canebat. 

Tandem ductores, audita caede suorum, 
Conveniunt Teucri, Mnestheus acerque Serestus ; 
Serestus"hu^?** Palautisque vident socios hostemque receptum. 780 
to the rescue. Et Mnestheus : 'Quo deinde fugam, quo tenditis?' 
inquit. 
Quos alios muros, quae iam ultra moenia habetis ? 
Unus homo, et vestris, o cives, undique saeptus 
Aggeribus, tantas strages impune per urbem 
Ediderit ? iuvenum primos tot miserit Oreo ? 785 
Non infelicis patriae veterumque deorum 
Et magni Aeneae, segues, miseretque pudetque ?' 
Talibus accensi firmantur, et agmine denso 
Consistunt. Turnus paulatim excedere pugna 
Et fluvium petere ac partem, quae cingitur unda. 790 
Acrius hoc Teucri clamore incumbere magno, 
Et glomerare manum : ceu saevum turba leonem 
Cum telis premit infensis ; at territus ille, 
Asper, acerba tuens, retro redit ; et neque terga 
Ira dare aut virtus patitur, nee tendere contra, 795 
Ille quidem hoc cupiens, potis est per tela virosque. 
Haud aliter retro dubius vestigia Turnus 
Improperata refert, et mens exaestuat ira. 
Quin etiam bis tum medios invaserat hostis, 
Bis confusa fusja per muros ag^mina vertit ; 800 

Jove forbids ° \ * . . ' 

Juno to aid. bed mauus e castris propere co'it omnis m unum. 



Turnus falls 
back slowly. 



776. intendere nervis, "to fit his 
song (numeros) to the melody («er- 
ms)." cui cordi, "in whose heart." 

781. quo deinde fugam, *' whither 
are ye fleeing?" 

785. primos iuvenum, " our foremost 
youths." 

787. segnes, " ye lazy louts," not 
cowards, ace. after miseretque pudet- 
que. 



790. Notice, as often in Vergil, et 
. . . ac. ac = simulac, § 123, 10. 

789. excedere. The series of infin- 
itives are historical. 

795. Arrange, nee potis est, tendere 
contra per tela virosque quidem cupiens 
hoc. 

798. improperata vestigia, " unhast- 
ing steps." 



VERGILI AENEIS—LIBRI IX., X. 215 

Nee contra vires audet Saturnia luno 
Sufficere ; aeriam caelo nam luppiter Irim 
Demisit, germanae hand mollia iussa ferentem, 
Ni Turnus cedat Teucroruni moenibiis altis. 805 

Ergo nee clipeo iuvenis subsistere tantum 
Nee dextra valet : iniectis sic undiqae telis 
Obruitur. Strepit adsiduo cava tempora circura 
Tinnitu galea, et saxis solida aera fatiscimt ; 
Discussaeque iubae capiti ; nee sufficit umbo 810 
Ictibus ; ingeminant hastis et Troes et ipse 
Fulmineus Mnestheus. Turn toto corpore sudor 
Liquitur et piceum — nee respirare potestas — 
Turnus escapes Flumcu affit : fcssos Quatit acffcr anhelitus artus. 

across the o ' t. o ^ 

Tiber. Tum dcmum praeceps saltu sese omnibus armis 815 

In fluvium dedit. Ille suo cum gurgite flavo 
Accepit venientem ac mollibus extulit undis, 
Et laetum sociis abluta caede remisit. 

802. vires sufficere contra, "to give down a clotted stream" of blood and 
him strength to oppose." dust. 

814. a^ii picettm ^umen, " and flows 816. ille = Thyhris amnis. See 

Macaulay's Horatius. Cf. I. 3. 



LIBER X. 

JUPITEE exhorts the gods in council to harmony, but Venus and Juno, 
in bitter speeches, defend each her hero. Jupiter finally forbids any inter- 
ference : Aeneas and Turnus must fulfil their destined fate. The Rutuli 
again attack the Eoman camp. Aeneas, as he is returning w^ith a flotilla of 
boats, is met and warned by the nymphs of the danger to his forces. He 
hastens on the landing, and is bravely opposed by the Eutuli. Pallas is slain 
and spoiled of his armor by Turnus. Aeneas avenges his death on many 
Rutuli. Ascanius succeeds in joining his father, and Juno, fearing for Tur- 
nus, draws him out of the battle in pursuit of a phantom image of Aeneas. 
Mezentius, in Turnus' place, restores the fight, but in his valorous onset is 
wounded by Aeneas. His retreat is covered by his son Lausus, whom Aeneas 
kills. Mezentius returns to avenge his sou, and is himself slain by the hero. 

Panditur interea domus omnipotentis Olympi, 
Conciliumque vocat divom pater atque hominura rex 



216 VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER X. 

Jupiter sum- Sideream in sedem, terras unde arduus omnis 

uions a coun- ' 

cii of the gods. Castraque Dardanidura aspectat populosque Latinos. 
Considunt tectis bipatentibus ; incipit ipse : 5 

' Caelicolae magni, quianam sententia vobis 
Versa retro, tantumque animis certatis iniquis ? 
Abnueram bello Italiam coneurrere Teucris. 
Quae contra vetitum discordia ? quis metus aut hos 
Aut hos arma sequi ferrumque lacessere suasit? 10 
Adveniet iustum pugnae, ne arcessite, tempus, 
Cum fera Carthago Romanis arcibus olim 
Exitiura magnum atque Alpes immittet apertas : 
Turn certare odiis, tum res rapuisse licebit. 
Nunc siiiite ; et placitum laeti componite foedus.' 15 
luppiter haec paucis ; at non Venus aurea contra 
Pauca refert : 

*■ O Pater, o hominum rerumque aeterna potestas ! 
Namque aliud quid sit, quod iam implorare queamus ? 
CerniS; ut insultent Rutuli, Turnusque feratur 20 
Per medios insignis equis tumid usque secundo 
Marte ruat ? Non clausa tegunt iam moenia Teucros : 
SojaSrever Q^iii intra portas atque ipsis proelia miscent 
to be besieged? Aggciibus muroruui, ct iuuudaut sanguine fossae. 

Aeneas ignarus abest. Numquamne levari 25 

Obsidione sines? muris iterum imminet hostis 
Nascentis Troiae, nee non exercitus alter ; 
Atque iterum in Teucros Aetolis surgit ab Arpis 
Tydides. Equidem credo, mea vulnera restant, 
Et tua progenies mortalia demoror arma ! 30 

Si sine pace tua atque invito numine Troes 
Italiam petiere : luant peccata, neque illos 

5. tectis bipatentibus, "with doors 29. Tydides, "and Diomedes, from 

in front and rear." tectis forbids Aetolian Arpi, again attacks the 

the usual meaning of folding doors. Trojans." Diomedes' father was of 

9. contra vetitum, '^ a,ga,mst ray -pro- Aetolia. restant, " aw -dit her. ^' Dio- 

hibition," supine, aut hos, aut hos, medes wounded Venus at Troy, 

" either side." 30. demoror, " I thy daughter await 

23. proelia is the subject of mzsce?zL the attack of mortal weapons." 

26. obsidione, "will you never let 32. /?(ajifpefta^«, "let them pay for 

them be relieved of a siege?" their sins." 



VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER X. 



217 



p 



luveris auxilio ; sin tot responsa secuti, 
Quae Superi Manesque dabant, cur nunc tua quis- 
quam 

Juno's plots. Vertere iussa potest ? aut cur nova conclere fata ? 35 
Quid repetam exustas Erycino in litore classis ? 
Quid tempestatum regem, ventosque furentis 
Aeolia excitos ? aut actam nubibus Irim ? 
Nunc etiam Manis — haec intentata manebat 
Sors rerum — movet, et superis immissa repente 40 
Allecto, medias Italum bacchata per urbes. 
Nil super imperio moveor ; speravimus ista, 
Dum fortuna fuit ; vincant, quos vincere mavis. 
Si nulla est regio, Teucris quam det tua coniunx 
Dura, per eversae, genitor, fumantia Troiae 45 

Excidia obtestor : liceat dimittere ab armis 
Incolumem Ascanium, liceat superesse nepotem. 
Aeneas sane ignotis iactetur in undis, 
Et, quamcumque viam dederit Fortuna, sequatur : 

, Hunc tegere et dirae valeam subducere pugnae. 50 

Est Amathus, est celsa mihi Paphus atque Cythera, 
Idaliaeque domus : positis inglorius armis 
Exigat hie aevum. Magna dicione iubeto 
Carthago premat Ausoniam ; nihil urbibus inde 
Obstabit Tyriis. Quid pestem evadere belli 55 

luvit et Argolicos medium fugisse per ignis, 
Totque maris vastaeque exhausta pericula terrae, 
Dum Latium Teucri recidivaque Pergama quaerunt? 
Non satius, cineres patriae insedisse supremos 59 
Atque solum, quo Troia fuit ? Xanthum et Simoenta 
Redde, oro, miseris, iterumque revolvere casus 
Da, pater, Iliacos Teucris.' Turn regia luno 

Juno retorts. Acta furorc gravi : ' Quid me alta silentia cogis 
Rumpere et obductum verbis vulgare dolorem ? 



Grant Aeneas, 
some rest. 



42. nil super imperio moveor, " I 
trouble myself no longer about the 
empire." 

43. vincant, etc., " let those win 
whom you prefer to win." 



48. Aeneas sane, etc., "let Aeneas, 
in fact, be tossed over unknown seas, 
let him follow his fortunes." 

64. VMZgfare, "to publish to all." Ju- 
no's sole defence is a retort on Veuus. 



218 



VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER X. 



Who forced 
Aeneas ou ber 
quest? 



May not Tur- 
nus defend 
Italy? 



She taunts 
Venus. 



Venus com- 
plains too late. 



Aeuean hominum quisquam divomque subegit 65 
Bella sequi, aut hostem regi se inferre Latino ? 
Italiam petiit fatis auctoribus — esto — 
Cassandrae impulsus furiis : num linquere castra 
Hortati sumus, aut vitam committere ventis? 
Num puero summam belli, num credere muros? 70 
Tyrrhenamque fidem aut gentis agitare quietas? 
Quis deus in fraudem, quae dura potentia nostri 
Egit ? ubi hie luno, demissave nubibus Iris ? 
Indignum est Italos Troiam circumdare flammis 
Nascentem, et patria Turnum consistere terra, 75 
Cui Pilumnus avus, cui diva Venilia mater : 
Quid, face Troianos atra vim ferre Latin is, 
Arva aliena iugo premere atque avertere praedas ! 
Quid, soceros legere et gremiis abducere pactas, 
Pacem orare manu, praefigere puppibus arma ? 80 
Tu potes Aenean manibus subducere Graium, 
Proque viro nebulam et ventos obtendere inanis, 
Et potes in totidem classem convertere Nymphas : 
Nos aliquid Rutulos contra iuvisse nefandum est ? 
"Aeneas ignarus abest :" ignarus et absit : ^^ 

Est Paphus, Idaliumque tibi, sunt alta Cythera. 
Quid gravidam bellis urbem et corda aspera tentas ? 
Nosne tibi fluxas Phrygiae res vertere fundo 
Conamur ? nos ? an miseros qui Troas Acliivis 
Obiecit ? Quae causa fuit, consurgere in arma 90 
Europamque Asiamque, et foedera solvere furto ? 
Me duce Dardanius Spartam expugnavit adulter, 
Aut ego tela dedi, fovive Cupidine bella ? 
Turn decuit metuisse tuis ; nunc sera querelis 
Haud iustis adsurgis, et inrita iurgia iactas.' 95 

Talibus orabat luno, cunctique fremebant 
Caelicolae adsensu vario ; ceu flamina prima 
Cum deprensa fremunt silvis, et caeca volutant 



88. nosne, etc., " did we try to over- 89. 
turn the tottering state of Phrygia etc. 
for you?" 



nos? an qui? "we? or who?" 



VEBGILI AENEIS— LIBER X. 219 

Murmura, ventures nautis prodentia ventos. 

Turn Pater omnipotens, rerum cui prima potes- 

tas, 100 

Infit ; eo dicente, deum domus alta silescit, 
Et tremefacta solo tellus ; silet arduus aether ; 
Turn Zephyri posuere ; premit placida aequora pon- 

tus. 
* Accipite ergo animis atque haec mea iigite dicta. 104 
Quandoquidem Ausonios coniungi foedere Teucris 
jupiter'8 Haud licitum, nee vestra capit discordia finem : 

sentence. ' ^ _ 

Quae cuique est fortuna hodie, quam quisque secat 

spem, 
Tros Rutulusne fuat, nullo discrimine habebo, 
Sen fatis Italum castra obsidione tenentur, 
Sive errore malo Troiae monitisque sinistris. 110 
Nee Rutulos solvo. Sua cuique exorsa laborem 
Fortunamque ferent. Rex luppiter omnibus idem. 
Fata viam invenient.' Stygii per flumina fra- 

tris, 
Per pice torrentis atraque voragine ripas 
Adnuit, et totum nutu tremefecit Olympum. 115 
Hie finis fandi. Solio tum luppiter aureo 
Surgit, caelicolae medium quem ad limina ducunt. 



The battle rages around the gates ; the losses to the Trojans are irrepar- 
able, for they have none to replace the fallen. Aeneas, knowing what foes 
beleaguer his new city, hurries all night down stream with his little fleet. 
The transformed nymphs meet him and tell him of their change, and urge 
him to speed to the rescue. Aeneas does so, and as his fleet draws near the 
place of landing they prepare to meet (11. 118-275) — 

102. solo, "earth trembled in its 111. exorsa {exordior), "the,\r own 
depths." undertaking must bring to each toil 

107. seeat, " what hope either and success." 

(hero) may carve out for himself." 113. ^tygii per flumina, Jupiter's 

108. fuat = sit, from an old fuo ; most solemn oath. 

hence fui, etc. 117. caelicolae. The gods escort 

110. monitisque sinistris, by mis- him to the portals, as the senators 

taken warning (of Cassandra). Cf. the consul. 
1.68. 



220 VEBOILI AENEIS— LIBER X. 

TURNUS, WHO CONTESTS THEIR LANDING. 

Haud tamen audaci Turno fiducia cessit 
Litora praecipere, et venientis pellere terra. 
Ultro animos tollit dictis, atque increpat ultro : 
* Quod votis optastis, adest, perfringere dextra. 
In manibus Mars ipse, viris. Nunc coniugis esto 280 
Quisque suae tectique memor ; nunc magna referto 
Facta, patrum laudes. Ultro occurramus ad undam, 
Dum trepidi, egressique labant vestigia prima. 
Audentis Fortuna iuvat.' 

Haec ait, et secum versat, quos ducere contra, 285 
Vel quibus obsessos possit concredere mures. 

Interea Aeneas socios de puppibus altis 
Pontibus exponit. Multi servare recursus 
Languentis pelagi, et brevibus se credere saltu ; 
Tarchon Per rcmos alii. Speculatus litora Tarchon, 290 

beaches his ^ -■• 

6hip. Qua vada non spirant nee fracta remurmurat unda, 

Sed mare inofFensum crescenti adlabitur aestu, 
Advertit subito proram, sociosque precatur : 
' Nunc, lecta manus, validis incumbite remis ; 
Tollite, ferte rates ; inimicam findite rostris 295 

Hanc terram, sulcumque sibi premat ipsa carina. 
Frangere nee tali puppim statione recuso, 
Arrepta tellure semel.' Quae talia postquam 
Effatus Tarchon, socii consurgere tonsis 
Spumantisque rates arvis inferre Latinis, 300 

Donee rostra tenent siccum et sedere carinae 
Omnes innocuae. Sed non puppis tua, Tarchon. 
Nam que inflicta vadis dorso dum pendet iniquo, 

but is cap- Anceps sustentata diu, fluctusque fatigat, 

Solvitur, atque viros mediis exponit in undis ; 305 

277. litora praecijpere/^ to 'besetthQ 296. premat, "let the keel cut a 

shore." furrow for itself" (on the bank). 

280. in manibus, " in their power." 299. tonsis, " rise to their oars." 
viris, dative after adest, "for every 303. dor.so inigtto, " dangerous sand- 
man." bar." The word dorsum is quite de- 

288. serzjare, etc., "some watch the scriptive. 
ebb of the receding tide." 



VEROILI AENEIS— LIBER X. 221 

Fragmina remorum quos et fliiitantia transtra 
Impediunt, retrahitque pedes simul unda relabens. 
Nee Turnum segnis retinet mora ; sed rapit acer 

fiere^r-***^'^^ Totain aciem in Teucros, et contra in litore sistit. 

Signa canunt. Primus turmas invasit agrestis 310 
Aeneas, omen pugnae, stravitque Latinos, 
Occiso Therone, virum qui maximus ultro 
Aenean petit. Huic gladio perque aerea suta, 
Per tunicam squalentem auro, latus haurit apertum. 
Inde Liclian ferit, exsectum iam matre perempta, 315 
Et tibi, Phoebe, sacrum, casus evadere ferri 
Quod licuit parvo. Nee longe, Cissea durum 
Immanemque Gyan, sternentis agmina clava, 
Deiecit leto ; nihil illos Herculis arma, 

Aeneas' ']^QQ, validae iuvere manus genitorque Melampus, 320 

Alcidae comes, usque gravis dum terra labores 
Praebuit. Ecce Pharo, voces dum iactat inertis, 
Intorquens iaculum clamanti sistit in ore. 
Tu quoque, flaventem prima lanugine malas 324 

Dum sequeris Clytium infelix, nova gaudia, Cydon, 
Dardania stratus dextra, securus amorum, 
Qui iuvenum tibi semper erant, miserande, iaceres, 
Ni fratrum stipata cohors foret obvia, Phorci 
Progenies, septem numero, septenaque tela 
Coniciunt ; partim galea clipeoque resultant 330 
Inrita, deflexit partim stringent] a corpus 
Alma Venus. Fidum Aeneas adfatur Achaten : 

307. retrahitque pedes, " takes 319. deiecit leto, '* he cast down to 

them off their feet." death." 

312. vimm, the hero. Cf. I. 1. 323. sistit, " pierces in the mouth 

313. hvic, "as for this (foe) with the shouting" Pharo, dat., ^248 and 
his sword, through hrazen corselet, ^ 145. 

through tunic scaled with gold, he 324. flaventem. Note the ace. (wa- 
gashes {haurit) the exposed side." las) and the abl. of agent {prima la- 

316. saentm, "consecrated to thee, nugine). 

O Apollo!" A child taken by the 326. securus amorum, "regardless" 

surgeon's knife from its dying mo- (the old sense of "without care") 

ther was sacred to Apollo, the god " of thy loves," for he was dying, 

of surgery. 331. stringentia corpus. Vergil is 

317. parvo, " for a short time." fond of the accusative of limitation. 



222 VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER X. 

' Suggere tela mihi ; non ullum dextera frustra 
Torserit in Rutulos, steterunt quae in corpore Gra- 

ium 
Iliacis campis.' Turn magnam corripit hastam, 335 
Et iacit ; ilia volans clipei transverberat aera 
Maeonis, et thoraca simul cum pectore rumpit. 
Huic frater subit Alcanor, fratremque ruentem 
Sustentat dextra : traiecto missa lacerto 
Protinus hasta fugit servatque cruenta tenorem, 340 
Dexteraque ex umero nervis moribunda pependit. 
Turn Numitor iaculo fratris de corpore rapto 
Aenean petiit ; sed non et figere contra 
Est licitum, magnique femur perstrinxit Achatae. 
Hie Curibus, fidens primaevo corpore, Clausus 345 
Advenit, et rigida Dryopem ferit eminus hasta 
Sub mentum, graviter pressa, pariterque loquentis 
Vocem animamque rapit traiecto gutture ; at ille 
Fronte ferit terram, et crassum vomit ore cruorem. 
Tris quoque Thre'icios Boreae de gente suprema, 350 
Et tris, quos Idas pater et patria Ismara raittit, 
Per varies sternit casus. Accurrit Halaesus 
Auruncaeque manus ; subit et Neptunia proles, 
Insignis Messapus equis. Expellere tendunt 
Nunc hi, nunc illi ; certatur limine in ipso 355 

Ausoniae. Magno discordes aethere venti 
The fierce Proclia ceu tolluut auimis et viribus acquis ; 
Non ipsi inter se, non nubila, non mare cedit ; 
Anceps pugna diu ; stant obnixa omnia contra : 
Hand aliter Troianae acies aciesque Latinae 360 
Concurrunt ; haeret pede pes densusque viro vir. 

The Arcadian cavalry, unaccustomed to infantry fighting, begin to give 
way, when Pallas rallies them with brave words and shows them how to 
fight. As a shepherd burning a field sees the flames sweeping as he wishes, 
so Pallas gladly sees his troops charge home. Lausus rushes forward to 

350. de gente suprema, "from the this nervous and compact line. Mo- 
ancient race of Boreas." therwell's line, " The thundering 

361. densus vir viro. It is dilficult i)ress of knights," perhaps comes 

to find a neat English equivalent for nearest to it. 



VEBGILI AENEIS— LIBER X. 



223 



rally the yielding Eutuli and revenge Pallas' slaughter. The two are on 
the point of meeting, when the nymph Juturna, Turnus' sister, sum- 
mons (11. 362-438)— 



Pallas. 



TURNUS TO RESCUE LAUSUS. 

Interea soror alma monet succedere Lauso 
Turnum, qui volucri curru medium secat agmen. 440 
Ut vidit socios : ' Tempus desistere pugnae ; 
Solus ego in Pallanta feror ; soli mihi Pallas 
Debetur ; cuperem ipse parens spectator adesset.' 
Haec ait ; et socii cesserunt aequore iusso. 
Turnus meets At, Rutulum abscessu, iuvenis tum, iussa superba 445 
Miratus, stupet in Turno, corpusque per ingens 
Lumina volvit, obitque truci procul omnia visu, 
Talibus et dictis it contra dicta tyranni : 
' Aut spoliis ego iam raptis laudabor opimis, 
Aut leto insigni : sorti pater aequus utrique est. 450 
Tolle minas.' Fatus medium procedit in aequor. 
Frigidus Arcadibus coit in praecordia sanguis. 
Desiluit Turnus biiugis ; pedes apparat ire 
Comminus. Utque leo, specula cum vidit ab alta 
Stare procul campis meditantem in proelia taurum, 
Advolat : baud alia est Turni venientis imago. 456 
Hunc ubi contiguum missae fore credidit liastae, 
Ire prior Pallas, si qua fors adiuvet ausum 
Yiribus imparibus, magnumque ita ad aetbera fatnr : 
' Per patris hospitium et mensas, quas ad vena adisti, 
Te precor, Alcide, coeptis ingentibus adsis. 461 

Cernat semineci sibi me rapere arma cruenta, 
Victoremque ferant morientia lumina Turni.' 



Pallas' brave 
retort. 



His prayer to 
Hercules. 



439. succedere Lauso, '"'to aid Lau- 
sus;" not to rescue him, for he was 
not in danger. 

442. feror. Note its deponent force. 

443. cuperem ipse parens — i. e. Evan- 
der. 

445. at iuvenis miratus, abscessu 
Rutulum, iussa superba turn stupet, 
etc. 



449. laudabor, "shall win renown 
for myself." 

450. aequus = is prepared for. 
457. contiguum missae hastae, "with- 
in a spear's throw." 

462. (Turnus) cernat me rapere sibi 
semineci cruenta arma que morientia lu- 
mina (eius = Tumi), ferant {videre me) 
victorem. 



224 VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER X. 

m 

Audiit Alcides iuvenem, magnumque sub imo 464 
Corde premit gemitum lacrimasque effundit inanis. 
Turn Genitor natum dictis adfatur amicis : 
' Stat sua cuique dies ; breve et irreparabile tempus 
Omnibus est vitae ; sed famam extendere factis, 
Hoc virtutis opus. Troiae sub moenibus altis 
Tot gnati cecidere deum ; quin occidit una 470 

Sarpedon, mea progenies. Etiam sua Turnum 
Fata vocant, metasque dati pervenit ad aevi.' 
Sic ait, atque oculos Rutulorum reicit arvis. 
At Pallas magnis emittit viribus hastam, 
Vaginaque cava fulgentem deripit ensem. 475 

Ilia volans, umeri surgunt qua tegmina summa, 
Incidit, atque, viam clipei molita per oras, 
Tandem etiam magno strinxit de corpore Turni. 
Turmis Hic Tumus ferro praefixum robur acuto 

In Pallanta diu librans iacit, atque ita fatur : 480 
* Aspice, num mage sit nostrum penetrabile telum.* 
Dixerat : at clipeum, tot ferri terga, tot aeris, 
Quem pellis totiens obeat circumdata tauri, 
Vibranti medium cuspis transverberat ictu, 
Loricaeque moras et pectus perforat ingens. 485 

Ille rapit calidum frustra de vulnere telum : 
Una eademque via sanguis animusque sequuntur. 
Corruit in vulnus ; sonitum super arma dedere ; 
Et terram hostilem moriens petit ore cruento. 
Quem Turnus super adsistens : 490 

*Arc^ides, baec,' inquit, 'memores mea dicta referte 
Euandro : Qualem meruit, Pallanta remitto. 
Quisquis bonos tumuli, quidquid solamen humandi 

est, 
Largior. Haud illi stabunt Aeneia parvo 
Hospitia.' Et laevo pressit pede, talia fatus, 495 
Exanimem, rapiens immania pondera baltei 

477. molita viam per oras, "having 482. terga, "plates." 
passed through the edge of the 485. pectus ingens, "his noble 
shield." breast." ingeiis, "large-hearted." 



VEBGILI AENEIS—LIBFB X. 225 

Impressumque nefas : una sub nocte iugali 
and spoils the Caesa manus iuvenum foede, thalamique cruenti ; 

corpse. 

Quae Clonus Eurytides multo caelaverat auro ; 
Quo nunc Turnus ovat spolio gaudetque potitus. 500 
Nescia mens hominum fati sortisque futurae, 
Et servare modum, rebus sublata secundis ! 
Turno tempus erit, magno cum optaverit emptum 
Intactum Pallanta, et cum spolia ista diemque 
Oderit. At socii multo gemitu lacrimisque 505 

Impositum scuto referunt Pallanta frequentes. 
O dolor atque decus magnum rediture parent! ! 
Haec te prima dies bello dedit, haec eadem aufert, 
Cum tamen ingentis Rutulorum linquis acervos ! 

Aeneas hears of Pallas' death, and, remembering Pallas' cordial wel- 
come, wishes to avenge him. He captures four brothers to serve as sac- 
rifices at the funeral rites, and then slays all he can reach while he is 
searching for Turnus, among them the two brothers Liger and Lucagus. 
Juno is summoned by Jupiter to keep out of the fray. She pleads that 
now at least Turnus be kept out of danger. She lures him from the battle 
to pursue a phantom shape of Aeneas into a ship, and then she bears him 
to his own city, maddened with disappointment and ready to commit sui- 
cide. But Mezentius keeps the Eutulians up to the fight by doing many 
deeds of valor and pushing the Trojans very hard (11. 510-754) till 

AENEAS MEETS HIM. 

lam gravis aequabat luctus et mutua Mavors 755 
Funera ; caedebant pariter pariterque ruebant 
Victores victique ; neque his fuga nota, neque illis. 
Di lovis in tectis iram miserantur inanem 
Amborum, et tantos mortalibus esse labores ; 
Hinc Venus, hinc contra spectat Saturnia luno. 760 
Pallida Tisiphone media inter milia saevit. 
At vero ingentem quatiens Mezentius hastam 

497. impressumque nefas, "and its bounds," for had not Aeneas seen 

inwrought (broidery of) woe" — i.e. this belt on Turnus he would have 

the murder of the sons of Aegyptus spared his life, 

on their wedding-night. 503. magno, abl. of definite price 

502. et [nescia) servare modum, " arnd (§167), for it was his life, 
not knowing how to keep within 
15 



226 



VEBGILI AENEIS— LIBER X. 



Mezentius' 
impious vow. 



Turbidus ingreditur campo. Quam magnus Orion, 
Cum pedes incedit medii per maxima Nerei 
Stagna viam scindens, umero supereminet undas, 765 
Aut, summis referens annosam montibus ornum, 
Ingrediturque solo et caput inter nubila condit : 
Talis se vastis infert Mezentius armis. 
Huic contra Aeneas, speculatus in agmine longo, 
Obvius ire parat. Manet imperterritus ille, 770 
Hostem magnanimum opperiens, et mole sua stat ; 
Atque oculis spatium emensus, quantum satis hastae : 
* Dextra, mihi deus, et telum, quod missile libro, 
Nunc adsint ! Voveo praedonis corpore raptis 
Indutum spoliis ipsum te, Lause, tropaeum 775 

Aeneae.' Dixit, stridentemque eminus hastam 
lecit ; at ilia volans clipeo est excussa, proculque 
Egregium Antoren latus inter et ilia figit, 
Herculis Antoren comitem, qui missus ab Argis 
Haeserat Euandro, atque Itala consederat urbe. 780 
Sternitur infelix alieno vulnere, caelumque 
Aspicit, et dulcis moriens reminiscitur Argos. 
Turn pius Aeneas hastam iacit ; ilia per orbem 
Aere cavum triplici, per linea terga, tribusque 
Transiit intextum tauris opus, imaque sedit 785 

Inguine ; sed viris baud pertulit. Ocius ensem 
Aeneas' spear Acucas, viso Tvrrheni sanguine laetus, 

wouuds him. .. .*^ .,.^ 

Eripit a femme, et trepidanti fervidus mstat. 

Ingemuit cari graviter genitoris amore, 

Ut vidit, Lausus, lacrimaeque per ora volutae. 790 

Hie mortis durae casum tuaque optima facta, 
Si qua iidem tanto est operi latura vetustas, 
Non equidem, nee te, iuvenis memorande, silebo. 



763. turhidus ingredihir campo, 
" went storming over the field." 

774. Arrange, voveo te, Lause, ipsum 
(esse) tropaeum indutum spoliis raptis 
corpore praedonis Aeneae. 

777. excussa est, glances. 

781. caelumque. The que is elided 



by synaloephia before the aspicit in 
the next line. There is a finish in 
1. 782 from the union of sense with 
the delicate rhythm and half-con- 
scious alliteration. 

792. si qua fidem, "if posterity can 
but believe so noble a deed." 



VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER X. 227 

Ille pedem referens et inutilis inque ligatus 
Cedebat, clipeoque inimicum hastile trahebat. 795 
Proripuit iuvenis seseque immiscuit armis, 

Lausus^ covers Jamque adsurgentis dextra plagamque ferentis 
Aeneae subiit mucronem, ipsumque morando 
Sustinuit ; socii magno clamore sequuntur, 
Dum genitor nati parma protectus abiret, 800 

Telaque coniciunt, proturbantque eminus hostem 
Missilibus. Furit Aeneas, tectusque tenet se. 
Ac velut efFusa si quando grandine nimbi 
Praecipitant, omnis campis difFugit arator, 
Omnis et agricola, et tuta latet arce viator, 805 

Aut amnis ripis, aut alti fornice saxi, 
Dum pluit in terris, ut possint sole reducto 
Exercere diem : sic obrutus undique telis 
Aeneas nubem belli, dum detonet omnis, 

Aeneas warns Sustinet, et Lausum increpitat Lausoque minatur ; 810 

Lausus. . ^ Ml 

* Quo moriture ruis, maioraque viribus audes ? 
Fallit te incautum pietas tua.' Nee minus ille 
Exsultat demens ; saevae iamque altius irae 
Dardanio surgunt ductori, extremaque Lauso 
Parcae fila legunt ; validum namque exigit ensem 815 
Per medium Aeneas iuvenem, totumque recondit. 
Transiit et parmam mucro, levia arma minacis, 
Et tunicam, molli mater quam neverat auro, 
Implevitque sinum sanguis, tum vita per auras 
Concessit maesta ad Manis, corpusque reliquit. 820 
At vero ut vultum vidit morientis et ora, 
Ora modis, Anchisiades, pallentia miris, 
Ingemuit miserans graviter, dextramque tetendit, 
Et mentem patriae subiit pietatis imago. 824 

797. Arrange, iamque subiit mucro- 806. amnis ripis, '* under the (pro- 

nem Aeneae adsurgentis que ferentis tecting) banks of a stream." 
plagam dextra, que morando, sustinuit 807. iit, until. 

(virum) ipsum. The spondees ef- 808. exercere (Z?em, "resume the la- 

fectively suggest the delay Lausus bor of the day." 
gained for his father by his self- 815. legunt : spin, gather the 

sacrifice. threads, — to spin from the distaff. 



228 VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER X. 

words toUie ' Q^i^ tibi Duiic, Hiiserande puer, pro laudibus istis, 
dying youth. Quid pius Aeneas tanta dabit indole dignum? 

Arma, quibus laetatus, habe tua ; teque parentum 
Manibus et cineri, si qua est ea cura, remitto. 
Hoc tamen infelix miseram solabere mortem : 
Aeneae magni dextra cadis.' Increpat ultro 830 
Cunctantis socios, et terra sublevat ipsum, 
Sanguine turpantem comptos de more capillos. 

Mezentius, wounded, raging because he was evidently the cause of his 
son's death, now reckless of life, calls for Ehaebus, his war-horse, and 
mounts, wounded as he is, to avenge Lausus' death. (11. 833-866.) 

mezentius' fearless death. 

Dixit, et exceptus tergo consueta locavit 
Membra, manusque ambas iaculis oneravit acutis, 
Aere caput fulgens, cristaque hirsutus equina. 869 
Sic cursum in medios rapidus dedit. Aestuat ingens 
Uno in corde pudor mixtoque insania luctu, 
Et furiis agitatus amor et conscia virtus. 
Atque hie Aenean magna ter voce vocavit. 
Aeneas — agnovit enim, laetusque precatur, 
* Sic pater ille deum faciat, sic altus Apollo ! — 875 
Incipias conferre manum.' 
Tantum efFatus, et infesta subit obvius hasta. 
Ille autem : ' Quid me erepto, saevissime, nato 
Terres ? haec via sola fuit, qua perdere posses. 
Mezentius Ncc mortem horremus, nee divom parcimus ulli. 880 

circles round -r-v • • • i •! • 

the Trojan, Jjesme '. nam venio moriturus, et haec tibi porto 
Dona prius.' Dixit, telumque intorsit in hostem ; 
Inde aliud super atque aliud figitque, volatque 
Ingenti gyro ; sed sustinet aureus umbo. 

825. pro laudihis istis, " for thy 828. si qua est ea cura, " if this is 

lauded bravery." any consolation," 

827. anna habe tua. To despoil his 832. comptos de more capillos, " care- 
opponent was the right of the vie- fully combed locks." 
tor. 

871. uno in corde, *' in that one heart." 



VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER X. 229 

Ter circum astantem laevos equitavit in orbis, 885 
Tela manu iaciens ; ter secum Tro'ias heros 
Immanera aerato circumfert tegmine silvam. 
Inde ubi tot traxisse moras, tot spicula taedet 
Vellere, et urgetur pugna congressus iniqua, 
who finally Multa movens animo iam tandem erumpit, et inter 890 

kills the steed. ^ ' 

Bellatoris equi cava tempora conicit hastam. 
Tollit se arrectum quadrupes, et calcibus auras 
Verberat, effusumque equitem super ipse secutus 
Implicat, eiectoque incumbit cernuus armo. 
Clamore incendunt caelum Troesque Latinique. 895 
Advolat Aeneas, vaginaque eripit ensem, 
Et super haec : ' Ubi nunc Mezentius acer, et ilia 
Effera vis animi ?' Contra Tyrrhenus, ut auras 
Suspicions hausit caelum, mentemque recepit : 899 
Mezentius ' Hostis amarc, quid increpitas mortemque minaris? 

meets death -^ ^ -^ , 

unflinchingly. Nullum in cacdc nefas ; nee sic ad proelia veni ; 

Nee tecum mens haec pepigit milii foedera Lausus. 
Unum hoc, per, si qua est victis venia hostibus, oro : 
Corpus humo patiare tegi. Scio acerba meorum 
Circumstare odia : hunc, oro, defende furorem ; 905 
Et me consortem nati concede sepulcro.' 
Haec loquitur, iuguloque hand inscius accipit ensem, 
XJndantique animam diffundit in arma cruore. 

887. circumfert, " carries as he bling horse, and falls head foremost^ 
wheels," to meet Mezentius circling with a dislocated shoulder. 

round him. . 895. incendunt, " fire." The idea 

888. taedet, " he wearies." is of a fire that flames out. 

892. tollit searrectum.Uhaehus rears. 900. amare hostis, "O bitter en- 
Mezentius, wounded, unable to keep emy !" Mezentius dies as he had 
his seat, is entangled with the stum- lived, fearless, and loving but his son. 



LIBER XI 



Aeneas raises a trophy in honor of his victory. He sends, with all 
marks of sorrow, the body of the noble Pallas to King Evander. A truce 
is agreed upon between the Trojans and the Latins for the burial of their 



230 VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER XL 

dead. The embassy to Diomedes returns unsuccessful, and a sharp debate 
follows between Venulus, the chief ambassador, and Turnus. Latinus has 
already proposed terms of peace to Aeneas. But Aeneas, doubtful of their 
value, determines to surprise Laurentum, Turnus skilfully plans a coun- 
ter-ambuscade, but the course of the fight is in another direction. Camilla 
leads her Volscian cavalry in a brilliant attack, and is shot by Arruns. Dis- 
heartened by this loss, the Rutuli give way, and Aeneas advances to storm 
the city. Turnus hurries back from his ambuscade, but night delays the 
coming battle. 

AENEAs' THANK-OFFERING FOR THE VICTORY. 

OcEANUM interea surgens Aurora reliquit : 
Aeneas quamquam et sociis dare tempus humandis 
Praecipitant curae, turbataque funere mens est. 
Vota deum primo victor solvebat Eoo. 
Ingentem quercum decisis undique ramis 5 

Constituit tumulo, fulgentiaque induit arma, 
Mezenti ducis exuvias, tibi, magne, tropaeum, 
The trophies. Bellipotens ; aptat rorantis sanguine cristas 

Telaque trunca viri et bis sex thoraca petitum 
Perfossumque locis, clipeumque ex aere sinistrae 10 
Subligat, atque ensem collo suspendit eburnum. 
Turn socios, namque omnis eum stipata tegebat 
Turba ducum, sic incipiens hortatur ovantis : 
' Maxima res effecta, viri ; timor omnis abesto, 
Quod superest; haec sunt spolia et de rege su- 
perbo 15 

Primitiae, manibusque meis Mezentius hie est. 
Nunc iter ad regem nobis murosque Latinos. 
Arma parate animis, et spe praesumite bellum, 
Ne qua mora ignaros, ubi primum vellere signa 
Adnuerint superi pubemque educere castris, 20 

3. praecipitant curae, "cares (of 17. iter nobis, "there remains for 

coming w^ar) hurry him to grant a us only a march," etc. 

truce," etc. For sociis humandis, 18. animis, " in your minds." 

cf. § 184, r. 4, II. 19. vellere signa, " to pull up the 

9, trunca, "snapped." staff of the standard." If it came 

10. sinistrae, " on the left side," up easily it was a good omen. (See 
dat. after subligat, § 143, E. xiv. the incident before the battle of 

Thrasymene, Livy, lib. xxii., §3.) 



VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER XL 231 

Impediat, segnisve metu sententia tardet. 
Interea socios inhumataque corpora terrae 
Mandemus, qui solus honos Acheronte sub imo est. 
Ite,' ait, ' egregias animas, quae sanguine nobis 
Hanc patriam peperere suo, decorate supremis 25 
Muneribus ; maestamque Euandri primus ad urbem 
Mittatur Pallas, quern non virtutis egentem 
Abstulit atra dies et funere mersit acerbo.' 

Sic ait inlacrimans recipitque ad limina gressum, 

?d^ofVau Corpus ubi exanimi positum Pallantis Acoetes 30 
Servabat senior, qui Parrhasio Euandro 
Armiger ante fuit, sed non felicibus aeque 
Turn comes auspiciis caro datus ibat alumno. 
Circum omnis famulumque manus Troianaque turba 
Et maestum Iliades crinem de more solutae. 35 

Ut vero Aeneas foribus sese intulit altis, 
Ingentem gemitum tunsis ad sidera tollunt 
Pectoribus, maestoque immugit regia luctu. 
Ipse, caput nivei fultum Pallantis et ora 
Ut vidit levique patens in pectore vulnus 40 

Cuspidis Ausoniae, lacrimis ita fatur obortis : 
* Tene,' in quit, ' miserande puer, cum laeta veniret, 

His sad words. luvidit Fortuua mihi, ne regna videres 

Nostra, neque ad sedes victor veherere paternas ? 
Non haec Euandro de te promissa parenti 45 

Discedens dederam, cum me complexus euntem 
Mitteret in magnum imperium, metuensque moneret 
Acris esse viros, cum dura proelia gente. 
Et nunc ille quidem spe multum captus inani 
Fors et vota facit, cumulatque altaria donis ; 50 

Nos iuvenem exanimum et nil iara caelestibus ullis 



21. ne qua mora hnpediat ve segnis 40. levique pectore, " the polished 

sententia, tardet metu. breast." Pallas T^'as very young. 

27. egentem virtutis, ^ 135 (d) and r. 42. tene. Compare mene, I. 37; IX. 

32. Arrange, sed non datus aeque 199. It is generally expostulatory. 
felicibus auspiciis comes turn ibat, etc. 48. Arrange, acris esse viros {et) 

35. solutae de more. Compare conjj?- proelia {esse) cum dura gente. 
tos de more, X. 832. 50. fors, adv., *' perchance." 



232 VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER XL 

Debentem vano maesti comitamur honore. 
Infelix, nati funus crudele videbis ! 
Hi nostri reditus, exspectatique triumphi ? 54 

Haec mea magna fides ? At non, Euandre, pudendis 
Volneribus pulsum aspicies ; nee sospite dirum 
Optabis nato funus pater. Hei mihi, quantum 
Praesidium Ausonia et quantum tu perdis, lule !' 

Haec ubi deflevit, tolli miserabile corpus 
Imperat, et toto lectos ex agmine mittit 60 

Mille viros, qui supremum comitentur honorem, 
He orders the Intcrsintque patris lacrimis, solacia luctus 

funeral non- ^ . . . 

ore. Exigua ingentis, misero sed debita patri. 

Hand segnes alii cratis et moUe feretrum 
* Arbuteis texunt virgis et vimine querno, 65 

Exstructosque toros obtentu frondis inumbrant. 
Hie iuvenem agresti sublimem stramine ponunt : 
Qualem, virgineo demessum pollice, florem 
Seu mollis violae, seu languentis hyacinthi, 69 

Cui neque fulgor adhuc, nee dum sua forma recessit ; 
Non iam mater alit tellus, virisque ministrat. 
Tum gerainas vestes auroque ostroque rigentis 
Extulit Aeneas, quas illi laeta laborum 
Ipsa suis quondam manibus Sidonia Dido 
Fecerat, et tenui telas discreverat auro. 75 

Harum unam iuveni supremum maestus honorem 
Induit, arsurasque comas olSinubit amictu ; 
Multaque praeterea Laurentis praemia pugnae 
Aggerat, et longo praedam iubet ordine duci. 
Addit equos et tela, quibus spoliaverat hostem. 80 
Vinxerat et post terga manus, quos mitteret umbris 
Inferias, caeso sparsurus sanguine flammas ; 

56. nee sospite, " nor, O father 68. virgineo j)oUice, " by some vir- 

(Evander) ! your son being safe gin hand ;" lit., thumb, 

(through cowardice), will you pre- 73. laeta laborum, § 135, remark, 

fer a (still more) dreadful fate." 76. honorem is in apposition to and 

61. mille viros lectos ex toto agmine. descriptive of unam harum. 

66. obtentu frondis, " screen of 78. praemia, spoils, 
leaves." 



VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER XL 233 

Indutosque iubet truncos hostilibus arrais 

Ipsos ferre duces, inimicaque nomina figi. 

Ducitur infelix aevo confectus Acoetes ; 85 

Pectora nunc foedans pugnis, nunc unguibus ora, 

Sternitur, et toto proiectus corpore terrae. 

Ducunt et Kutulo perfusos sanguine currus. 

Post bellator equus, positis insignibus, Aethon, 

It lacrimans, guttisque umectat grandibus ora. 90 

Hastam alii galeamque ferunt ; nam cetera Turnus 

Victor babet. Turn maesta phalanx, Teucrique 

sequuntur 
Tyrrhenique omnes et versis Arcades armis. 
Postquam omnis longe comitum processerat ordo, 
Substitit Aeneas, gemituque haec addidit alto : 95 
' Nos alias hinc ad lacrimas eadem horrida belli 
Fata vocant : salve aeternum mihi, maxime Palla, 
His "vale!" Aetemumque vale.' Nee plura effatus ad altos 
Tendebat muros, gressumque in castra ferebat. 

The Latins ask for a truce to bury their dead, and Aeneas makes a con- 
ciliatory address, to which Drances replies, throwing the blame on Turnus. 
Eumor brings to Evauder the sad news of his son's fall. The sorrowing 
king receives the body with embraces, tears, and mournful words. On the 
morrow the fullest funeral ceremonies are celebrated. Meantime the mes- 
sengers bring to Latinus Diomedes' reply. Venulus reports the king's dis- 
suasive words : " At what a cost the heroes won Troy !" He had himself 
even wonnded a goddess: was it worth the price? Peace is far better with 
a foreordained hero. Latinus speaks to the same effect. He will cede to 
the Trojans a tract in his realm, or will furnish them a fleet to take them 
to other shores. Drances too speaks in like strain, and appeals to Turnus 
to withdraw, but his last words appear so sarcastic that (11. 100-375)^ 



TURNUS MAKES A BITTER REPLY. 

Talibus exarsit dictis violentia Turni ; 
Dat gemitum, rumpitque has imo pectore voces : 

83. Arrange, ?H6ef f?nces,/erre fr»>i- affixed) placed on light trunks of 
cos, indutos hostilihcs ormis que (iubet) trees. 

inimica nomina figi. These were spoils 86. p?((7n?s, " with his fists." 
(with the uames of the slain owners 89. The wai'-horse shedding tears is 

borrowed from Homer (II. xvii., 426). 



234 VEBGILI AENEIS— LIBER XL 

' Larga quidem, Drance, semper tibi copia fandi 
Turn, cum bella manus poscunt ; patribusque vocatis 
Smited^with P^'i^^us ades. Sed non replenda est curia verbis, 380 
cowardice. Quae tuto tibi magna volant, dum distinct hostem 
Agger murorum, nee inundant sanguine fossae. 
Proinde tona eloquio ; solitum tibi ; meque timoris 
Argue tu, Drance, quando tot stragis acervos 
Teucrorum tua dextra dedit, passimque tropaeis 385 
Insignis agros. Possit quid vivida virtus, 
Experiare licet ; nee longe scilicet hostes 
Quaerendi nobis ; circumstant undique muros. 
Imus in adversos ! quid cessas ? an tibi Mavors 
Ventosa in lingua pedibusque fugacibus istis 390 
Semper erit ? 

Pulsus ego ? aut quisquam merito, foedissime, pulsum 
JuccSur ^*^ Arguet, Iliaco tumidum qui crescere Thybrim 
Sanguine et Euandri totam cum stirpe videbit 
Procubuisse domum, atque exutos Arcadas armis? 395 
Hand ita me experti Bitias et Pandarus ingens, 
Et quos mille die victor sub Tartara misi, 
Inclusus muris hostilique aggere saeptus. 
" Nulla salus bello !" Capiti cane talia, demens, 
Dardanio rebusque tuis. Proinde omnia magno 400 
Ne cessa turbare metu, atque extollere vires 
Gentis bis victae, contra premere arma Latini. 
Nunc et Myrmidonum proceres Phrygia arma 

tremescunt, 

_ 

379. patribus vocatis, "when the 394. cum siirpe, "root and branch," 

senate is summoned you are first to for the stirps — Evander — was now 

be present." Turnus is bitterly sar- childless, since Pallas was dead, 

castic. 399. cane, talia capiti Dardanio, 

381. distinct hostem murorum. mu- " chant such a song." 

rorum is a Greek construction for 402, contra premere, " or on the 

a muris. other hand to depreciate," etc. 

383. solitum tibi, adverbial, "as is 403. Turnus turns from Drances to 

your wont." the senate with a taunt to them, and 

386. possit, "can accomplish." accuses Drances of lying and plot- 

389. imus, " let us march against ting as well as of cowardice. 
them." 



VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER XL 



235 



Tiirnus ad- 
dresses 
Latinus. 



Nunc et Tydides et Larissaeus Achilles, 
Amnis et Hadriacas retro fugit Aufidus undas ! 405 
Vel cum se pavidum contra mea iurgia fingit 
Artificis scelus, et forinidine crimen acerbat. 
Numquam animam talem dextra hac — absiste 

moveri — 
Amittes ; habitet tecum, et sit j^ectore in isto. 
Nunc ad te, et tua magna, pater, consulta reverter. 410 
Si nullam nostris ultra spem ponis in armis. 
Si tam deserti sumus, et semel agmine verso 
Funditus occidimus, neque habet Fortuna regressum, 
Oremus pacem, et dextras tendamus inertis. 
Quamquam o, si solitae quicquam virtutis adesset, 415 
Ille mihi ante alios fortunatusque laborum 
Egregiusque animi, qui, ne quid tale videret, 
Procubuit moriens, et humum semel ore momordit. 
Sin et opes nobis et adhuc intacta inventus, 
Auxilioque urbes Italae populique supersunt, 420 
Sin et Troianis cum multo gloria venit 
Sanguine — sunt illis sua funera, parque per omnis 
Tempestas — cur indecores in limine primo 
Deficimus ? cur ante tubam tremor occupat artus ? 
Multa dies variusque labor mutabilis aevi 425 

Rettulit in melius ; multos alterna revisens 
Lusit et in solido rursus Fortuna locavit. 
Non erit auxilio nobis Aetolus et Arpi : 
At Messapus erit, felixque Tolumnius, et quos 
Tot populi misere duces ; nee parva sequetur 430 
Gloria delectos Latio et Laurentibus agris. 
Est et Volscorum egregia de gente Camilla, 
Agmen agens equitum et florentis acre catervas. 
He is ready to Quod si mc solum Tcucri in certamina poscunt, 
Aeneas." Idquc placet, tautumquc bonis communibus obsto 435 



He boasts of 
his allies. 



407. crimen, " his accusation." is beyond others fortunate in his 

409. isto, used scornfully, ^ 84, toils," ^ 135, r. 
r. 4. 425. Notice the multa, of things, 

416. ille mihi, "he, in my opinion, and multos, of men. 



236 VEROILI AENEIS— LIBER XL 

Non adeo has exosa manus Victoria fugit, 

Ut tanta quicquam pro spe tentare recusem. 

Ibo animis contra, vel magnum praestet Achillen 

Factaque Vulcani manibus paria induat arma 

Ille licet. Vobis animam banc soceroque Latino 440 

Turnus ego, baud ulli veterum virtute secundus, 

Devovi. " Solum Aeneas vocat." Et vocet oro ; 

Nee Drances potius, sive est haec ira deorum, 

Morte luat, sive est virtus et gloria, tollat.' 

Meanwhile the Trojans are preparing for an assault upon the city. The 
alarm is given. Turnus himself arranges the defence. Camilla volun- 
teers to attack the advancing forces, and Turnus shows her his plan to 
attack the Trojan rear, and orders the troops into position. (11. 445-531.) 

Diana's lament over Camilla's doom. 

Velocem interea superis in sedibus Opim, 
Unam ex virginibus sociis sacraque caterva, 
Compellabat et has tristis Latonia voces * 
Ore dabat : * Graditur bellum ad crudele Camilla, 535 
O virgo, et nostris nequiquam cingitur armis, 
Cara mihi ante alias. Neque enim novus iste Dianae 
Venit amor, subitaque animum dulcedine movit. 
Pulsus ob invidiam regno virisque superbas 
Camilla's Privcrno antiqua Metabus cum excederet urbe, 540 
Infantem fugiens media inter proelia belli 
Sustulit exsilio comitem, matrisque vocavit 
Nomine Casmillae, mutata parte, Camillam. 
Ipse sinu prae se portans iuga longa petebat 544 

Solorum nemorum ; tela undique saeva premebant, 

436. ercosa, hating. "Victory has not 443. " Let not Drances, if it be the 

so hated these hands that she flees." wrath of the gods, suffer ; nor, if it 

440. ille = Aeneas, subject of prae- be glory and manhood, let him win 

stet and of induat. it." 



539. invidiam, jealousy. which the Etruscans preserved, 

542. exsilio, dat. for gen., a Greek meaning a child whose parents 
construction. were both alive, and who was se- 

543. Casmillus, -a, a Pelasgic word lected to serve in sacred rites. 



VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER XL 



237 



MetalMis' 
adveutuie. 



Camilla's 
traiuing. 



550 



554 



Et circumfuso volitabant milite Volsci. 
Ecce, fugae medio, summis Amasenus abundans 
Spumabat ripis ; tantus se nubibus imber 
Ruperat. Ille, innare parans, infantis amore 
Tardatur, caroque oneri timet. Omnia secum 
Versanti subito vix haec sententia sedit : 
Telum immane, manu valida quod forte gerebat 
Bellator, solidum nodis et robore cocto, 
Huic natam, libro et silvestri subere clausam, 
Implicat, atque habilem mediae circumligat hastae ; 
Qiiam dextra ingenti librans ita ad aethera fatur: 
" Alma, tibi banc, nemorum cultrix, Latonia virgo, 
Ipse pater famulam voveo ; tua prima per auras 
Tela tenens supplex hostem fugit. Accipe, testor, 
Diva tuam, quae nunc dubiis committitur auris." 560 
Dixit, et adducto contortum hastile lacerto 
Immittit : sonuere undae ; rapidum super amnem 
Infelix fugit in iaculo stridente Camilla. 
At Metabus, magna propius iam urgente caterva, 
Dat sese fluvio, atque hastam cum virgine victor 565 
Gramineo donum Triviae de caespite vellit. 
Non ilium tectis ullae, non moenibus urbes 
Accepere, neque ipse manus feritate dedisset : 
Pastorum et soils exegit montibus aevum. 
Hie natam in dumis interque horrentia lustra 
Armentalis equae mammis et lacte ferino 
Nutribat, teneris immulgens ubera labris. 
Utque pedum primis infans vestigia plantis 
Institerat, iaculo palmas armavit acuto, 



570 



551. Arrange, snhito haec sententia 
vix sedit versanti omnia secum. vix 
marks the scanty time given him to 
carry out the plan. 

554. hnic, to this, lihro et silvestri 
subere, " in the bark of the wild 
cork." 

561. adducto lacerto describes the 
sudden swing of his arm drawn back 
to make the cast. Cf. V. 141. 



566, donum Triviae, the votive of- 
fering to Diana. Trivia. Diana was 
often invoked by bowlings (IV. 609) 
at a point where three paths met ; 
hence this name. 

569. Arrange, et exegit aevum pasto- 
rum soils montibus. 

573. j)rimis plantis well describes 
the first firm pressure of the feet 
of the tottering infant. 



238 VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER XL 

Spiculaque ex umero parvae suspendit et arcum. 575 
Pro crinali auro, pro longae tegmine pallae, 
Tigridis exuviae per dorsum a vertice pendent. 
Tela manu iam turn tenera puerilia torsit, 
Et fundam tereti circum caput egit habena, 
Strymoniamque gruem, aut album deiecit olorem. 580 
Multae illam frustra Tyrrhena per oppida matres 
Optavere nurum ; sola contenta Diana 
Aeternum telorum et virginitatis amorem 
Intemerata colit. Vellem baud correpta fuisset 
Militia tali, conata lacessere Teucros : 585 

Cara mihi comitumque foret nunc una mearum. 
her^sia"er ^^*^ Vcrum age, quandoquidcm fatis urgetur acerbis, 
Labere, Nympha, polo, finisque invise Latinos, 
Tristis ubi infausto committitur omine pugna. 589 
Haec cape, et ultricem pharetra deprome sagittam : 
Hac, quicumque sacrum violarit vulnere corpus, 
Tros Italusve, raihi pariter det sanguine poenas. 
Post ego nube cava miserandae corpus et arma 
Inspoliata feram tumulo, patriaeque reponam.' 
Dixit ; at ilia levis caeli delapsa per auras 595 

Insonuit, nigro circumdata turbine corpus. 

The VolsciaBS meet the Trojans with a fierce onset, and Camilla in the 
wild delight of battle charges hither and thither with her virgin body- 
guard, slaying many noble Trojans and Etruscans. Tarchon, strengthened 
by Jupiter, rallies the wavering Etruscans, and, like an eagle or a dragon, 
swoops down upon the struggling Venulus. (11. 597-758.) In the midst of 
the fray 

Camilla's last hour has come. 
^^ ^ . ^ ^ Tum fatis debitus Arruns 

The banished 

Arruns Veloccm iaculo et multa prior arte Camillam 760 

watches to . '■ 

slay her. Circuit, ct, quac sit fortuna lacillima, tentat. 

578. torsit, she hurled. 584. vellem. It is Diana that 

579. fundam egit, " she whirled the speaks. 

sling." 588. lahere polo, "glide from high 

582. nurum, daughter-in-law. Cf. heaven." 
ll. 501. 



VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER XL 



239 



Chloreus the 
priest. 



Qua se cumque furens medio tulit agmine virgo, 
Hac Arruns subit, et tacitus vestigia lustrat ; 
Qua victrix redit ilia pedemque ex hoste reportat, 
Hac iuvenis furtim celeris detorquet habenas. 765 
Hos aditus, iamque hos aditus, omnemque pererrat 
Undique circuitum, et certain quatit improbus hastam. 
Forte sacer Cybelae Chloreus olimque sacerdos 
Insignis longe Phrygiis fulgebat in armis, 
Spumantemque agitabat equum, quern pellis aenis 770 
In plumam squamis auro conserta tegebat. 
Ipse, peregrina ferrugine clarus et ostro, 
Spicula torquebat Lycio Gortynia cornu ; 
Aureus ex umeris sonat arcus, et aurea vati 
Cassida; turn croceam chlamydemque sinusque cre- 
pantis 775 

Carbaseos fulvo in nodum collegerat auro, 
Pictus acu tunicas et barbara tegmina crurum. 
toctecfb^hi Hunc virgo, sive ut templis praefigeret arma 
gleaming har- Troia, captivo sivc ut sc ferret in auro, 

ness, pui'sues ^ 

him. Venatrix unum ex omni certamme pugnae 780 

Caeca sequebatur, totumque incauta per agmen 
Femineo praedae et spoliorum ardebat amore : 
Telum ex insidiis cum tandem tempore capto 

Arruns' empty Concitat, ct suDcros Arruns sic voce precatur : 

prayer. ' r i. 

* Summe deum, sancti custos Soractis Apollo, 785 
Quem primi colimus, cui pineus ardor acervo 



763. lustrat vestigia, "follows her 
footsteps." 

767. improbus, "evil-minded." Note 
its emphatic place as the dactyl at 
the close of the verse. 

771. in pluraam, " like feathers." 

773. cormt is simply " how." arcus 
with aureus to describe it is the right 
word. 

775. cassida, for cassis, 1st decl., 
"helmet." 

776. fulvo auro, "with a yellow 
golden clasp." 



777. pictus acti tunicas, etc., the 
pass. part, with the accusative of 
limitation, "embroidered as to his 
tunics," etc, 

781. caeca, to show her eager- 
ness. 

782. ardebat per agmen, " she rushed 
through the ranks." 

783. tempore capto, " seizing the op- 
portunity." 

786. pineus ardor acervo, " for whom 
the flaming pine is fed from the 
heap " of wood. 



240 



VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER XL 



Pascitur, et medium freti pietate per ignem 
Cultores multa premimus vestigia pruna, 
Da, Pater, hoc nostris aboleri dedecus armis, 
Omnipotens. Non exuvias pulsaeve tropaeum 790 
Virginis, aut spolia ulla peto ; mihi cetera laudem 
Facta ferent ; haec dira meo dum vulnere pestis 
Pulsa cadat, patrias remeabo inglorius urbes.' 
Audiit et voti Phoebus succedere partem 
Mente dedit, partem volucris dispersit in auras : 795 
Sterneret ut subita turbatam morte Camillam, 
Adnuit oranti ; reducem ut patria alta videret, 
Non dedit ; inque notos vocem vertere procellae. 
Ergo, ubi missa manu sonitum dedit hasta per auras, 
Convertere animos acris oculosque tulere 800 

Cuncti ad reginam Volsci. Nihil ipsa nee aurae 

Camilla falls. Ncc souitus mcmor aut venientis ab aethere teli, 
Hasta sub exsertam donee perlata papillam 
Haesit, virgineumque alte bibit acta cruorem. 804 
Concurrunt trepidae comites, dominamque ruentem 

Arruns flees. Suscipiuut. Fugit ante omnis exterritus Arruns, 
Laetitia mixtoque metu, nee iam amplius hastae 
Credere, nee telis occurrere virginis audet. 
Ac velut ille, prius quam tela inimica sequantur, 
Continuo in montis sese avius abdidit altos 810 

Occiso pastore lupus magnove iuvenco, 
Conscius audacis facti, caudamque remulcens 
Subiecit pavitantem utero, silvasque petivit : 
Hand secus ex oculis se turbidus abstulit Arruns, 
Contentusque fuga mediis se immiscuit armis. 815 
Ilia manu moriens telum trahit : ossa sed inter 



788. multd pruna. Part of their 
worship was to walk mid live 
coals. 

793. remeabo. Probably Arruns had 
been banished, and now seeks to be 
restored because of this act, asking 
for no honors, so inglorius. 

795. dedit mente, " consented." 



798. in notos, "the winds," from 
Notus, the south wind. 

800. Volsci is the subject. 

804. haesit, " pierced and clung 
to." 

806. Arruns flees in dread, lest he 
may not return home safely, now 
that the deed is done. 



VERGILl AENEIS— LIBER XL 241 

Ferreus ad costas alto stat vulnere mucro. 
Labitur exsaiiguis ; labuntur frigida leto 
Lumina ; purpureas quondam color ora reliquit. 
Turn sic exspirans Accam, ex aequalibus unam, 820 
Adloquitur ; fida ante alias quae sola Camillae, 
Quicum partiri curas ; atque haec ita fatur : 
Camilla's last < Hactcnus, Acca soror, potui ; nunc vulnus acerbum 

message to ^ 

Tuinus. Conficit, et tenebris nigrescunt omnia circum. 

EfFuge et haec Turno mandata novissima perfer : 825 
Succedat pugnae Troianosque arceat urbe. 
lamque vale.' Simul his dictis linquebat habenas, 
Ad terram non sponte fluens. Tum frigida toto 
Paulatim exsolvit se corpore, lentaque colla 
Et captum leto posuit caput, arma relinquens, 830 
Vitaque cum gemitu fugit indignata sub umbras. 
Tum vero immensus surgens ferit aurea clamor 
Sidera ; deiecta crudescit pugna Camilla ; 
Incurrunt densi simul omnis copia Teucrum 
Tyrrhenique duces Euan dri que Arcades alae, 835 

Arruns escapes, indeed, from the field, but is slain in the mountains by 
Opis. (11. 836-867.) 

THE TROJANS NOW ASSAULT THE WALLS. 

Prima fugit, domina amissa, levis ala Camillae ; 
Turbati fugiunt Rutuli, fugit acer Atinas, 
Disiectique duces desolatique manipli 870 

Tuta petunt, et equis aversi ad moenia tendunt. 
Nee quisquam instantis Teucros letumque ferentis 
Sustentare valet telis, aut sistere contra ; 
Sed laxos referunt umeris languentibus arcus, 
Quadrupedumque putrem cursu quatit ungula cam- 
pum. 875 

Volvitur ad muros caligine turbidus atra 

822. quicum partiri curas. Supply solebat. quicum, old abl. form. 



875. quadrupedumque. Vergil had which he has borrowed from En- 
already used this well-known line, nius. 
16 



242 



VEBGILI AENEIS— LIBER XL 



Turnus, as- 
tounded by 
the news, 



seeks Aeneas. 



Pulvis, et e speculis percussae pectora matres 
Femineum clamorem ad caeli sidera tollunt. 
Qui cursu portas primi inrupere patentis, 
Hos inimica super mixto premit agmine turba ; 880 
Nee miseram efFugiunt mortem, sed limine in ipso, 
Moenibus in patriis atque inter tuta domorum 
Confixi exspirant animas. Pars claudere portas ; 
Nee sociis aperire viam, nee moenibus audent 
Accipere orantis ; oriturque miserrima caedes 885 
Defendentum armis aditus, inque arma ruentum. 
Exclusi, ante oculos lacrimantumque ora parentum, 
Pars in praecipitis fossas urgente ruina 
Volvitur, immissis pars caeca et concita frenis 
Arietat in portas et duros obice postis. 890 

Ipsae de muris summo certamine matres — 
Monstrat amor verus patriae — ut videre Camillam, 
Tela manu trepidae iaciunt, ac robore duro 
Stipitibus ferrum sudibusque imitantur obustis 
Praecipites, primaeque mori pro moenibus ardent. 895 

Interea Turnum in silvis saevissimus implet 
Nuntius, et iuveni ingentem fert Acca tumultum : 
Deletas Volscorum acies, cecidisse Camillam, 
Ingruere infensos hostis, et Marte secundo 
Omnia corripuisse, metum iam ad moenia ferri. 900 
Ille furens — et saeva lovis sic numina poscunt — 
Deserit obsessos collis, nemora aspera linquit. 
Vix e conspectu exierat campumque tenebat 
Cum pater Aeneas, saltus ingressus apertos, 
Exsuperatque iugum silvaque evadit opaca. 905 

Sic ambo ad muros rapidi totoque feruntur 



877. e speculis, " from their watch- 
towers" — i. e, on the walls. 

882. inter tuta domorum, " within 
the protection of their homes." tuta, 
neuter ace, ^ 128, r. 6. 

888. in praecipitis fossas, " in the 
deep (steep-sided) moat." 

890. arietat, "batters." 



892. ut videre Camillam, "as they 
had seen Camilla do," perf. for 
plup. 

896. implet, "fills" Turnus with 
the terrible news. 

901. et saeva. This line explains 
why Turnus was drawn from his 
ambush. 



VERGILI AENEIS—LIBRI XL, XIL 243 

Agmine, nee longis inter se passibus absunt : 
Ac simul Aeneas fumantis pulvere campos 
Prospexit longe Laurentiaque agmina vidit, 
Et saevum Aenean agnovit Turnus in armis 910 
Adventumque pedum flatusque audivit equorum. 
Continuoque ineant pugnas et proelia tentent, 
Ni roseus fessos iam gurgite Phoebus Hibero 
Tingat equos noctemque die labente reducat. 
Considunt castris ante urbem et moenia valiant. 915 

911. flatusque, " the snorting of the steeds." 



LIBER XII. 

The Latins, now twice defeated, remember that Turnus had offered to 
challenge Aeneas to single combat. Turnus yields to the general desire. 
The challenge is eagerly accepted by Aeneas. But in the midst of the 
ceremonies of arranging for the truce and for the terms of the combat, 
Juno incites the augur Tolumnus to shoot an arrow into a knot of Trojan 
youths. It brings on an affray in which Aeneas is wounded. Turnus 
pushes the Trojans sorely, when Aeneas, healed by the intervention of 
Venus, reappears. Turnus is driven off the ground by his sister Juturna, 
who impersonates his charioteer. Queen Amata, despairing of rescue for 
the city, commits suicide. Turnus, now undeceived, returns to the field, 
and encounters Aeneas, who slays him. 



TURNUS PROPOSES A TRUCE AND THE DUEL. 

Turnus ut infractos adverse Marte Latinos 
Defecisse videt, sua nunc promissa reposci, 
Se signari oculis, ultro implacabilis ardet, 
Attollitque animos. Poenorum qualis in arvis, 
Saucius ille gravi venantum vulnere pectus, 
Turn demum movet arma leo, gaudetque comantis 
pareTforthe Excuticns ccrvicc toros, fixumque latronis 
combat. Impavidus frangit telum, et fremit ore cruento : 



Like a 
wounded lion 



1. adverso Marte, for two battles 2. reposci, " now his pledges were 
had already been lost. demanded back of him." 



244 VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER XIL 

Haud secus accenso gliscit violentia Turno. 
Turn sic adfatur regem, atque ita turbidus infit : 10 
' Nulla mora in Turno ; nihil est, quod dicta retractent 
fi \t^^*^^ *° Ignavi Aeneadae, nee, quae pepigere, recusent. 
Congredior. Fer sacra, pater, et concipe foedus. 
Aut hac Dardanium dextra sub Tartara mittam, 
Desertorem Asiae — sedeant spectentque Latini — 15 
Et solus ferro crimen commune refellam ; 
Aut habeat victos, cedat Lavinia coniunx.' 

Olli sedato respondit corde Latinus : 
' O praestans animi iuvenis, quantum ipse feroci 
tcrSs"uadi^^ Virtute exsuperas, tanto me impensius aequum est 20 
him from the Consulerc, atouc omnis metuentem expendere casus. 

duel in order ^ . ^ 

to eflfect peace. Sunt tibi regna patris Dauni, sunt oppida capta 

Multa manu ; nee non aurumque animusque Latino 

est. 
Sunt aliae innuptae Latio et Laurentibus agris, 24 
Nee genus indecores. Sine me haec haud mollia fatu 
Sublatis aperire dolis ; simul hoc animo hauri : 
Me natam nulli veterum sociare procorum 
Fas erat, idque omnes divique hominesque canebant. 
Victus amore tui, cognato sanguine victus, 
Coniugis et maestae lacrimis, vincla omnia rupi : 30 
Promissam eripui genero ; arma impia sumpsi. 
Ex illo qui me casus, quae, Turne, sequantur 
Bella, vides, quantos primus patiare labores. 
Bis magna victi pugna vix urbe tuemur 
Spes Italas ; recalent nostro Thybrina fluenta 35 

10. turbidus. It well describes Tur- 25. nee genus indecores, "nor unfit 
nus's manner — rude through haste, (for youj by birth." genus, accu- 
X. 648. sative of limitation, sine, impera- 

11. nihil est, quod, etc., "it is noth- tive. 

intr that the cowardly Trojans take 27. veterum procorum, "of her for- 

back their words." mer suitors." 

14. mittam. Notice the subjunc- 30. vincla omnia mpi, " 1 have hro- 

tives (^189, r.l) throughout the sen- ken all bonds" of good faith and 

tence. religion. Cf. fas, 1. 28. 

19. ipse, "you." Emphatic. Cf. 33. primtis {tu) patiare quantos la- 

ille, 1. 5. bores, " you first and foremost," etc. 



VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER XIL 



245 



Turnus de- 
mands the 
combat. 



Amata's 



Sanguine adhuc, campique ingentes ossibus albent. 
Quo referor totiens ? quae mentem insania mutat ? 
Si Turno exstincto socios sum adscire paratus, 
Cur non incolumi potius certamina toUo ? 
Quid consanguinei Kutuli ; quid cetera dicet 40 
Italia, ad mortem si te — Fors dicta refutet ! — 
Prodiderim, natam et conubia nostra petentem ? 
Kespice res bello varias ; miserere parentis 
Longaevi, quem nunc maestum patria Ardea longe 
Dividit.' Haudquaquam dictis violentia Turni 45 
Flectitur; exsuperat magis, aegrescitque medendo. 
Ut primum fari potuit, sic institit ore : 

* Quam pro me curam geris, banc precor, optime, 

pro me 
Deponas, letumque sinas pro laude pacisci. 
Et nos tela, pater, ferrumque baud debile dextra 50 
Spargimus ; et nostro sequitur de vulnere sanguis. 
Longe illi dea mater erit, quae nube fugacem 
Feminea tegat, et vanis sese occulat umbris.' 

At regina, nova pugnae conterrita sorte, 
Flebat, et ardentem generum moritura tenebat : 55 

* Turne, per has ego te lacrimas, per si quis Amatae 
Tangit bonos animum — spes tu nunc una, senectae 
Tu requies miserae ; decus imperiumque Latini 

Te penes ; in te omnis domus inclinata recumbit — 
Unum oro : desiste manum committere Teucris. 60 
Qui te cumque manent isto certarnine casus, 
Et me, Turne, manent ; simul haec invisa relinquam 



37. quo referor totiens? ''Why do I 
draw back so often" from the peace 
I advise? 

39. incolumi refers to Turno. 

41. Fors dicta refutet. This was 
something more than a mere wish ; 
it was intended to avert ill results 
from the words to be said. 

43. res hello varias, " the various 
risks in war," ? 162, R. miserere 
takes the genitive, ^ 138 {d). 



49. pacisci, " that I exchange death 
for glory." Supply me. 

53. feminea. There is a sneer at 
Venus, who covered Aeneas with a 
cloud to save him from Diomedes, 
and sese refers to the wound she 
received from the Greek hero. 

58. decus, "the dignity." Cf. de- 
cus, "a noble gift," 1. 83. 



246 



VERGILI AENEIS—LIBER XII. 



Turnus replies, Q mater 

and sends his 

challenge. 



Lumina, nee generum Aeiiean captiva videbo.' 
^^a^Joia-P^es- Accepit vocem lacrimis Lavinia matris 

ent, blushes. ^ ^ 

Flagrantis perfusa genas, cui plurimus ignem 65 

Subiecit rubor, et calefacta per ora cucurrit. - 

Indum sanguineo veluti violaverit ostro 

Si quis ebur, aut mixta rubent ubi lilia multa 

Alba rosa : talis virgo dabat ore colores. 

Ilium turbat amor, figitque in virgine vultus. 70 

Ardet in arma magis, paucisque adfatur Amatam : 

' Ne, quaeso, ne me lacrimis, neve omine tanto 

Prosequere in duri certaraina Martis euntem, 

neque enim Turno mora libera mortis. 
Nuntius haec, Idmon, Phrygio mea dicta tyranno 75 
Haud placitura refer : " Cum primum crastina caelo 
Puniceis invecta rotis Aurora rubebit, 
Non Teucros agat in E,utulos ; Teucrum arma qui- 

escant, 
Et Rutuli : nostro dirimamus sanguine bellum ; 
Illo quaeratur coniunx Lavinia campo." ' 80 

Haec ubi dicta dedit, rapidusque in tecta recessit, 
Poscit equos, gaudetque tuens ante ora frementis, 
Pilumno quos ipsa decus dedit Oritliyia, 
Turnus arms. Qui candore nivcs anteirent, cursibus auras 

Circumstant properi aurigae manibusque lacessunt 85 
Pectora plausa cavis et colla comantia pectunt. 
Ipse dehinc auro squalentem alboque orichalco 
Circumdat loricam umeris ; simul aptat habendo 
Ensemque clipeumque et rubrae cornua cristae ; 
Ensem, quem Dauno ignipotens deus ipse parenti 90 
Fecerat et Stygia candentem tinxerat unda. 



68. Arrange, uhi lilia alba mixta ru- 
bent. Multa rosd, ablative of agent. 
It is the only place where Lavinia 
is personally brought to our notice, 
and she is very prettily sketched, 

75. nuntius Idmon, "do thou herald 
Idmon." Turnus calls Aeneas a ty- 
rant. 



84. anteirent, "surpassed," belongs 
to both clauses in the line. 

85. properi aurigae, " the bustling 
grooms." lacessunt, " slap their echo- 
ing chests." 

88. aptat habendo ensem, '* arranges 
for ready grasping," ^ 184, II. (a). 



VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER XIL 247 

Exin, quae mediis ingenti adnixa columnae 
Aedibus astabat, validam vi corripit hastam, 
His apostrophe Actoris AuruHci spolium, quassatque trementem, 

to his spear. ^ j. ' x j. ' 

Vociferans : ' Nunc, o numquam frustrata vocatus 95 
Hasta meos, nunc tempus adest ; te maximus Actor, 
Te Tumi nunc dextra gerit; da sternere corpus 
Loricamque manu valida lacerare revulsam 
Semiviri Phrygis, et foedare in pulvere crinis 
Vibratos calido ferro murraque madentis.' 100 

His agitur furiis ; totoque ardentis ab ore 
Scintillae absistunt ; oculis micat acribus ignis. 
Mugitus veluti cum prima in proelia taurus 
Terrificos ciet atque irasci in cornua tentat, 
Arboris obnixus trunco ; ventosque lacessit 105 

Ictibus, aut sparsa ad pugnam proludit arena. 

The challenge is accepted joyfully, and terms are proposed by Aeneas. 
On the next morning the ceremonies for the truce — the lustral water and 
fire, and the sacred verbena — are brought between the armies. Mnes- 
theus, Asilas, and Messapus mark out the neutral ground, Juno warns 
Juturna of her brother's mortal danger, and hints that she will protect 
her in any effort to save him. (11. 107-160.) 

THE PRINCES AT THE TRUCE. 

Interea reges, ingenti mole Latinus 
Quadriiugo vehitur curru, cui tempora circum 
Aurati bis sex radii fulgentia cingunt, 
Solis avi specimen ; bigis it Turnus in albis, 
Bina manu lato crispans hastilia ferro. 165 

Hinc pater Aeneas, Romanae stirpis origo, 
Sidereo flagrans clipeo et caelestibus armis, 

92. Arrange, qiiae astabat adnixa the genitive), "a spoil won from 
ingenti, columnae. quae refers to has- actor Auruncus," ^ 131, r. 2. 
tarn. 100. vibratos calido ferro, "curled 

94. Actoris Auriinci spolium (note with hot (curling) irons." 

101. ardentis, gen. 



161. reges, " these royal person- 164. specimen, " an emblem," for 
;es." Latinus was a descendant of Apollo. 



248 



VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER XII. 



The ceremo- 
nial. 



Aeneas' 
prayer 



and pledges. 



Latinus' 
prayer and 
pledges. 



Et iuxta Ascanius, magnae spes altera Romae, 
Procedunt castris, puraque in veste sacerdos 
Saetigerae fetum suis intonsamque bidentem 170 
Attulit, admovitque pecus flagrantibus aris. 
Illi ad surgentem conversi lumina solem 
Dant fruges manibus salsas, et tempora ferro 
Summa notant pecudum, paterisque altaria libant. 
Turn plus Aeneas stricto sic ense precatur : 175 

* Esto nunc Sol testis et haec mihi Terra vocanti, 
Quam propter tantos potui perferre labores, 
Et Pater omnipotens, et tu Saturnia coniunx, 
lam melior, iam, diva, precor ; tuque inclute Mavors, 
Cuncta tuo qui bella, pater, sub numine torques ; 180 
Fontisque Fluviosque voco, quaeque aetheris alti 
Religio, et quae caeruleo sunt numina ponto : 
Cesserit Ausonio si fors victoria Turno, 
Convenit Euandri victos discedere ad urbem ; 
Cedet lulus agris ; nee post arma ulla rebelles 185 
Aeneadae referent, ferrove haec regna lacessent. 
Sin nostrum adnuerit nobis Victoria Martem — 
Ut potius reor, et potius di numine firment — 
Non ego nee Teucris Italos parere iubebo, 
Nee mihi regna peto ; paribus se legibus ambae 190 
Invictae gentes aeterna in foedera mittant. 
Sacra deosque dabo ; socer arma Latinus habeto 
Imperium sollemne socer ; mihi moenia Teucri 
Constituent, urbique dabit Lavinia nomen.' 
Sic prior Aeneas ; sequitur sic deinde Latinus, 195 
Suspiciens caelum, tenditque ad sidera dextram : 
' Haec eadem, Aenea, Terram, Mare, Sidera, iuro, 



173. dant fruges manibus, " scatters 
by handfuls the salted meal." 

179. iam melior, iam, diva, " now, O 
goddess, more kindly disposed," for 
Juno would soon lay aside her en- 
mities. 

182. religio, "whatever worship" 
— i. e. deity to be worshipped. Com- 



pare " the altar to the Unknown 
God " in Acts xvii. 23. 

189. non ego nee . . . nee. Note the 
intensive force intended by non: 
" never I, yea, never." 

191. mittant, subj. present, has very 
often a future force. 

193. Notice the repeated socer. 



VEBGILI AENEIS— LIBER XIL 249 

Latonaeque genus duplex, lanumque bifrontem, 
Vim que deura infernam et duri sacraria Ditis ; 
Audiat liaec Genitor, qui foedera fulmine sancit. 200 
Tango aras, medios ignis et numina tester : 
Nulla dies pacem hanc Italis nee foedera rumpet, 
Quo res cumque cadent ; nee me vis ulla volentem 
Avertet ; non, si tellurem effundat in undas, 
Diluvio miscens, caelumque in Tartara solvat ; 205 
Ut sceptrum hoc' — dextra sceptrum nam forte 

gerebat — 
' Numquam fronde levi fundet virgulta nee umbras, 
Cum semel in silvis imo de stirpe recisum 
Matre caret, posuitque comas et brachia ferro ; 
Olim arbos ; nunc artificis manus aere decoro 210 
Inclusit, patribusque dedit gestare Latinis.' 
Talibus inter se firmabant foedera dictis 
Conspectu in medio procerum. Turn rite sacratas 
In flammam iugulant pecudes, et viscera vivis 
Eripiunt, cumulantque oneratis lancibus aras. 215 

The Eutuli and Turnus both see that he is no match for Aeneas; but 
Juturna, acting on Juno's hint, passes in disguise through the army, and 
suggests the unfairness of the terms and that the forfeit is too heavy. The 
Latins are aroused, and are in the mood to break the truce. (11. 216-243.) 

THE DELUSIVE OMEN. 

His aliud mains luturna adiungit, et alto 
Dat signum caelo, quo non praesentius ullum 245 
Turbavit mentes Italas, monstroque fefellit. 
Namque volans rubra fulvus lovis ales in aethra, 
Litoreas agitabat aves turbamque sonantem 
Agminis aligeri : subito cum lapsus ad undas 249 

198. duplex genus Latonae, Diana taken and the order of the ritual, 

and Apollo. The accusative of the Compare the pouring of the victim's 

thing or person sworn by. blood on the flames with XI. 82, 

209. posait ferro, "yielded to the where the captives are selected 

knife its leaves and twigs." whose blood shall sprinkle the 

161-215. The student will care- flames of Pallas' funeral, 
fully note the solemnity of the oaths 



250 



VEBGILI AENEIS— LIBER XII. 



Tolumnius 
urges to break 
the truce. 



Hurls his 
spear, and 
slays one of 
nine brothers. 



They charge 
at onqe. 



Cycnum excellentem pedibus rapit improbus uncis. 
Arrexere animos Itali, cunctaeque volucres 
Convertunt clamore fugam, mirabile visu, 
Aetheraque obscurant pennis, hostemque per auras 
Facta nube premunt, donee vi victus et ipso 
Pondere defecit, praedamque ex unguibus ales 255 
Proiecit fluvio, penitusque in nubila fugit. 
Turn vero augurium Rutuli clamore salutant, 
Expediuntque manus ; primusque Tolumnius augur, 
' Hoc erat, hoc, votis/ inquit, ' quod saepe petivi. 
Accipio, agnoscoque deos ; me, me duce ferrum 260 
Corripite, o miseri, quos improbus advena bello 
Territat, invalidas ut aves, et litora vestra 
Vi populat. Petet ille fugam, penitusque profundo 
Vela dabit. Vos unanimi densete catervas, 
Et regem vobis pugna defendite raptum.' 265 

Dixit, et adversos telum contorsit in hostis 
Procurrens ; sonitum dat stridula cornus, et auras 
Certa secat. Simul hoc, simul ingens clamor, et 

omnes 
Turbati cunei, calefactaque corda tumultu. 269 

Hasta volans, ut forte novem pulcherrima fratrum 
Corpora constiterant contra, quos fida crearat 
Una tot Arcadio coniunx Tyrrhena Gylippo, 
Horum unum ad medium, teritur qua sutilis alvo 
Balteus et laterum iuncturas fibula mordet, 
Egregium forma iuvenem et fulgentibus armis, 275 
Transadigit costas, fulvaque effundit arena. 
At fratres, animosa phalanx accensaque luctu. 
Pars gladios stringunt manibus, pars missile ferrum 
Corripiunt, caecique ruunt. Quos agmina contra 279 
Procurrunt Laurentum ; hinc densi rursus inundant 
Troes Agyllinique et pictis Arcades armis. 
Sic omnis amor unus habet decernere ferro. 



269. oAinei. The seats of the theatre semicircle, little expecting any 
were in wedge-shaped sections ; so breach of the truce. 
here the Trojans were seated in a 275. iuvenem egregium forma, § 162, 

E. 



VEBGILI AENEIS— LIBER XII. 



251 



Latinus flees. 



Dirij^uere aras ; it toto turbida caelo 
Tempestas telorum, ac ferreus ingruit imber ; 
Craterasque focosque ferunt. Fugit ipse Latinus 285 
Pulsates referens infecto foedere divos. 
Infrenant alii currus, aut corpora saltu 
Subiciunt in equos, et strictis ensibus adsunt. 
AuSEn^- ^^*^^ Messapus regem, regisque insigne gerentem, 

Tyrrhenum Aulesten, avidus confundere foedus, 290 
Adverso proterret equo ; ruit ille recedens, 
Et miser oppositis a tergo involvitur aris 
In caput inque umeros. At fervidus advolat basta 
Messapus, teloque orautem multa trabali 
Desuper altus equo graviter ferit, atque ita fatur : 295 
' Hoc habet ; haec melior magnis data victima divis.' 
Concurrunt Itali, spoliantque calentia membra. 
Obvius ambustum torrem Corynaeus ab ara 
Corripit, et venienti Ebuso plagamque ferenti 
Occupat OS flammis ; olli in gens barba reluxit, 
Nidoremque ambusta dedit ; super ipse secutus 
Caesariem laeva turbati corripit hostis, 
Impressoque genu nitens terrae applicat ipsum ; 
Sic rigido latus ense ferit. Podalirius Alsum, 
Pastorem, primaque acie per tela ruentem, 
Ense sequens nudo superimminet ; ille securi 
Adversi frontem mediam mentumque reducta 
Disicit, et sparso late rigat arma cruore. 
Olli dura quies oculos et ferreus urget 
Somnus ; in aeternam clauduntur lumina noctem. 310 

At pius Aeneas dextram tendebat inermem 
Nudato capite, atque suos clamore vocabat : 



Corynaeus, 
Ebysus ; 



Podalirius, 

Alsus. 



300 



305 



Aeneas nishes 
between the 
foes unarmed, 



283. diripiiere aras, " they strip the 
altars," for the priests hurry to keep 
them from sacrilege, as is implied by 
craterasque focosque ferunt. 

288. subiciunt corpora saltu, "they 
spring on horseback." 

290. avidus confundere foedus, inf. 
for ger., ^182, r. 2. 



294. trahali telo, " spear like a 
beam." 

300. occupat OS flammis, "fills Ms 
face with the flame." Note the viv- 
idness of the present occupat joined 
to the perfect dedit. 

306. securi reducta, " with a back- 
handed blow of his battle-axe." 



252 VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER XIL 

* Quo ruitis ? quaeve ista repens discordia surgit ? 
O cohibete iras ! ictum iam foedus, et omnes 
Compositae leges ; mihi ius concurrere soli ; 315 

Me sinite, atque auferte metus. Ego foedera faxo 
Firma manu ; Turnum debent haec iam mihi sacra/ 
Has inter voces, media inter talia verba, 
ia wounded. Ecce, viro stridcns alis adlapsa sagitta est, 

Incertum, qua pulsa manu, quo turbine adacta, 320 
Quis tantam Kutulis laudem, casusne deusne, 
Attulerit ; pressa est insignis gloria facti, 
Nee sese Aeneae iactavit vulnere quisquam. 

Turnus, too, possessed by the common frenzy, joins in the fray. The 
havoc he inflicts is great, and the Trojans seem lost. (11. 324-382.) 

AENEAS IS HEALED BY VENUS. 

Atque ea dum campis victor dat funera Turnus, 
Interea Aenean Mnestheus et fidus Achates 
Ascaniusque comes castris statuere cruentum, 385 
Alternos longa Hitentem cuspide gressus. 
Saevit, et infracta luctatur arundine telum 
Eripere, auxilioque viam, quae proxima, poscit : 
Ense secent lato vulnus, telique latebram 
Rescindant penitus, seseque in bella remittant. 390 
lapyx tries his lamquc adcrat Phoebo ante alios dilectus lapyx 
iasides, acri quondam cui captus amore 
Ipse suas artis, sua munera, laetus Apollo 
Augurium citharamque dabat celerisque sagittas. 
Ille, ut depositi proferret fata parentis, 395 

Scire potestates herbarum usumque medendi 

317. Tiaec sacra, ''these sacred rites ted), "of the wound," abl. of lim., 
owe Turnus to me." ^ 162, E. 

323. vulnere (the prep, de is omit- 



386. The spondees imitate the 391. Phoehb belongs to dilectus. 

limping of the wounded Aeneas. 394. dabat, "ever bestowed," impi 

The surgery of that age was rough of continued giving, 
and heroic. 



VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER XIL 



253 



Maluit et mutas agitare inglorius artis. 
Stabat acerba fremens, iDgeiitem nixiis in hastam 
Aeneas, magno iuvenum et maerentis Iiili 
Concursu, lacrimis immobilis. Ille retorto 400 

Paeoniuni in morem senior succinctus amictu, 
Multa manu medica Plioebique potentibus herbis 
Nequiqiiam trepidat, nequiquam spicula dextra 
Sollicitat prensatque tenaci forcipe ferrum. 
in vain. ]Kulla viam Fortuna regit ; nihil auctor Apollo 405 

Subvenit ; et saevus campis magis ac raagis horror 
Crebrescit, propiusque malum est. lam pulvere 
caelum 
The^outs of Stare vident, subeuntque equites, et spicula castris 
increase. Densa caduut mediis. It tristis ad aethera clamor 
Bellantum iuvenum et duro sub Marte cadentum. 410 
Hie Venus, indigno nati concussa dolore, 
Dictamnum genetrix Cretaea carpit ab Ida, 
Puberibus caulem foliis et flore comantem 
Purpureo ; non ilia feris incognita capris 
Gramina, cum tergo volucres haesere sagittae. 415 
Hoc Venus, obscuro faciem circumdata nimbo, 
Detulit ; hoc ftisum labris splendentibus amnem 
Inficit, occulte medicans, spargitque salubris 
Ambrosiae sucos et odoriferam panaceam. 
Fovit ea vulnus lympha longaevus lapyx 420 

Ignorans, subitoque omnis de corpore fugit 
Quippe dolor, omnis stetit imo vulnere sanguis. 
lamque secuta manum, nullo cogente, sagitta 
Excidit, atque novae rediere in pristina vires. 
' Arma citi properate viro ! quid statis ?' — lapyx 425 
Conclamat, primusque animos accendit in hostem — 



Venus brings 
relief. 



401. Paeoniiim in morem, "in Pa- 
onian fashion," like Paon, the physi- 
cian to the gods ; most prohahly an- 
other name for Apollo. 

412. dictamnum, the herb dittany, 
found only in Crete. 

413. cmilem, " stalk." 



417. fusum Jairis splendentibus am- 
nem, "this Venus dipped into the 
river- water, which was poured into 
the resplendent basin," etc. 

419. The panacea was yet another 
herb, " the all-healer." 



254 VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER XII. 

* Nod haec humanis opibus, non arte magistra 
Aeneas is Proveniunt, neque te, Aenea, mea dextera servat : 

eager to go , . 

forth. Maior agit deus atque opera ad maiora remittit.' 

Ille avidus pugnae suras incluserat auro 430 

Hinc atque hinc, oditque moras, hastamque coruscat. 
Postquam habilis lateri clipeus loricaque tergo est, 
Ascanium fusis circum complectitur armis, 
Summaque per galeam delibans oscula fatur : 

* Disce, puer, virtutem ex me verumque laborem, 435 
Fortunam ex aliis. Nunc te mea dextera bello 
Defensum dabit, et magna inter praemia ducet. 

Tu facito, mox cum matura adoleverit aetas, 

Sis memor, et te animo repetentem exempla tuorum 

Et pater Aeneas et avunculus excitet Hector/ 440 

Aeneas issues from the gates, and his very presence strikes terror into 
the Eutuli. With Autheus and Mnestheus he inflicts heavy loss on them. 
Turnus seeks Aeneas, but is driven away by Juturna to another part of the 
fight, where he too performs great feats. Each hero is seeking the other. 
Aeneas is preparing to attack the city Laureutum. All is in confusion and 
consternation. Aeneas protests that the blame of the attack does not rest 
with him, and the assault is begun. Within there is no plan, no leadership. 
Amata, thinking her nephew slain, hangs herself. Lavinia and Latinus are 
distracted with grief. Turnus meantime is pursuing a few scattered Tro- 
jans, when he hears the shouts and noise in the direction of the city. Tur- 
nus recognizes his sister in his charioteer. He sees suddenly the whole 
purpose, from the breaking of the truce to Juturna's last loving deception. 
Saces brings news of the assault. Turnus is needed at the city. In utter 
grief, seeing a tower on fire, he breaks away from his sister, and rushes to 
send to Aeneas a renewal of the challenge. (11. 441-683.) 



HE CALLS A TEUCE. 

Ac veluti, montis saxum de vertice praeceps 
Cum ruit, avulsum vento, seu turbidus imber 685 
Proluit, aut annis solvit sublapsa vetustas ; 
Fertur in abruptum magno mons improbus actu, 

A2.0. pugnae, dat. incluserat, the 434. SMmmaosctJa, "the last kisses." 
pluperf., shows how eager he was. His speech is full of pathos. 



687. improbus mons, "the destructive mass.' 



VERGILI AENEIS—LIBIJB XII. 



255 



Aeneas turns 
instantly at 
the call. 



Exsultatque solo, silvas, armenta, virosque 
Involvens secum : disiecta per agmina Turnus 
Sic urbis ruit ad muros, ubi plurima fuso 690 

Sanguine terra madet, striduntque hastilibus aurae ; 
Significatque manu, et magno siniul incipit ore : 
' Parcite iam, Rutuli, et vos tela inhibete, Latini ; 
Quaecumque est Fortuna, mea est ; me verius unum 
Pro vobis foediis luere, et decernere ferro.' 695 

Discessere omnes medii, spatiumque dedere. 

At pater Aeneas, audito nomine Tumi, 
Deserit et muros, et summas deserit arces, 
Praecipitatque moras omnis, opera omnia rumpit, 
Laetitia exsultans, horrendumque intonat armis : 700 
Quantus Athos, aut quantus Eryx, aut ipse, coruscis 
Cum fremit ilicibus, quantus, gaudetque nivali 
Vertice se attollens pater Appenninus ad auras. 
Iam vero et Putuli certatim et Trees et omnes 
Convertere oculos Itali, quique alta tenebant 705 
Moenia, quique imos pulsabant ariete muros, 
Armaque deposuere umeris. Stupet ipse Latinus 
Ingentis, genitos diversis partibus orbis, 
Inter se coiisse viros et cernere ferro. • 
They come to Atque ilH, ut vacuo patuerunt aequore campi, 710 

blows at once -^ . , . . . \ . 

Procursu rapido, comectis emmus nastis, 
Invadunt Martem clipeis atque aere sonoro. 
Dat gemitum tellus ; turn crebros ensibus ictus 
Congeminant ; fors et virtus miscentur in unum. 
Ac velut ingenti Sila summove Taburno 715 

Cum duo conversis inimica in proelia tauri 
Frontibus incurrunt ; pavidi cessere magistri ; 
Stat pecus omne metu mutum, mussantque iuvencae, 



like two 
mighty bulls. 



638. exsultatque solo, " bound on the 
plain." 

690. plurima terra madet, " the 
broad field is soaked." 

699. praecipitat moras omnis, "casts 
aside all hindrances." 

701. ipse . . . pater Appenninus. Note 



how Vergil must have observed such 
a scene. 

715. Sila, a pasture-slope in Brut- 
tium, Ta6wr7??ts, a mountain between 
Samnium and Campania, which were 
both grazing regions. 



256 VERGILI AENEJS— LIBER XIL 

Quis nemori imperitet, quern tota armenta sequantur ; 
Ille inter sese multa vi vulnera miscent, 720 

Cornuaque obnixi infigunt, et sanguine largo 
Colla armosque lavant ; geniitu nemus omne remugit : 
Non aliter Tros Aeneas et Daunius heros 
Concurrunt clipeis ; ingens fragor aethera complet. 
luppiter ipse duas aequato examine lances 725 

Sustinet, et fata imponit diversa duorum, 
Quern damnet labor, et quo vergat pondere letum. 
Emicat hie, impune putans, et corpore toto 
Turnus smites, Alte sublatum consuro;it Turnus in ensem, 

but his sword ^^ „ , 

breaks. Et lent. Exclamant Troes trepidique Latini, 730 

Arrectaeque amborum acies. At perfidus ensis 
Frangitur, in medioque ardentem deserit ictu, 
Ni fuga subsidio subeat. Fugit ocior Euro, 
Ut capulum ignotum dextramque aspexit inermem. 
Fama est, praecipitem, cum prima in proelia iunctos 
Conscendebat equos, patrio mucrone relicto, 736 

Dum trepidat, ferrum aurigae rapuisse Metisci ; 
Idque diu, dum terga dabant palantia Teucri, 
SufFecit ; postquam arma dei ad Vulcania ventum est, 
Mortalis mucro, glacies ceu futtilis, ictu 740 

Dissiluit ; fulva resplendet fragmen arena. 
Ergo amens diversa fuga petit aequora Turnus, 
Et nunc hue, inde hue incertos implicat orbis, 
Undique enim Teucri densa inclusere corona, 744 
Atque hinc vasta palus, hinc ardua moenia cingunt. 

Aeneas' wound ^qq niinus Acueas, Quamquam tardata sagitta 

impedes his . . 

pursuit. Interdum genua impediunt, cursumque recusant, 

Insequitur, trepidique pedem pede fervidus urget : 
Inclusum veluti si quando flumine nactus 
Cervum aut puniceae saeptum formidine pennae 750 

721. Note the haminering sound 750. cervum inchisum . . . ant saep- 

of the spondees. turn formidine. The formido was a 

734. ignotum capulum, "a hilt not rope set with red feathers or tags, 

his own;" in his hurry {dum trepi- and, stretched through the glade, 

dat) he had snatched up Metiscus' served to turn the game. 
sword. 



VEEGILI AENEIS— LIBER XIL 257 

Venator cursu caiiis et latratibus instat ; 
Ille autem, insidiis et ripa territus alta, 
Mille fugit refugitque vias ; at vividus Umber 
Haeret liians, iam iamque tenet, similisque tenenti 
Increpuit malis, morsuque elusus inani est. 755 

Turn vero exoritur clamor, ripaeque lacusque 
Responsant circa, et caelum tonat omne tumultu. 
Ille simul fagiens Rutulos simul increpat omnis, 
Nomine quemque vocans, notumque efflagitat ensem. 
Aeneas mortem contra praesensque minatur 760 

Exitium, si quisquam adeat, terretque trementis, 
Excisurum urbem minitans, et saucius instat. 
Quinque orbis explent cursu, totidemque retexunt 
Hue illuc ; neque enim levia aut ludicra petuntur 
Praemia, sed Turni de vita et sanguine certant. 765 
Forte sacer Fauno foliis oleaster amaris 
Hie steterat, nautis olim venerabile lignum, 
Servati ex undis ubi figere dona solebant 
Laurenti divo et votas suspendere vestes ; 
Sed stirpem Teucri nullo discrimine sacrum 770 

Sustulerant, puro ut possent concurrere campo. 
Aeneas' spear jj^g hasta Acncac stabat ; hue impetus illam 

misses Turnus, ' ^ 

and is fixed in Detulerat, fixam et lenta radice tenebat. 

a stump. ' 

Incubuit voluitque manu convellere ferrum 
Dardanides, teloque sequi, quem prendere cursu 775 
Non poterat. Tum vero amens formidine Turnus, 
'Faune, precor, miserere,' inquit, 'tuque optima 

ferrum 
Terra tene, colui vestros si semper honores, 
Quos contra Aeneadae bello fecei'e profanos.' 
Turnus' Dixit, opcmque dei non cassa in vota vocavit. 780 

praj'er. ^ . 

jS'amque, dm luctans lentoque m stirpe moratus, 
Viribus baud ullis valuit discludere morsus 
Roboris Aeneas. Dum nititur acer et instat, 

753. wwdws C/m&er, " the eager Urn- hanging of votive offerings in the 
brian hound." temples. 

771. puro campo, a clear field. The 772. stabat, "stuck." 
act was sacrilegious. Compare the 
17 



258 VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER XII. 

juturna gives Kursus in auris^ae faciem miitata Metisci 

mm nis sword. ~ 

Procurrit fratriqiie ensem dea Daunia reddit. 785 
Quod Venus audaci Nymphae indignata licere, 
Accessit, telumque alta ab radice revellit. 
Olli sublimes, armis animisque refecti, 
Hie gladio fidens, hie aeer et arduus hasta, 
Adsistunt contra certamine Martis anheli. 790 



Juno is anxiously watching the contest, when Jupiter again forbids her 
to interfere. She reluctantly submits, but pleads that the Trojans shall 
become merged in the Latin race. Jupiter swears to grant this, and de- 
clares that their descendants shall have a grand future. (11. 791-842.) 



JUPITER SENDS A FURY TO WARN JUTURNA. 

His aetis aliud Genitor secum ipse volutat, 
luturnamque parat fratris dimittere ab armis. 
Dicuntur geminae pestes cognomine Dirae, 845 

Quas et Tartarean! Nox intempesta Megaeram 
Uno eodemque tulit partu, paribusque revinxit 
Serpentum spiris, ventosasque addidit alas. 
Hae lovis ad solium saevique in limine regis 
Apparent, acuuntque metum mortalibus aegris, 850 
Si quando letum horrificum morbosque deum rex 
Molitur, meritas aut bello territat urbes. 
Harum unam celerem demisit ab aethere summo 
luppiter, inque omen luturnae occurrere iussit. 
Ilia volat, celerique ad terram turbine fertur. 855 
Non secus, ac nervo per nubem impulsa sagitta, 



786. Arrange, Venus indignata quod 788. olli refers to both the heroes ; 
licere audaci Nymphae accessit, etc. old form of illi. 



844. dimittere luturnam, "to sepa- heaven. In VII. 324, Juno seeks 

rate Juturna." Allecto in Tartarus. 

846. quas et Tartaream Megaeram, 852. meritas ant bello territat urhes. 

etc., "whom [i.e. the two Ditae Al- Note bello, an abl. after territat, but 

lecto and Tisiphone], together with it still affects meritas, as if it meant 

Tartarean Me,c;;aera." Vergil is alone deserving war as a punishment, 

in transferring the two Furies to ^ 144, E. 



VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER XII. 259 

Armatam saevi Parthus, quam felle veneni, 
Parthus, sive Cydon, telum immedicabile, torsit, 
Stridens et celeris incognita transilit umbras : 
The Dira, in Xalis SG sata Nocte tulit, terrasque petivit. 860 

the form oi ... 

an owl, Postquam acies videt Iliacas atque agmina Turni, 

Alitis in parvae subitam conlecta figuram, 
Quae quondam in bustis aut culminibus desertis 

Kumu?^^^ Nocte sedens serum canit importuna per umbras ; 

face. Hanc versa in faciem Turni se pestis ob ora 865 

Fertque refertque sonans, clipeumque everberat 

alis. 
Illi membra nevus solvit formidine torpor, 
Arrectaeque horrore comae, et vox faucibus haesit. 
At, procul ut Dirae stridorem agnovit et alas, 
Infelix crinis scindit luturna solutos, 870 

Unguibus ora soror foedans et pectora pugnis : 

juturna's < Quid uuuc tc tua, Turne, potest germana iuvare ? 
Aut quid iam durae superat milii ? qua tibi lucera 
Arte moror ? talin' possum me opponere monstro ? 
Iam iam linquo acies. Ne me terrete timentem, 875 
Obscenae volucres ; alarum verbera nosco 
Letalemque sonum ; nee fallunt iussa superba 
Magnanimi lovis. Haec pro virginitate reponit ? 
Quo vitam dedit aeternam? cur mortis adempta 

est 
Condicio ? possem tantos finire dolores 880 

Nunc certe, et misero fratri comes ire per umbras. 
Immortalis ego ? aut quicquam mihi dulce meorum 
Te sine, frater, erit ? O quae satis ima dehiscat 
Terra mihi, Manisque deam demittat ad imos !' 

860. sata Node, " daughter of 866. everberat denotes the repeated 

night," ^ 161, E. xxviii. act. 

862. subitam. Note the adj . instead 873. durae mihi, "to me so ' ill 

of the adv. s?i&ifo, agreeing with ^(/M- fated." qua arte moror tibi lucem — 

ram. i. e. save thy life. 

864. importuna, " unceasing." 883. quae, etc., " would that the 

865. in hanc faciem versa, "changed deeps of earth would yawn for me, 
to this shape the ominous bird," and let me, a goddess, descend to the 
etc. lowest shades !" 



260 



VERGILI AENEIS— LIBER XIL 



Aeneas shouts 
to Tuinus. 



His reply. 



Turnus hurls 
a huge stone, 



but the Dira 
has shaken 
his stiength : 



the stone falls 
short. 



Heis bewil- 
dered. 



Tantum efFata, caput glauco contexit amictu, 885 
Multa gemens, et se fluvio dea condidit alto. 

Aeneas instat contra telumque coruscat, 
Ingens, arboreum, et saevo sic pectore fatur : 
* Quae nunc deinde mora est ? aut quid iam, Turne, 

retractas ? 
Non cursu, saevis certandum est comminus armis. 890 
Verte omnis tete in facies, et contrahe, quidquid 
Sive animis sive arte vales ; opta ardua pennis 
Astra sequi, clausumque cava te condere terra.' 
Ille caput quiissans : ' Non me tua fervida terrent 
Dicta, ferox ; di me terrent et luppiter hostis.' 895 
Nee plura effatus, saxum circumspicit ingens, 
Saxum antiquum, ingens, campo quod forte iacebat, 
Limes agro positus, litem ut discerneret arvis ; 
Vix illud lecti bis sex cervice subirent, 
Qualia nunc hominum producit corpora tellus ; 900 
Ille manu raptum trepida torquebat in hostem, 
Altior insurgens et cursu concitus heros. 
Sed neque currentem se nee cognoscit euntem, 
Tollentemve manu saxumque immane moventem ; 
Genua labant, gelidus concrevit frigore sanguis. 905 
Tum lapis ipse viri, vacuum per inane volutus, 
Nee spatium evasit totum, neque pertulit ictum. 
Ac velut in somnis, oculos ubi languida pressit 
Nocte quies, nequiquam avidos extendere cursus 
Velle videmur, et in mediis conatibus aegri 910 

Succidimus ; non lingua valet, non corpore notae 
Sufficiunt vires, nee vox aut verba sequuntur : 
Sic Turno, quacumque viam virtu te petivit, 
Successum dea dira negat. Tum pectore sensus 
Vertuntur varii ; Rutulos aspectat et urbera, 915 
Cunctaturque metu, telumque instare tremescit ; 
Nee, quo se eripiat, nee, qua vi tendat in hostem, 
Nee currus usquam videt aurigamve sororem. 



892. opta, imperative, but best choose to seek the lofty stars," 
translated, "whether thou wouldst etc. 



VEUGILI AENEIS— LIBER XII. 261 

Cunctanti telum Aeneas fatale coruscat, 

nim, and ^ ' 

Sortitus fortunam oculis, et corpore toto 920 

Eminus intorquet. Murali concita numquam 
Tormento sic saxa fremunt, nee fulmine tanti 
Dissultant crepitus. Volat atri turbinis instar 
Exitium dirum hasta ferens, orasque recludit 
Loricae et clipei extremes septemplicis orbis. 925 
Tv-ounds him in Pgp. medium stridens transit femur. Incidit ictus 

the thigh. 

Ingens ad terram duplicate poplite Turnus. 

Consurgunt gemitu Rutuli, totusque remugit 

Mons circum, et vocem late nemora alta re- 

mittunt. 
Ille humilis supplexque oculos dextramque pre- 

cantem 930 

Turnns pleads Proteudens, ' Equidcm merui, nee deprecor,' inquit; 

for life. Tir. . . . 

utere sorte tua. Miseri te si qua parentis 
Tangere cura potest, oro — fuit et tibi talis 
Anchises genitor — Dauni miserere senectae, 
Et me, seu corpus spoliatum lumine mavis, 935 

Kedde meis. Yicisti, et victum tendere pal mas 
Ausonii videre ; tua est Lavinia coniunx ; 
Ulterius ne tende odiis.' Stetit acer in armis 
Aeneas, volvens oculos, dextramque repressit ; 
Et iam iamque magis cunctantem flectere sermo 940 
Coeperat, infelix umero cum apparuit alto 
Balteus et notis fulserunt cingula bullis 
of SiuSbeit P'^illantis pueri, victum quem vulnere Turnus 
vShes^^*^' Straverat, atque umeris inimicum insigne gere- 
bat. 
Ille, oculis postquam saevi monumenta doloris 945 
Exuviasque hausit, furiis accensus, et ira 
Terribilis : ' Tune hinc spoliis indute meorum 

920. sortitus fortunam, "watching 935. et me {vivum) seu, "alive, but, 
for his opportunity." if thou wilt, not yet a corpse de- 

921. murali tormento — i. e. the bal- spoiled of life." 

lista for battering walls. 944. inimicum insigne, " the fatal 

923. turbinis instar, the image of a ornament." Cf. X. 503, sq. 
whirlwind — i. e. like a whirlwind. 



262 VERGILI AENETS— LIBER XII. 

Eripiare mihi ? Pallas te hoc vulnere, Pallas 
Immolat, et poenam scelerato ex sanguine sumit/ 
Hoc dicens ferrum adverso sub pectore condit 950 
Fervidus. Ast illi solvuntur frigore membra, 
Vitaque cum gemitu fugit indignata sub umbras. 

The motive of the epic is accomplished with the death of Turnus. 
Aeneas meets with no further serious obstacle. He marries Laviuia and 
founds the city Lavinium, but is harassed by the neighboring tribes. After 
a severe fight with one of them (legends say), he went down to the river- 
bank to wash the blood from his armor, and was never seen afterward. 



METRICAL INDEX. 



ECLOGUE I. 

LINE 

38. Tityriis hiuc a,be | rat. 1| ips 1 ae te, Tityre, pinus. 

{rat is short, but is lengthened by the arsis.) 
49. Non in | siieta grd \ vis tentabiint pabiila fetas. 

{u before e is short, but here the ue = we and becomes long.) 



ECLOGUE IV. 



55. Non me carminibiis vincet nee Thracius | Orpheus. 

{eus is one long syllable, being a diphthong.) 
57. Orphei \ Callio | pea, Lino formdsiis Ap5116. 

{ei is a diphthong, pea. In Greek words one vowel before another 
is not always short.) 
61. Matri longa de | cem tule \ runt fastidiS, menses. 

(Ze, the e of the perf. is long, but is here shortened in the thesis.) 



ECLOGUE VIL 



7. Vir grggis Ipse ca,p | er d'er \ raverSt ; atqu' eg6 Daphnim. 
{d^e contracted into d'e by synaeresis.) 
23. Versibiis ille fac | U awt | si non possumiis omnes. 

{it is short, but is lengthened by the arsis.) 
53. Stant et iuniper | I || et | castane | ae hlr \ siitae. 

{i is in arsis, and so long, and is also not elided before et because 
of the caesural pause, ae is in arsis, and not elided before h 
of Mrsutae. The line is spondaic.) 



ECLOGUE VIII. 



41. Ut vid' nt peri | i || ii< 1 me mSliis abstulit error. 

(The i is in arsis, and therefore long. It is not elided before ut, 
as is the i in vidi, as the caesural pause prevents it.) 

263 



264 METRICAL INDEX. 

LINE 

44. Aut TmS-rSs aut Eli8d6p | e || aut \ extremi Garamantes. 

(The e is the long Greek rj. The caesural pause also prevents an 
elision.) 
55. Certent et cycnis uliilae sit Tityriis | Orpheus. 

(Compare Eel. IV. 1. 55.) 
81. Un' eo \ demq' igni sic nostro Daphnis Smore. 

(eo made a diphthong by synaeresis.) 



GEOEGIC I. 

4. Sit peco I rl apt \ bus quant' experientiS- parcis. 
{ri is long, being in arsis.) 
279. Coe umqu' I3,pe tumqtie creat saevumqiie Ty 

(ea by synaeresis one syllable.) 
281. Ter siint conat | i || im | ponere | PeltS \ Ossam. 

{PeliS. The elision does not take place. Vergil follows his Greek 
models in many places. For i \\ im, compare Eel. VIII. 41.) 
295. Aut dulcis musti Vulcano decoquit umor'em 
'Et. 

(The em of umorem is elided before et of the next line by syna- 
laepheia.) 
341. Tunc pingues ag \ nl et \ tiinc mollissima vina. 

(Compare Eel. VII. 1. 53.) 
437. Glauco | et Pan8 | peae et \ Tno [ 6 Meli 1 certae. 

(The theory is this : pe is long by its own Greek quantity ; the ae 
is resolved into a e; the e is elided, and the d is shortened before 
et—so I peS'Jt I .) 
482. Fluvio I rum rex | Eridanus cam | pos qiie per [ omnes. 

(The id is equal to yd. Eridanus is a Greek quantity.) 



GEOEGIC II. 

121. Velleraqu' ut foliis depectant | tenuia \ Seres. 

[ui = wi.) 
129. MiscMe | riintqu' herbas et non inndxia verba. 

(e is short because it is in thesis, though e of the perfect is long. 
144. implevere tenent ole \ ae dr \ menta qiie laeta, 

{ae is in arsis, and is not elided. Cf. Eel. VII. 1. 53.) 
344. Si non tantS, qiiies iret frigusque cal ] oremqu' 
Inter. 

{que ofj. 344 elided before Inter of 1. 345. Cf. Georg. I. 1. 295.) 
464. InlusSs qu' aiiro vestes Ephy | rem \ qu' aera. 

(Vergil retains the Greek quantity of this word.) 



METRICAL INDEX. 265 



LINE 

487. Sperche \ os qu' et virgi'nibus bacchat^/ L^caenis. 

(The Greek quantity is retained.) 

488. Tdyge \ t' 6 qui me gelidis convallibiis Haemi. 

(The Greek quantity is retained.) 



GEOEGIC III. 

377. Oti' S,gunt terra congest^qiie roborS, | totasqu' 
Advolvere. 

(gw' elided before advolvere of the next line.) 



GEOEGIC IV. 



343. Atqu' Ephy \re dt\ qu' Opis gt Asia Deibpea. 

(Note the Greek quantity in this and the following lines.) 
355. Tristis Aristae us Penei genitoris 3,d iindara. 
388. Caeruleus Vxotms magniini qui piscibiis aeqiior. 
392. Grandaeviis Nerews novit namqu' omniS; vates. 
422. intiis se vasti Proteus tegit obice saxi. 
429. Ciim 'Pxoteus consiieta petens e fliictrbus antra. 
453. Non te niilli | lis ex | ereent nvtminis irae. 
461. Impleriint montis fleriint Eh5d8 | peia^ arces. 

(Compare Georgia I., 1. 437.) 
463. Atqiie Ggtae atqu' Hebriis gt Actios Ori | thyld. 

{yi is a diphthong.) 



AENEID I. 

16. P6sthS,bita cSluissS SS, ] mo lilc \ illius | arma. 

{Samd(} : second c^ lost before h in Mc, and the first ^ lengthened by 
the arsis. Compare Georg. I. 437.) 
41. Unitis 6b nox' et fiirias Aiacis O | ilel. 
120. lam valid' Ili5 ] nel nd \ vem iani f ortis Achatae. 
131. Eiir' ad se Zephyrumque vScat dehinc tali3, f atur. 

(dehinc, by synaeresis, d'inc.) 
617. Tun' ill' Aeneas qiiem Dardani | o An \ chisae. 

(Compare 1. 16; spondaic verses.) 
698. Kvixed composuit sponda mcdiamque locavit. 
726. Atria dependent lychni laqwearibiis | aiirm. 

(aurea and aureis dissyllables by synaeresis.) 



26j6 metrical index. 

aeneid ii. 

LINE 

16. Aedificant sectiiqu' intexunt dbiUe costas. 

{abies here, and often elsewhere, contracts ie in oblique cases into 
ye; so also paries, par?etis.) 
745. Quern n5n incusav' amens hominiimque dedriim | qu' 
Aut. 

(The final gw' elided before aut of next line.) 
774. Obstipii | I stete \ riintque com' et vox faiacibus liaesit. 
(The e of the perfect shortened by thesis.) 



AENEID III. 



606. Si pere | 5 Mmt \ niim periisse iuvablt. 

(o is long in arsis, and not elided before the fe; it is probably d6.) 



AENEID IV. 



64. Pectori | bus inhi \ ans spirantia consulit exta. 

{bus, which is properly short, is lengthened by the arsis.) 
302. Thyids uV \ auditd stimiilant tricterica Bacchd. 

{yl is a diphthong in Greek.) 
629. Imprecor arm' armis piignent ipsique ne | potes' | git' 
Haec. 

(Elision of qiC before haec of the next line.) 
667. Lamentis gemitiiqu' et femme ) o ulu \ latu. 

(o long by arsis. Compare Bk. I. 1. 16 and Bk. III. 1. 603.) 
686. Seniiani | memqiie sinii germau' amplexa fovebat. 

{semydnif or, by the analogy of sem,[i)ustem, sem'dni.) 



AENEID V. 



184. Sergesto Mnes | theiqu^ Gy \ an superare mSrantem. 

{fhel is a Greek diphthong, and therefore long.) 
261. Victor apiad rapidum Simoenta sub | Ilio \ altd. 

_ {IM. Compare Bk. IV. 1. 667. b is short in the thesis.) 
284. Olli serva dat | ur bper \ ' haiid ignara Mm | erva. 

_ (tir is lengthened by the arsis.) 
337. Emicat Eurya | lus et | miinere victor amici. 

(liis is lengthened by the arsis.) 
352. Dat Sa,li5 villls oneros' atqii' ungiiibus | aurels. 

{els by synaeresis.) • 



METRICAL INDEX. 267 

LINE 

422. Et magnos membror' artus magn' ossa lacertos | qu' 
Exiiit. 

iqu^ elided by synapheia before exuit of tbe next line.) 
432. Genua Id \ bant vas | tos quatit aegur anbelitiis artus. 

(Ma =^ wa.) 
589. Pdriett \ biis tex | tiim caecis iter ancipitemqiie. 

{Paryeti \ bus. Compare Bk. II. 1. 16 in Index.) 
663. (abiete = dbyete. Compare Bk. II. 1. 16, Index.) 
853. Nusqu' amitte | bat ocu | Idsque sub astra tenebat. 

{dmltte I bat : bat is lengthened by the arsis.) 



AENEID VL 

119. SI potuit Manis arcessere coniugis | Orpheus. 

{Orpheus: eu is a diphthong.) 
126. Tr5s Anchisia | de fact \ lis descensiis Averno. 

{de long by the arsis.) 
280. Ferrei \ qu' Eiimenidum thalS,m' et Dlscordia demens. 

{Ferret, one syllable by synaeresis.) 
289. Gdrgones | Hdrpyi \ aequ' et forma tricorporis umbrae. 

{Harpyi: yl one syllable.) 
678. Desiiper osten | tat dehlnc \ summa caciimina linquunt. 

{dehinc, pronounced dliinc.) 
768. Et Capys et Numi | tor et \ qui te ndmine reddet. 

{tor long by the arsis.) 



AENETD VIL 



262. Divitis uber agri Trdiae opulentia deerit. 

{deerit = derit by synaeresis. Vide Eibbeck's text.) 
303. Proftiit? optato conduntur Thybridis | dived.) 

_ {eo contracted. Cf. Eel. VIII. 1. 81.) 
389. Euhoe [ Bacche ! fremens solum te virgine dignum. 

{Euhoe, Greek diphthongs.) 
631. Ardea Criistiimeriqu' et turriger | ae An | temnae. 

{ae not elided as it is in the arsis of the foot.) 



AENEID VIII. 



Quiim murds arcemque pro | cid dc \ rara domoriim. 
{ciil is lengthened by the arsis.) 



268 METRICAL INDEX. 

AENEID IX. 

LINE 

291. Hanc sing me spem ferre tu 1 t; du \ deiiti5r ibo. 

{tui, see Bk. I. 1. 16.) 
716. Inarime lovis imperils imposta Ty | phoeo. 

(Typhoeo ; eo, compare Eel. VIII. 1. 81.) 



AENEID X. 



18. O p3,tgr I 6 Mrni \ num divumqu' aeterna p5testas. 

(The interjections, 0, heu, ah, proh, vae, and vale, are not elided, 

^ ^297, r. 1.) 
51. Est Ama | thus est | celsa mihi Paphiis atque Cjthera. 

(Amathus as a Greek nominative in ous.) 
116. Hie finis fandi soli5 turn luppiter | aureo. 

(Compare Eel. VIII. 1. 81.) 
487. W ea \ demqiie via sanguis animusqne sequuntur. 

( Un ea. Compare Eel. VIII. 1. 81.) 
496. ExS,nimem rapiens immania pouderS, | hdltei. 

{ei a diphthong by synaeresis ; so also NereT, 1. 764.) 
781. Sternittir infelix alieno viilnere | caeliim | gtt' 
Aspicit, 

(Elision by synapheia; so also I. 895. 
872. Et furiis agitatus a | vior et | conscia virtus. 

{amd7' is lengthened by the arsis.) 



AENEID XI. 



31. Servabat senior qui ParrhSsi ] 6 Eii | andrd. 

(Parrhasio, and not elided before the next syllable.) 
383. Proinde contracted to Pr'inde. 
768. Chloreus. Cf. Nereiis, Mnestheus. 
890. Arietdt \ in portas et diirds 5bice p5stis. 

(Artetat contracted to ye. Compare abyete, paryetibus.) 



AENEID XII. 



31. Promiss' eripui ggne ] rb, dr m' \ impia | sumpsi. 

(Compare Bk. XI. 1. 31.) 
83. Onthyld. The line is spondaic. 



METRICAL INDEX. 269 

LINE 

84. Qui candore nives ant \ 'irent \ cursibiis auras. 
{Anteirent, by elision anfirent.) 
401. Paed \ w' In mo \ tern senior succinctus a,mlctu, 

(Paeonium, the um is elided before in, and the ni that remains is 
pronounced with the in as one syllable.) 
608. Identical with 1. 872 of Bk. X. 
706. For ariete, see 1. 890 of Bk. XI. 
847. Un' eodem, see Eel. VIII. 81. 
883. Te sine, fratcr, ^v \itf 5 \ quae satis 1 imd de | hiscat. 

(erit: rit is lengthened by both the arsis and the caesural pause; 
de in dehiscdt is shortened before i, as the h is generally disre- 
garded in prosody.) 
905. Genua la | bant gelidus concrevit frigore sanguis- 
{Genua: the ua = wa; compare Bk. V. 1. 432.) 



GLOSSARY OF PROPER NAMES. 



A. 

Acestes. The son of the Sicilian river-god Crinisus and a Trojan woman, 
Aegesta. Therefore he was a kinsman of Aeneas, whom he entertained at 
his different visits to Sicily and whom he aided in celebrating the funeral 
games in honor of Anchises. Aeneas named the city he founded Acesta 
(later Segesta) after him. {Vid. Bk. I. 195; Bk. Y., passim.) 

Acheron. One of the rivers of Hades. 

Achilles. The famous hero of the Greeks in the expedition against Troy. 
His mother Thetis dipped him into the Styx, which made him invulner- 
able except in the heel by which she held him. Agamemnon had wronged 
him in claiming the captive Briseis, and in anger he withdrew from any 
active share in the siege till Hector killed his intimate friend Patroclus, 
when he returned to avenge him. He slew Hector in single combat, and 
dragged the corpse attached to his chariot three days around the walls of 
Troy. Later he was shot in the heel by Paris (Aeu. VI.). 

Actium. The promontory in Epirus off which was fought the naval bat- 
tle between Marc Antony and Octavius for the mastery of the Eoman em- 
pire. It was won by Octavius. (See Vergil's brilliant description of the 
fight, Aen. VIII. 671, sq.) 

Adrastus. King of Argos, son of Talaus, and father-in-law of Polynices, 
who attacked his brother Eteocles in Thebes. Of the seven chiefs, he alone 
escaped from the slaughter, and returned home more like a fugitive than a 
king (Aen. VI. 480;. 

Aeacides. The descendants of Eacus— i. e. Achilles and his son Pyrrhus, 
and (much later) Perses, the king of Macedon. 

Aegeon. See Briareus. 

Aeneas. The hero of the Aeneid ; was the son of Anchises and the god- 
dess Venus. Homer makes him a wise and noble prince. He escaped from 
the sacking of Troy, and after many wanderings, which are described in 
the Aeneid, he landed in Italy at the mouth of the Tiber, and founded 
Lavinium. 

Aeolus. The king of the winds, the son of Hippotes; received his realm 
from Jupiter. He yielded to Juno's authority, rather than to her bribes, 
when he sent forth the storm that drove Aeneas upon the African coast. 

Agamemnon. The son of Clisthenes; was trained by his grandfather, 
Atreus. He was one of the unsuccessful suitors of Helen, and in the Tro- 

271 



272 GLOSSARY OF PROPER NAMES. 

jan war was made commander-in-cliief. When the fleet was detained at 
Aulis he oflered in sacrifice his daughter Iphigenia to ohtain a favorable 
wind. This act, together with her love for Aegistheus, led his wife Clytem- 
nestra to murder him in the bath before the banquet upon his return from 
Troy. He was arrogant and overbearing, as evidenced by his conduct toward 
Achilles. 

Ajaz. The son of Oileus, one of the leading Greek warriors at the siege 
of Troy. At the sacking of the city he seized and violated Cassandra in 
the temple of Pallas, for which the goddess punished him (Aen. I. 41 ; II. 
414). He must be distinguished from the Telamonian Ajax, who became 
insane when he was defeated by Ulysses in the contest for the arms of 
Achilles, and committed suicide. 

AUecto. One of the three Furies. Her sisters were Tisiphone and Me- 
gaera. They were the daughters of Acheron and Nox. She was the one 
sent by Juno to infuriate the queen Amata (Aen. VII. 324). 

Aloidae. They were Otus and Ephialtes, the sons of Iphimedia, wife 
of Aloeus, by Neptune. Gigantic and immensely strong, they assaulted 
heaven when only nine years old, and were shot by Apollo- (Aen. VI. 
582). 

Alpheus. A river in the Peloponnesus. The river-god fell in love with 
the nymph Arethusa. To save her, Diana changed her to a fountain, and 
put her in Ortygia near Sicily. But Alpheus pursued her under the sea, 
and rose up into the fountain, mingling his water in it. 

Amata. The wife of King Latinus and the aunt of Turnus, whose 
claims to the hand of Lavinia, her daughter, she eagerly urged. Juno 
sent the Fury Allecto to excite her still further against Aeneas (Aen. 
VII. 341 sq.). When all hope was lost and Aeneas was attacking the walls 
of Laurentum, in utter despair she hung herself. 

Amazons. A fabled race of female warriors who were said to live on 
the river Thermodon. Herodotus gives a circumstantial account of them. 
They were conquered by Hercules, who gave their queen, Hypolyta, to 
Theseus. Another queen, Penthesilea, the daughter of Mars, led her 
troops to aid Priam. After displaying great bravery, she was slain by 
Achilles (Aen. I. 490; XI. 660). 

Anchises. A son of Capys, a grandson of Assaricus, the founder of the 
Dardanian line. Anchises was second cousin to King Priam. Venus fell in 
love with him and bore to him Aeneas. Because he spoke of it, Jupiter 
smote him by lightning, and he lived, maimed and feeble, to share a part 
of the wanderings of his famous son. He was skilled in augury. He died 
on the voyage to Italy, and was buried with all honors on Mount Eryx in 
Sicily. Aeneas instituted funeral games in his memory (Aen. II. 634; III. 
710; v.). 

Androgens. The son of Minos and Pasiphae. He was victor at the 
Panathenaic games at Athens, and in envy Aegeus had him assassinated. 
Minos then forced the Athenians to pay a yearly tribute of seven girls and 
seven youths to be cast to the Minotaur (Aen. VI. 20). 

Andromache. Daughter of King Eetion of Thebes in Cilicia, and wife 
of Hector, to whom she bore Astyanax. After Hector's death and the fall 



GLOSSARY OF PROPER NAMES. 273 

of Troy she fell to the lot of Pyrrhus, Achilles' son, who carried her to 
Epirus. Then, after the murder of Pyrrhus, she married Helenus of 
Troy (Aen. III. 294). 

Antonius. Among the famous men of the future history of Rome, An- 
chises shows ^neas Marc Antony, the lieutenant of Julius Caesar, the 
triumvir, and the victim of Cleopatra's wiles. 

Apollo. The sun-god. He was the son of Jupiter and Latona, and was 
born on the then floating island of Delos. To him were assigned Prophecy, 
Poetry, Archery, Music, Medicine. In the Trojan war he sided with the 
Trojans. Aeneas sought his oracle at Cumae, where the Sibyl gave him 
favorable answers. Again, at Buthrotum he had a temple, and another at 
Actium, but the most frequently consulted oracle was at Delphi. He had 
many titles, among which were Delius, Locrius, Lycius, Smintheus. He 
accidentally killed Hyacinthus, whom he loved tenderly. For killing the 
Cyclops, who forged the bolts with which Jupiter slew Phaeton (or, accord- 
ing to others, Aesculapius), he was sentenced to feed the flocks of King 
Admetus on the river Amphrysus, from which he also was named No- 
mius. 

Argus. The hundred-eyed watcher over lo, by order of Juno. Jupiter 
sent Mercury, who lulled him to sleep with music, and then slew him. 
Juno placed his eyes in the tail of the peacock, which was sacred to her. 

Ariadne. The daughter of Minos of Crete. She gave Theseus a ball of 
thread by which to return safely out of the Labyrinth after encountering 
the Minotaur at the bottom of its recesses. She fled with Theseus, but was 
abandoned by him at the island of Naxos, when she wedded Bacchus. The 
crown he gave her was placed among the stars. 

Ascanius. The son of Aeneas and Creusa. He is also called lulus, in 
compliment to the Julian gens. He appears to have been a mere boy when 
he was personated by Cupid at the feast Dido gave Aeneas. Later on he 
rides forth a graceful lad at the funeral ganies at his grandfather's grave, 
and he bravely takes his share in the defence of the camp and city Aeneas 
founds on the bank of the Tiber. After Aeneas' mysterious disappearance, 
according to Jupiter's prophecy to Venus, he reigned thirty years in place 
of his father, but whether at Lavinium, and eight years longer at Alba 
Longa, or only thirty years in the two places, is not certain. 

Assaricus. The Dardan line of princes is thus given by mythologists : 
Dardanus, a son of Jupiter by Electa, gave his kingdom to Erich thonius, 
who was succeeded by Tros, and this last by Assaricus and Ilus. From 
Ilus descended Laomedon and his son Priam. From Assaricus sprang 
Capys, the father of Anchises. 

Astyanax. The only son of Hector ; was killed at the sack of Troy. 

Atlas. The king of Mauritania, the father of the Pleiades; is said to 
have been skilled in the knowledge of the stars. One of his daughters, 
Maia, was the mother of Mercury, who was the father of Evander. But 
Dardanus was the son of her sister Electra. Aeneas insists upon this kin- 
ship when he is seeking the alliance of Evander. Atlas refused to harbor 
Perseus when he was returning from killing the Medusa, and was turned 
by him into a stone by displaying the Gorgon's head (Aen. VIII. 134). 
18 



274 GLOSSARY OF PROPER NAMES. 

Augustus. The title Octavius assumed after he became emperor. He 
was the grand-nephew of the great Julius Caesar. After Caesar's assassina- 
tion, he, a mere lad of nineteen, began to play a most astute and unscru- 
pulous game, temporizing, waiting, bribing, and trying all instruments by 
which to win power, till at last, with Lepidus and Antony, he was able to 
meet and defeat the republican leaders at Philippi. Lepidus was soon 
after relegated to private life, and seven years later, after the defeat of 
Antony at Actium and his suicide, Octavius became the master of the 
Eoman empire, and was given the title Augustus by the Senate, B. c. 37. 

Aurora. The daughter of Hyperion, and goddess of the Dawn. She 
married Tithonus, to whom she bore Memnon and Emathion, and for 
whom she obtained immortality (but forgot to ask for youth also) from 
Jupiter. 

Ausonia. This was an ancient name of Italy, from the Ausones, who 
inhabited the southern part of the peninsula. 

Aventinus. A son of Hercules and Ehea, according to Vergil, who gave 
his name to the largest of the seven hills upon which Eome was afterward 
built. 

Avernus. A lake in Campania, between Cumae and Puteoli, which was 
one of the gates of Hades. Its name is from the Greek (a ornis), meaning 
that it was so pestilential that no bird could fly across it and live. 

B. 

Bacchus. The son of Jupiter and Semele. He was the god of the 
grape. Many adventures were attributed to him, and he was represented 
as crowned with vine-leaves, carrying the thyrsus, and drawn by lions and 
tigers. He found Ariadne at Naxos and married her. He inspired his 
votaries with a frenzy, and his worship was filled with wild orgies. The 
female worshippers were called Bacchantes and Maenades. (Cf. Aen. VII. 
389, sq.) He had various titles, as Liber Lyaeus and Lenaeus. The festi- 
val of the Liberalia was his. The Thiasus was a choric dance sacred to him. 

Bellona. The daughter of Phorcys and Ceto, and the bride and com- 
panion of Mars. 

Briareus. The gigantic hundred-handed son of Neptune; was given the 
name of Aegeon by the gods. 

Brutus. The famous L. Junius Brutus, who aided to expel the Tar- 
quins. 

Buthrotum. The city (opposite Corcyra) where Aeneas found Helenus 
and Andromache. There was an important temple to Apollo here. 

c. 

Cacus. A son of Vulcan, who lived on Mount Aventinus, robbing and 
wasting the neighborhood till Hercules slew him for having stolen some 
of the oxen he was driving to Greece, which he had taken from the Span- 
ish king Geryon (Aen. VIII. 1. 184). 

Caeculus. Another son of Vulcan (Aen. VII. 678, sq.), the founder of 



GLOSSARY OF PROPER NAMES. 275 

Praeneste ; could not obtain inhabitants for his city till, to prove his de- 
scent, Vulcan surrounded the doubting multitude with a bright flame. He 
was slain by Aeneas. 

Calydon. Oeneus, king of Calydon, omitted to invite Diana to his har- 
vest feast. In anger she sent a wild boar to lay waste his lands. His son 
Meleager gathered a band of young heroes to kill it. The war between 
the Curetes and the Aetolians, in which Calydon was nearly destroyed, 
resulted from the quarrels over the hide of the boar. 

Cassandra. Daughter of Priam and Hecuba. Apollo gave her, at her 
request, the gift of prophecy, but, as she did not fulfil the terms of the 
compact, he also ordained that her predictions should not be believed. 
She was married to Coroebus, who was slain in trying to rescue her from 
the grasp of the Oilean Ajax at the fall of Troy. She was given to Aga- 
memnon and carried to Mycenae. Clytemnestra had her killed when Aga- 
memnon was murdered. 

Castor. Tyndarus' son, and twin-brother of Pollux, the immortal son 
of Jupiter. When Castor was slain, Pollux obtained from Jove that he 
should share his immortality with his beloved brother, but on condition 
that on the alternate day that Castor was in heaven Pollux should take 
his place in Hades (Aen. VI. 121, sq.). 

Catilina. The famous conspirator, who was foiled by the watchfulness 
of Cicero. He left the city after the exposure of the plot by Cicero, and 
was killed fighting desperately against the army sent to take him, b. c. 63. 

Centaurs. A fabled race of animals, the upper half human, the lower 
half horse, who inhabited Mount Pelion. The most renowned were Nessus, 
the tutor of Achilles, who was shot by Hercules for ofiering violence to his 
wife Deianira, and Bianor, who was killed by Theseus. They were much 
broken in the afiray with the Lapithae at the marriage feast of Pirithous 
and Hippodamia ; and later on were wholly exterminated. 

Cerberus. The three-headed watch-dog at the gate of Hades. 

Ceres. The daughter of Jupiter and Ops, and the mother of Proserpina. 
She was also called Demeter. The story of her search for her daughter, 
whom Pluto had carried ofi" to Hades, and of her teaching those who aided 
her the arts of agriculture, is one of the most pleasing of the old my- 
thology. 

Charon. The ferryman who carried over the Styx those souls which had 
the right to cross. Those who had not been buried and those who could not 
pay the fee of an obolus were refused. Living persons could cross if they 
bore the mystic golden bough they were to ofier to Proserpina. 

Circe. Daughter of the Sun. She was mistress of all sorcery, and 
changed all who landed upon her island into swine. Ulysses alone re- 
fused her magic cup. 

Cleopatra. Daughter of the last Ptolemy of Egypt, who, with her bro- 
ther, was to share the throne of Egypt, but when he conspired against 
Caesar the dictator gave the throne to Cleopatra, with whom he was much 
in love. She became the mistress of Marc Antony, who divorced Octavia, 
the sister of Augustus, for her sake. In the war that followed this act, 
Cleopatra, with her sixty ships, deserted Antony at the naval battle of 



27G GLOSSARY OF PROPER NAMES. 

Actium. After Antony's suicide, fearing that she would be led in the tri- 
umph at Eome, she procured some asps, which she allowed to bite her. 

Cybele. She was also called Ehea and Ops. She was the wife of Saturn, 
and the mother of Jupiter, Neptune, and Pluto. Her worship was celebrated 
principally in Phrygia, She was represented as crowned with turrets and 
drawn by lions. 

Cyclops. The one-eyed sons of Neptune. They were a gigantic, lawless 
race, who worked at their forges under Mount Aetna and the Lipari Isl- 
ands under the direction of Vulcan. They forged the thunder-bolts for 
Jove. Ulysses escaped from the cave of Polyphemus, according to the well- 
known story, by blinding him after making him drunk (Aen. III. 568, sq.). 

D. 

Daedalus. A famous Athenian artisan. His nephew Perdix invented 
the saw. In envy Daedalus killed him, and fled to Crete. Here Minos 
employed him to build the Labyrinth, but for the aid he lent Queen Pa- 
siphae, Minos shut him up, together with his son Icarus, in a tower, from 
which they escaped by making for themselves wax wings. Icarus, rising 
too high, had his wings melted by the sun's heat, and fell into the sea and 
was drowned. Daedalus escaped to Sicily, and thence went to Cumae in 
Italy, where he built the temple of Apollo, 

Danae. The mother of Perseus by Jupiter. Her father Acrisius threw 
her with her child into a chest which he cast into the sea. According to 
the Italian legend, she was washed ashore on the Apulian coast, when 
Pilumnus, the king, married her. She became the mother of Daunus, 
the father of Turnus (Aen. VII. 410). 

Danai. A subname of the Argives, but usually transferred by Vergil to 
the whole of the Greek tribes. Danaus was the brother of Aegyptus, and 
finally settled in Argos. 

Deiphobus. One of the bravest of Hector's brothers, and after Hector's 
death one of Troy's chief defenders. When Paris was killed he married 
Helen, who, when Troy fell, betrayed him to Menelaus, who slew him and 
mutilated the corpse (Aen. VI. 494). 

Diana. The daughter of Jupiter and Latona, born on the floating island 
of Delos. Her twin-brother, Apollo, was the sun-god, while she was the 
goddess of the moon. She was a huntress, and is pictured in art sur- 
rounded by her attendant nymphs. She had various offices and bore sev- 
eral names — Diana when on earth, Luna in heaven, and Hecate in the 
lower regions. She was sometimes confounded with Proserpina. As Hecate 
she was worshipped at places where three ways met. She was called Lu- 
cina, as presiding over childbirth (an office also assigned to Juno) ; Delia, 
from the isle of her birth ; and Cynthia, from a mountain on that island. 

Dido. The daughter of Belus, and queen of Carthage. Her unhappy 
history is traced at length in the first four books of the Aeneid. The Dido 
of tradition, however, lived much later than the date assigned to the visit 
of Aeneas. 

Diomedes. King of Aetolia, son of Tydeus and Deiphyle, daughter of 



GLOSSARY OF PROPER NAMES 277 

Adrastus, king of Argos, was one of the wisest Greek leaders before Troy, 
and second to Achilles in prowess. In one battle he drove Mars howling 
from the field ; in another he wounded Venus in the hand. With Ulysses 
he went into the camp of Ehesus, slew him, and stole his horses, and with 
the same hero he entered Troy and carried off the Palladium. Venus pun- 
ished him by the misconduct of his wife Aegiale, who drove him from his 
throne. He escaped across the sea to Apulia, where, through the generos- 
ity of Daunus, he founded Argyripa. When Turnus sent an embassy ask- 
ing his aid against Aeneas, he declined. 

Discordia. The goddess from whose evil influence sprang so many 
woes; was the daughter of Nox, and the sister of Nemesis and of the 
Fates. She threw the fatal apple upon the board at the marriage of Peleus 
and Thetis. She is represented as present with torn vesture at the battle 
of Actium. 

E. 

Electra. A daughter of Atlas, and one of the Pleiades ; she became the 
mother of Dardanus, the founder of the Dardan dynasty of Troy. 

Elysium. Hades was divided into Tartarus, Erebus, and the Elysian 
Fields. 

Enceladus. A giant who was cast by Jupiter under Aetna. The earth- 
quakes and eruptions are caused by his restless struggles. 

Erebus. Is both a deity, the son of Chaos, and also the lowest place of 
Hades. 

Eriphyle. A sister of Adrastus, and wife of Amphiaraus. Amphiaraus, 
fearing the fatal result, refused to go with Adrastus to the siege of Thebes 
with Polynices against his brother Eteocles. Polynices succeeded in brib- 
ing Eriphyle by giving her the famous necklace of Harmonia. She jjer- 
suaded her husband to go, but he directed his son to slay her if he heard 
of his father's death. Alcmaeon obeyed it, and Eriphyle perished through 
her weakness. 

Eryx. A famous boxer, son of Venus and Butes, who challenged Her- 
cules to box with him. Hercules killed him. 

Eumenides. These were the three Furies, Allecto, Tisiphone, and Me- 
gaera, but were represented under this name rather as avenging evil deeds 
than as evil themselves. 

Eurystheus. The half-brother of Hercules. By the stratagem of Juno 
he was given control over his heroic brother, and used this power in a 
capricious and cruel way. By it he forced Hercules to perform his twelve 
labors. 

F. 

Fabii. A noble and warlike gens of ancient Rome. The Fabii claimed 
Hercules as their ancestor. They were nearly exterminated by the Veians 
at the river Cremera, but one young lad, too young to be under arms, and so 
absent, being left. The most famous of the gens was Q. Fabius Maximus 
the Cunctator, who checked Hannibal's triumphant career. 



278 GLOSSARY OF PROPER NAMES. 

Fabrioius. Vergil alludes (Aen. VI. 844) to the great C. Fabricius, who 
was twice consul, and who obtained two triumphs, the first over the 
Etruscans, the second over the Samnites. Pyrrhus tried to bribe him, 
when he replied that Eome had no gold, but was mistress over those who 
did hold it. 

Faunus. One of the old Italian rustic deities. He had the power of 
prophecy. He was the son of Picus and the father of Latinus, according 
to the legend Vergil follows. From him came the name for the lesser rural 
deities, the Fauni, invoked in the first book of the Georgics — the Dii Indi- 
getes of Latium. 

Feronia, A goddess worshipped by the Latins and Sabines with the 
peculiar rite that her priests should walk unharmed over burning coals. 
She was one of the Dii Indigetes. Probably this rite was also in the wor- 
ship of Apollo, especially on Mount Soracte, where both received worship. 

Furiae. This title includes the Eumenides, generally identified with the 
three Furies and the Dirae and the Erinnyes. There is under them the 
idea of a divine scourging power that avenges moral wrong ; and this prob- 
ably has led to the confusion of the several names. 



a. 

Galatea. A Sicilian sea-nymph, daughter of Nereus and Doris, who was 
loved by the Cyclops Polyphemus, who killed her lover Acis. She pined 
away, and was changed into a river, 

Ganymede. A son of Tros and Callirrhoe. His exquisite beauty at- 
tracted the notice of Jupiter, who, coming down in the form of an eagle, 
carried him up to heaven, and made him his cup-bearer in place of Juno's 
daughter Hebe (Aen. I. 28). 

Geryon. The son of Chrysaor and Callirrhoe, who was from the loins up 
but one man, but below had three bodies. He was king of the Spanish 
island of Erythea, where he owned some notable oxen. Eurystheus sent 
Hercules to obtain these. Hercules was attacked by Geryon, whom he 
slew, and drove ofi" the oxen. Cacus, as he passed through Italy, stole 
some of them, but they were recovered by the hero. 

Gorgones. The three sisters, Stheno, Euryale, and Medusa (who alone 
of the three was mortal), were the daughters of Phorcys and Ceto. They 
had the power to turn all who looked upon them to stone. Perseus killed 
Medusa and gave her head to Minerva, who had aided him in the deed. 



Harpiae. These were three horrid creatures, Aello, Ocypete, and Celaeno. 
With faces of women and bodies of birds, foul, polluting, they were used 
by Juno to punish Phineus for his credulous trust in his second wife, by 
haunting and defiling liis table. He was nearly starved, when the Argo- 
nauts arrived, and Zetes and Calais chased them to the Strophades. When 
Aeneas landed on this island, they flew down and polluted the food, but 
were driven off. They had the gift of prophecy, and Celaeno foretold that 



GLOSSARY OF PROPER NAMES. 279 

Aeneas and his comrades would be forced to eat their tables when they 
reached Italy. 

Hecate. The one of the three names of Diana which denoted her con- 
nection with the lower world. The rites belonging to this power were per- 
formed at a spot where three roads met, and with bowlings. 

Hector. The noble son of Priam, and Troy's greatest chieftain. He mar- 
ried Andromache, who bore him Astyanax. After Achilles in wrath with- 
drew his aid from the Greeks, Hector was victorious. He slew Patroclus, 
and spoiled him of Achilles' armor. This brought back Achilles to the 
war. In the combat which followed he killed Hector, and then dragged 
the body down to the Greek camp. The next day he dragged it three 
times round the tomb of Patroclus. Priam, under the escort of Mercury, 
came at midnight to his tent and ransomed the corpse, which was buried 
with loving honors. 

Hecuba. The wife of Priam, and daughter of Cisseus of Thrace. She 
was the mother of nineteen of Priam's children. When Paris was born 
she dreamed that she had brought a blazing torch into the world. Hector, 
Deiphobus, and Helenus were her sons. She fell to Ulysses as his booty at 
the sack of Troy. 

Helen. The lovely but ill-starred daughter of Leda, the wife of Tynda- 
rus, and Jupiter. Her beauty even as an infant brought her harm, for 
Theseus carried her off. When so many princes sought her hand, Tynda- 
rus made them take an oath that, after she married the suitor she chose, 
should any difficulty occur, they would rescue and defend her. She chose 
Menelaus, who took her to Sparta. When she was carried off by Paris 
the rejected suitors very reluctantly kept their pledge. Her beauty was 
so great that even Priam was unwilling to give her up. After Paris was 
killed she was given to Deiphobus, whom she betrayed to Menelaus on the 
night of the sack, Menelaus forgave her, and took her with him back to 
Greece. Their opinion that all this was inevitable and ordained by the 
gods made the Greeks very lenient to her. 

Helenus. The only son of Priam who survived the sacking of Troy. 
He was a skilful soothsayer. He became the prize of Pyrrhus, who trusted 
him with a large share in the government. He succeeded Pyrrhus and 
married Andromache. Aeneas found him reigning in Epirus when he 
visited Buthrotum (Aen. III. 295). 

Hercules. The famous son of Jupiter and Alcmena, was made subserv- 
ient to Eurystheus by a trick of the jealous Juno. He showed great cour- 
age even in infancy, strangling two serpents which were sent by Juno to 
destroy him. Eurystheus, too, ordered him to accomplish the most diffi- 
cult tasks he could invent. They were twelve in number : First, he killed 
the Nemeau lion ; secondly, the Lernean hydra; thirdly, he captured alive 
and brought to Mycenae the golden stag; next, he captured alive the Ery- 
manthian boar. His fifth task was to clean the stables of King Augeas, 
and after that to destroy the Stymphalian birds. His seventh labor was to 
bring alive the Cretan bull to Mycenae, and the eighth was to take from 
King Diomedeshis mares. As his ninth work he took the golden girdle from 
the Amazon queen Hippolyte. Pie was sent then to kill Geryon and to bring 



280 GLOSSARY OF PROPER NAMES. 

to Sparta his oxen. The eleventh task was to get the golden apples of the 
Hesperides, which were guarded by a dragon. His twelfth labor was to drag 
up from Hades the dog Cerberus. Besides, he took the part of the gods in 
the war of the giants ; he killed the Centaurs, Hylaeus, Nessus, and Pho- 
lus; he rescued Theseus from Hades, brought Alcestes thence back to 
Admetus, and slew Cacus. Finally, he was destroyed by the jealousy of 
his young bride, who gave him a shirt which Nessus, when dying, had 
dipped in his own blood and bidden her give to Hercules. It burnt so into 
his bones that he ordered a funeral pyre to be prepared for him, and from 
the flaming pile Jupiter took him up to heaven. He was worshipped as a 
demigod. He was really a Greek hero, but was early adopted into Latin 
worship. 

Herilus. A son of the goddess Feronia, who had three lives, and had to 
be thrice mortally wounded before he could be killed. 

Hermione. The daughter of Menelaus and Helen. She had been be- 
trothed to Orestes, but Menelaus, not knowing this, gave her to Pyrrhus 
on his return from the Trojan war. Orestes assassinated Pyrrhus in the 
temple of Delphi. 

Hesione. Priam's sister, who was exposed to a sea-monster, but rescued 
by Hercules and given to Telamon, king of Salamis (Aen. VIII. 157, sq.). 

Hippolytus. Son of Theseus and the queen of the Amazons, Hippolyte. 
Afterward his step-mother, Phaedra, accused him falsely to Theseus. He 
was banished, and as he was driving by the sea-shore, Neptune, at the 
prayer of Theseus, sent a sea-monster, which frightened his horses, who 
dashed him lifeless out of his chariot. He was, however, restored to life 
by Aesculapius, and was taken by Diana to Italy, where he was deified 
under the name of Virbius. 



lapyx. The physician who attended upon Aeneas. Apollo 'gave him 
skill in augury, which he exchanged for a knowledge of healing herbs and 
of medicine. He was a master in music and in archery. 

larbas. A son of Jupiter, and king of Gaetulia. He sold to the Phoe- 
nicians the land upon which they built Carthage. He was one of the 
suitors of Dido, and was so confident of success that he was crazed by her 
union with Aeneas. At his prayer Jupiter sent Mercury to order Aeneas 
to depart for Itarly. 

Idomeneus. The king of Crete; was the most skilful archer among the 
Greek chieftains at Troy. As he was returning he vowed to Neptune, in 
return for a fair voyage, to sacrifice the first living thing he met. This 
was his own son. For this act his subjects drove him away, and he went 
to Italy, where he founded the town of Sallentia. 

Inachus. The founder of the kingdom of Argos ; was the son of Tethys 
and Oceanus. He is often called a river-god, as he gave his name to a 
river. 

Id. The daughter of Inachus, and mistress of Jupiter ; was turned into a 
heifer to protect her from Juno's wrath. Juno begged the heifer of Jupiter, 



GLOSSARY OF PROPER NAMES. 281 

and placed Argus to watch her. After Mercury killed Argus, Juno sent a gad- 
fly, which chased her into Egypt. There Jupiter restored her to human form, 
and married her to Osiris. She was worshipped under the name of Iris. 

Ixion. King of the Lapithae, and a guest of the gods ; insulted Juno 
at an Olympian feast. He was sentenced to be bound by brazen chains to 
a fiery, swift-revolving wheel. 

J. 

Janus. The blameless king of Italy, entertained Saturn after he was 
driven out of heaven by his sons. Janus was deified, and was made the 
god of gates. His temple gates at Eome always stood open so long as 
the Eomans were at war anywhere. He was represented with two faces 
(Aen. VII. 607, sq.). 

Juno. Was the wife of her brother Jupiter and queen of heaven. When 
Paris gave the golden apple to Venus, her wrath against Troy knew no 
bounds. She did not scruple to use all means to gain her purposes. She 
persecuted Aeneas up to the combat with Turnus. Her ofiices were various. 
She had a noble temple at Argos, a second at Carthage, and later a fine one 
at Eome. 

Jupiter. Son of Saturn ; became the king of gods and men, and was 
himself bound only by the Fates. He was favorably inclined to the Tro- 
jans, and restrained Juno's purpose to destroy Aeneas. 

Juturna. The sister of Turnus ; received from Jupiter immortality, and 
was changed into a river-nymph. She passionately loved her brother, 
whom she sought to save from Aeneas' sword, till Jupiter warned her, 
through the Fury Allecto, that her eflbrts were useless. 



L. 

Laocoon, The hapless priest of Apollo ; was the son of Priam and Hecuba. 
He warned the Trojans not to take the wooden horse within their walls. 
For this, as he was sacrificing to Neptune, Minerva sent two huge serpents 
from the sea, which destroyed him and his two sons. 

Latona. Was the mother of Apollo and Diana by Jupiter. She was con- 
cealed upon the floating island of Delos till her children were born. 

Lavinia. The daughter of Latinus, for whom Aeneas and Turnus fought 
the final combat (Aen. XII.). After Aeneas' disappearance she fled to the 
forests, fearing the jealousy of her step-son Ascanius. There she bore a 
son, whb was called Aeneas Silvius and reigned in Alba Longa after Asca- 
nius' death. 

Luperci. The priests of the god Lupercus. They were the most ancient 
order of the 'Latin priests, dating from Evander. At first they were di- 
vided into two ranks: afterward a third was added in honor of Julius 



Lycurgus. A king of Thrace who attempted to prevent the introduction 
of Bacchic rites into his kingdom. For this Bacchus smote him with mad- 
ness, and he slew his own son Dryas. The crime brought a famine on his 



282 GLOSSARY OF PROPER NAMES. 

realm till it was atoned for by his subjects exposing bim to the wild beasts 
on Mount Pangaeus by order of the oracle. 



M. 

Machaon. The chief physician of the Greek army before Troy. He was 
one of the warriors concealed in the wooden horse. 

Mala. The mother of Mercury by Jupiter, and one of the Pleiades. 

Manlius. Marcus Manlius saved the capital when it was nearly sur- 
prised by the Gauls. For this he received the surname of Capitolinus. 

Manto. A daughter of the prophet Tiresias ; was the wife of Tiberinus, 
king of Alba, and the mother of Oenus, who built Mantua. 

Marcellus. I. The victor over the Gauls, the captor of Syracuse, and 
the gallant opponent of Hannibal ; fell in a skirmish near Capua (Aen. VI. 
856). II. The son of Octavia, Augustus' sister, and the most popular of the 
imperial family; died when only eighteen. In his honor Vergil composed 
the beautiful passage Aen. VI. 860-885. 

Mars. The son of Juno ; was the Eoman god of war. He was also, before 
he was confused with the Greek Ares, the god of virile growth and manli- 
ness, and so was connected with agriculture. 

Menelaus. The king of Sparta; was the successful suitor for the hand 
of Helen. When Paris betrayed the rights of his host by carrying oflT 
Helen, Menelaus summoned the other suitors to aid him. During the 
siege he showed royal qualities as a warrior and a chieftain. He forgave 
Helen the wrong she had committed, and with her, after years of wander- 
ing, at last returned to Sparta. 

Mettus Fuffetius. The dictator of Alba; was restive under the compact 
which he had made with Tullus Hostilius, conditioned upon the result of 
the duel of the Horatii and Curiatii. He tried to evade it by an act of 
treachery. Hostilius seized him, and, binding him to two four-horse char- 
iots, had them driven asunder, and the unfortunate Mettus was torn in two 
(Aen. VIII. 642). 

Minerva. The Greek name for this goddess was Pallas. She was the 
patroness of liberal studies and of the art of war. She, with Juno, sided 
against the Trojans. She was the counsellor of Ulysses, both during the 
siege and upon his long wanderings homeward. 

Minos. The just king of Crete. He made Crete politically important. 
For his equity, at his death he was made, with Eacus and Ehadamanthus, 
the judge of souls. He built the Labyrinth, in which he put the Minotaur, 
the horrid offspring of Pasiphae, half man, half bull, who fed on human 
flesh. 

N. 

Neoptolemns. The other name of the son of Achilles, Pyrrhus. 

Neptunus. Eeceived from Jupiter, his brother, the realm of the seas. 
With Apollo he built the walls of Troy for King Laomedon. He was per- 
suaded by Venus to accept Palinurus as a sacrifice in place of the fleet of 
Aeneas on his last voyage to Italy. 



GLOSSARY OF PROPER NAMES, 283 

Nerens. The sea-god, father of the Nereides. His name is a synonym 
for the sea itself. 

Nisus. The king of Megara, who was murdered by his daughter Scylla 
on account of her love for Minos. She cut from her father's head the golden 
lock on the preservation of which his life depended. His death gave the 
town to Minos, who, however, punished Scylla by dragging her after the 
stern of his galley till she was drowned. Nisus was turned into the sea- 
eagle, and Scylla into a lark. 

o. 

Orestes. He avenged his father Agamemnon's murder by slaying Cly- 
temnestra and her paramour Aegisthus. For this the Eumenides tortured 
him even to insanity, till he was purged of the guilt of his mother's blood 
at Athens. He returned to Mycenae and took his father's throne. 

Orion. A famous gigantic hunter who was placed among the stars after 
his death. The rising and the setting of the constellation occur at the 
rainy seasons. 

P. 

Falaemon, who, before he was turned into a sea-god, was called Meli- 
certa, was, with his mother Ino, the protecting deity of the sailor. 

Palamedes. King of Euboea; was one of the most sagacious men of his 
age. He invented the game of chess, was no mean astronomer, and also 
added some letters to the Greek alphabet. He detected the feigned mad- 
ness of Ulysses, who wished to avoid going to Troy. Ulysses began to 
plough the sea-sand and to sow salt ; but when Palamedes laid his infant 
son Telemachus before him, he drove his team aside from the straight 
furrow. Later on, Ulysses had him executed on a false accusation in 
revenge. 

Palici. Two Sicilian deities, sons of Jupiter and Thalia, who were 
highly reverenced in Sicily. By their oracle they directed the Sicilians, 
in a threatened famine, to make the proper propitiatory sacrifices. Their 
altar was an inviolable asylum for fugitive slaves. 

Pan. The Greek god of shepherds, whose worship was early introduced 
into Italy. 

Parcae. The three Fates who spun the destiny of each man's life. 
Clotho held the distaff, Lachesis spun the thread, and Atropos cut it off. 

Paris. His name in Homer is Alexander. He was the son of Priam 
and Hecuba, who dreamed that she would bear a firebrand. Priam laad 
the infant exposed upon Mount Ida. He was found and brought up by 
some shepherds. In early youth he showed much prowess in breaking up 
some bands of robbers. He married the nymph Oenone. The three god- 
desses Juno, Minerva, and Venus, who claimed the golden apple that the 
uninvited goddess of Discord had thrown upon the table at the marriage- 
feast of Peleus and Thetis, were directed by the oracle to lay their several 
claims to it before Paris, who gave it to Venus as the most beautiful. Soon 
after this Cassandra revealed his birth, and he returned to Troy. Venus 



284 GLOSSARY OF PROPER NAMES, 

sent him to Sparta, when, in the absence of Menelaus, who had received 
him hospitably, he carried off Helen. In the war that followed he exhib- 
ited but little of his early courage, except as a skilful archer. He shot the 
fatal arrow that wounded Achilles in the heel, and was himself shot by 
Philoctetes not long afterward. 

Parthenopaeus. The son of Atalanta, and one of the seven leaders 
against Thebes. 

Penthesilea. The queen of the Amazons, who aided Priam in the last 
year of the siege. She was slain by Achilles after she had made a sharp 
onslaught upon the Greeks. 

Pentheus. Like Lycurgus, he objected to the introduction of the Bac- 
chic rites into his Theban kingdom. For this Bacchus inspired his mother 
and aunts with such madness that they, in one of their wild orgies, tore 
him to pieces. 

Phaedra. The wife of Theseus ; was so smitten by remorse after she 
had effected the death of her stepson Hippolytus that she hung herself. 

Phaethon. He besought his father Apollo to intrust to him the driving 
of the sun-chariot for one day. Apollo consented with great reluctance. 
Phaethon's unskilful driving nearly set fire to the earth. He was thrown 
headlong from the chariot by a thunderbolt from Jupiter. 

Philoctetes. King of Meliboea, who was connected with the expedition 
against Troy. A wound in his foot which he had received from Hercules was 
so offensive that he was put ashore on Lemnos ; but as he possessed the bow 
of Hercules, without which Troy could not be taken, Ulysses and Pyrrhus 
were sent to persuade him to rejoin them. He refused, but Hercules ap- 
peared to him and directed him to go to Troy. Machaon cured him of his 
wound, and Troy soon after was taken. He migrated to Italy, and founded 
the city of Petilia in Bruttium. 

Phineus. King of Salmydessus in Thrace, on the false accusation of his 
second wife treated his older children with great cruelty. For this he 
was blinded by the gods, and his table polluted by the Harpies till the 
Argonauts visited his kingdom, when the two sons of Boreas, Zetes and 
Calais, drove them off to the Strophades isles. 

Phlegyas. The violent-tempered king of Orchomenus in Boeotia; dared 
to plunder the temple at Delphi. For this Jupiter slew his people and 
doomed him to the lowest depth of Tartarus. 

Phoenix. Of the royal family of Argos; was tutor to Achilles, with 
whom he went to Troy. He had been exiled from Argos, and was made 
king of the Dolopians by Peleus, the father of Achilles. 

Picus. He was noted for his extreme beauty, which attracted the pas- 
sion of the sorceress Circe. As he resisted her wiles, one day, while hunt- 
ing, she turned him, as he was clad in his brilliant hunting-suit, into a 
woodpecker. As Picus had been a skilful augur, the woodjjecker was 
highly valued as a favorable omen in auguries by birds. 

Pirithous. The king of the Lapithae ; persuaded his intimate friend 
Theseus to go to Hades with him to carry off Proserpina. Pluto threw 
Pirithous to the dog Cerberus, and bound Theseus. 

Pluto. The third son of Saturn ; received the under-world of the dead 



GLOSSARY OF PROPER NAMES. 285 

as his realm. He carried off Proserpina, the daughter of Ceres, as she was 
plucking flowers in a Sicilian meadow, to be his queen in Hades. 

Pollux. Was the immortal son of Jupiter, while his twin-brother, Castor, 
was the mortal son of Tyndarus by Leda. He was, therefore, Helen's half- 
brother. He was famed as a boxer. When his mortal brother. Castor, was 
killed, Pollux obtained permission from Jupiter to share his immortality 
with Castor ; but he was to take Castor's place in Hades on each alternate 
day, while Castor took his place in heaven. 

Porsenna. The noble Etruscan king who endeavored to restore the ban- 
ished Tarquin to Eome. His name is connected with those of Mutius S^ae- 
vola, Horatius Codes, Cloelia, and other noted Eomans. 

Procris. The wife of Cephalus; was extremely jealous of her husband. 
She watched him once from a thicket while he was resting from a hunt, 
and he, mistaking the rustling she made for that of some game, accident- 
ally shot her. 

Proserpina. Daughter of Ceres (or Demeter) and Jupiter ; was carried 
off by Pluto to share with him the kingdom of the dead. Ceres' search for 
her daughter is one of the most beautiful fables of Greek mythology. Pro- 
serpina preferred to remain with her husband. 

Pygmalion. Was the brother of Dido. He killed her husband Sychaeus, 
that he might gain Sychaeus' treasures ; but Dido succeeded in deceiving 
him and escaping with the treasures he coveted to the African coast, where 
she founded Carthage. 

Pyrrhus. The son of Achilles and Deidamia, daughter of Lycomedes, 
king of Scyros. After Achilles' death he was brought to Troy, as the ora- 
cle had declared that one of his family must be present to insure the suc- 
cess of the Greek arms. He was cruel and savage in his temper. It was 
said that he was the only one of the party that entered the wooden horse 
who went in willingly. Andromache was assigned to him from the captive 
Trojan women. When he wedded Hermione, who was betrothed to Orestes, 
the latter assassinated him in the temple at Delphi. Pyrrhus was also sur- 
named Neoptolemus. 

Q. 

Quirites. One of the titles of the Eoman people. It probably means 
" spearmen." 

R. 

Ehadamanthus. He was after death appointed, with his brother Minos, 
one of the three judges of souls as they entered Hades. He was the son of 
Jupiter and Europa. 

Romulus, the immediate founder of Eome, and his twin-brother Re- 
mus, were the sons of Mars and Ilia or Ehea, daughter of Numitor, king 
of Alba. The story of their birth and preservation by the she-wolf, tbeir 
early life as shepherd-lads, and the discovery of their true parentage ; 
how they killed their grand-uncle Amulius, who had dispossessed their 
grandfather; how they founded Eome, and why Eomulus was provoked 



286 GLOSSARY OF PROPER NAMES. 

to kill his brother Eemus ; and of Eomulus' successful government of his 
city and of his disappearance in a storm after a reign of forty years — all 
this is too long to be recited here. 

s. 

Salii. An ancient priesthood which guarded the sacred shield of Mars. 
They are represented by Vergil as offering the sacrifices and worship of 
Hercules. Numa later made them priests of Mars. 

Salmoneus. King of Salmonia in Elis. He wished for divine honors, 
and pretended to be able to thunder and lighten. Jupiter struck him with 
lightning for his impious conduct. 

Sarpedon. Son of Jupiter and Laodamia, daughter of Bellerophon. He 
was fated to be slain, and Jupiter could not avert the doom, but at his 
death (at the hands of Patroclus) the sky dropped tears. 

Satumus. Son of Coelus and Terra, and the father of Jupiter, Neptune, 
and Pluto by Ops (or Cybele) ; was dethroned by Jupiter and driven to 
Italy, where he was received by Janus, the king of Latium, whose people he 
taught agriculture. The Golden Age is called Saturniau. ( Vide Eel. IV. 6.) 

Scipiadae. The two famous Scipios, the elder the conqueror of Hanni- 
bal, the younger the destroyer of Carthage. 

Scylla. The daughter of Phorcas; was changed by Circe into a horrid 
monster. To the waist she retained her human form, but below she was 
girt with barking sea-dogs, who, with their long necks, were able to 
snatch a man from the deck of each galley that sailed by the sea-cavern 
where she dwelt (Aen. III. 420, sq.). 

Sibylla. The Sibyls were women who were held to be prophetesses. 
They were ten in number: the Delphic, Erythrean, Cumaean, Gamian, Cu- 
marian, Hellespontic, Libyan, Persian, Phrygian, and Tiburtine. The last 
Sibyl was the Cumaean, who was endowed with as many years as there 
were grains in a handful of sand she held when she asked for the gift. 
She lived thirteen hundred years, and then faded into a mere voice. 
Three Sibylline books were preserved in Eome from the time of Tarquin 
(see Eoman history for the story) till the Capitol was burnt in the time 
of Sulla. Augustus had a new collection made by special commissioners, 
and this was placed under the pediment of the temple of Apollo (Aen. V. 
735; VI. 10, 69, etc.). 

Styx. The river which flowed nine times round Hades ; it was held so 
sacred that if any one of the gods swore by it and broke his oath he was 
deprived of his divinr^ privileges and of the right to feast at Olympus for 
ten years (Aen. VI. 134). 

Sychaeus. Dido's husband, whom Pygmalion, her brother, had assassi- 
nated while sacrificing, that he might obtain Sychaeus' gold (Aen. I. 342). 

T. 

Tarquin. Originally the family was Corinthian, and settled in Etruria, 
where it received the patronymic Tarquin. Tarquinius Priscus migrated 



GLOSSARY OF PROPER NAMES. 287 

to Eome during the reign of Ancus Martius. Upon Martins' death, Tar- 
quin succeeded in securing the throne for himself. Tarquinius Superbus 
was expelled from Eome both for his arrogance and for the violence offered 
by his son Sextus to Lucretia Collatina (Aen. YI. 817). 

Tellus. The goddess of earth, who presided at the marriages of the gods. 
Vergil introduces her as presiding with Juno at the hurried nuptials of 
Aeneas and Dido (Aen. VI. 166). 

Teiicer (I.). The ancient Trojan king from whom the Trojans were also 
called Teucri. 

Teucer (II.)' The half-brother of Ajax, and one of the heroes of the 
Trojan war. When Ajax failed in having the arms of Achilles awarded 
to him, Teucer did not resent his brother's wrongs. For this his father, 
Telamon, king of Salamis, banished him, and he migrated to Sicilj^, where 
he founded the city Salamis (Aen. I. 619). 

Theseus. The son of Aegeus, king of Athens, and Aethra. He performed 
many famous exploits. Of these, the feats to which Vergil makes refer- 
ence are, his penetrating into the depths of the Labyrinth to slay the 
Minotaur, and his descent into Hades with his comrade Pirithous to help 
him carry off Proserpina (Aen. VI. 392, 618). 

Tithonus. Was chosen by Aurora as her husband for his great beauty. 
At her request Jupiter gave him immortality, but Aurora forgot to have 
youth added to it, and in time Tithonus became withered and decrepit. 
In pity Aurora changed him to a grasshopper (Aen. IV. 585). 

Typhoeus. The gigantic son of Terra, whom she bore to avenge her 
earlier gigantic brood whom Jupiter had destroyed. After a fierce strug- 
gle, Jupiter overthrew him and cast Sicily upon him. Other legends say 
he overwhelmed him in the Serbonian Bog. 



u. 

Ulysses. The wise son of Laertes ; was one of the rejected suitors of 
Helen. When he was summoned to the Trojan war he feigned to be mad, 
but was detected and forced to go. Under the special guidance of Minerva 
he displayed great sagacity in council, and was a brave and skilful leader. 
He returned home after ten years of wandering. The story of his adven- 
tures and of his killing the suitors who were persecuting his faithful wife, 
Penelope, is told in the Odyssey. He was killed by his son Telegonus, 
whom Circe bore to him. Telegonus landed on Ithaca to discover himself 
to his father, but was mistaken for a pirate, and in the struggle that en- 
sued killed his father (Aen. II. 7, 90; III. 588).' ' 

V. 

Venilia. The mother of Turnus, and the sister of Queen Amata. She 
was, according to Servius, a nymph. 

Venus. The goddess of beauty, the wife of Vulcan, and the mother of 
Aeneas by Anchises; was the daughter of Jupiter and Dione. She was 
called Aphrodite, as born of sea-foam. Her most frequent titles were ('y- 



288 GLOSSARY OF PROPER NAMES. 

therean, Paphian, Idalian, and Cyprian, from the several places in which 
her worship was chiefly celebrated. 

Vesta. The goddess of the sacred fire. The name meant a hearth. Vesta 
was the presiding deity over the hearth of the family and over the hearth 
of the city, where the sacred fire was always kept burning, for it symbol- 
ized the life and safety of the city. She was served by twelve virgins, 
who so long as they were in her service were to be pure. After a certain 
length of service they could withdraw and marry ; but it was death, by 
being buried alive in a vault with a loaf of bread and a pitcher of water, 
for any one of the virgins to lose her purity while she was a priestess. 

Vulcan. The god of fire ; was the son of Juno. He was a master in all 
metal work. In his workshop under the Lipari Islands he forged several 
remarkable pieces of mechanism in metal, and the arms of Achilles for 
Thetis and those of Aeneas for his wife Venus (Aen. VIII. 370). He was 
lame, for Jupiter once in anger threw him out of heaven, and he fell upon 
the isle of Lemnos and fractured his thigh. His assistants were the Cyclops. 



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